Your search found 35 records
1 Qadir, Manzoor; Noble, Andrew; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Gupta, R. K.; Yuldashev, T.; Karimov, Akmal. 2009. Salt-induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin: a challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia. Natural Resources Forum, 33:134-149.
Water resources ; River basins ; Groundwater ; Soil salinity ; Soil degradation ; Soil improvement ; Soil reclamation ; Fertilizer application ; Waterlogging ; Water quality ; Saline water ; Irrigation water ; Subsurface drainage ; Trees ; Evapotranspiration ; Pumps ; Land degradation ; Farming systems ; Rice / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Kazakhstan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Aral Sea / Amu-Darya Basin / Syr-Darya Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042212)
(0.49 MB)
Expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin in the second half of the twentieth century led to the conversion of vast tracks of virgin land into productive agricultural systems resulting in significant increases in employment opportunities and income generation. The positive effects of the development of irrigated agriculture were replete with serious environmental implications. Excessive use of irrigation water coupled with inadequate drainage systems has caused largescale land degradation and water quality deterioration in downstream parts of the basin, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya. Recent estimates suggest that more than 50% of irrigated soils are salt-affected and/or waterlogged in Central Asia. Considering the availability of natural and human resources in the Aral Sea Basin as well as the recent research addressing soil and water management, there is cause for cautious optimism. Research-based interventions that have shown significant promise in addressing this impasse include: (1) rehabilitation of abandoned salt-affected lands through halophytic plant species; (2) introduction of 35-day-old early maturing rice varieties to withstand ambient soil and irrigation water salinity; (3) productivity enhancement of high-magnesium soils and water resources through calcium-based soil amendments; (4) use of certain tree species as biological pumps to lower elevated groundwater levels in waterlogged areas; (5) optimal use of fertilizers, particularly those supplying nitrogen, to mitigate the adverse effects of soil and irrigation water salinity; (6) mulching of furrows under saline conditions to reduce evaporation and salinity buildup in the root zone; and (7) establishment of multipurpose tree and shrub species for biomass and renewable energy production. Because of water withdrawals for agriculture from two main transboundary rivers in the Aral Sea Basin, there would be a need for policy level interventions conducive for enhancing interstate cooperation to transform salt-affected soil and saline water resources from an environmental and productivity constraint into an economic asset.
2 Qadir, Manzoor; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Managing salts while irrigating with wastewater. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 5(016):1-14. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20105016]
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Saline water ; Groundwater ; Soil salinity ; Sodic soils ; Salt tolerance ; Crops ; Irrigation methods
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042786)
(0.13 MB)
Where freshwater resources are scarce for reasons of climate or water pollution, urban wastewater is often used to irrigate a range of crops in support of urban markets as well as the livelihoods of farmers. As in many developing countries wastewater treatment is insufficient, the water can contain different types and levels of mostly undesirable constituents. In this review, the focus is on elevated salt concentrations from domestic or industrial origin, which can especially in long-term irrigation systems result in environmental and productivity constraints. As treatment options to reduce water salinity are resource-intensive, off- and on-farm management strategies are needed to offset the implications of saline wastewater. The sources of salts in wastewater can be reduced before it reaches the farm by (1) technologies in industrial sector that reduce salt consumption vis-a`-vis discharge into the sewage system; (2) separation of high-salt releasing industries’ wastewater from domestic and municipal wastewater; (3) reduced evaporation in wastewater treatment ponds; and (4) restrictions on using certain domestic products that are major sources of salts in wastewater. Besides the off-farm interventions, on-farm management strategies may address (1) selection of crops or crop varieties capable of producing profitable yield with saline wastewater; (2) selection of irrigation methods reducing salt levels or crop exposure to salts; (3) application of wastewater in excess of crop water requirement to leach excess salts from the root zone; (4) irrigation of wastewater in conjunction with freshwater through cyclic and/or blending interventions; (5) use of different agronomic interventions; (6) the application – where possible – of calcium-supplying amendments while irrigating with highly sodic wastewater to mitigate sodium effects on soils and crops; and (7) potential use of saline wastewater, if containing adequate proportion of calcium, to ameliorate sodic and saline-sodic soils. Since saline wastewater can also contain other contaminants than salts it is different from saline drainage or groundwater, and its long-term irrigation may result in the movement of, for example, nitrates, metal ions and metalloids to groundwater. Therefore, monitoring of groundwater quality in well-drained wastewater irrigation schemes is important, particularly where groundwater is used elsewhere for drinking purposes. In addition, crop and soil quality analyses are necessary to determine potential negative implications of wastewater irrigation on crop growth and food safety in general and for microbiological and/or other chemical constituents.
3 Agrawal, M. C.; Roest, C. J. W. (Eds.) 1996. Towards improved water management in Haryana state: final report of the Indo-Dutch Operational Research Project on Hydrological Studies. Haryana, India: Chaudary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU); Wageningen, Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI); Wageningen, Netherlands: DLO Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research (SC-DLO). 80p.
Research projects ; Water management ; Agricultural development ; Land degradation ; Irrigation water ; Drainage ; Saline water ; Decision support systems ; Models / India / Haryana State
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G635 AGR Record No: H043882)
(0.18 MB)
4 Barghouthi, Z. M. 2010. Water scarcity and opportunities for saline water use in Palestine. Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, Dennis; Oster, J.; Jacobsen, S. -E.; Basra, S. M. A.; Choukr-Allah, R. (Eds.). Sustainable management of saline waters and salt-affected soils for agriculture: proceedings of the Second Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 15-18 November 2009. Stimulating session 6. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.85-91.
Water scarcity ; Saline water ; Water conflict ; Irrigated farming / Palestine / Israel / Gaza / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H043473)
http://www.icarda.org/wli/pdfs/Books/ProceedingsOfSecondBridgingWorkshopBook.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043473.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043473.pdf
(0.48 MB) (3.08MB)
5 Raz, E. 2009. Greening the Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance Project. In Lipchin, C.; Sandler, D.; Cushman, E. (Eds.). The Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin: cooperation amid conflict. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.213-234. (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security)
Water conveyance ; Sea water ; Water intake ; Filtration ; Water power ; Saline water ; Desalinization ; Rivers / Israel / Jordan / Red Sea / Dead Sea / Jordan Valley / Araba Valley / Arava Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.9162 G698 LIP Record No: H044183)
6 Shah, T. 1998. Externality and equity implications of private exploitation of ground-water resources. Agricultural Systems, 28:119-139.
Groundwater extraction ; Water resources ; Conjunctive use ; Resource depletion ; Equity ; Private ownership ; Water table ; Wells ; Costs ; Coastal area ; Saline water ; Aquifers ; Pumping ; Canal irrigation ; Public policy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044237)
(1.18 MB)
Private exploitation of ground-water resources has several externality and equity effects. Four of these which have become particularly important in India are: (a) inequities caused by unequal access, (b ) diseconomies caused by clustering of modern Water Extraction Mechanisms (WEMs) and permanent decline in water table due to excessive pumpage, (c) ingress of saline water into coastal aquifers due to lowering of ground-water table and (d) the potential that private WEMs offer to mitigate diseconomies in the form of water-logging and build-up of soil salinity in command areas of canals. Existing instruments of policy and the manner of their implementation are unlikely to be effective in managing these diverse effects. Public control of ground-water resource may, in theory, provide an alternative; however, existing evidence about management capacities available in the third worm irrigation systems raises serious doubts about its viability. A third alternative aiming at managing these effects by influencing private returns to irrigation has been explored and developed.
7 Villholth, Karen G.; Jeyakumar, P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie.; Manamperi, Sanjeewa P.; Vithanage, M.; Goswami, R. R.; Panabokke, C. R. 2011. Tsunami impacts and rehabilitation of groundwater supply: lessons learned from eastern Sri Lanka. A case study. In Vrba, J.; Verhagen, B. T. (Eds.). Groundwater for emergency situations: a methodological guide. [Report of the UNESCO IHP Groundwater for Emergency Situations’ (GWES) Project]. Paris, France: UNESCO. International Hydrological Programme (IHP) pp.296-308. (UNESCO IHP-VII Series on Groundwater No. 3)
Natural disasters ; Disaster preparedness ; Tsunamis ; Rehabilitation ; Monitoring ; Saline water ; Water purification ; Flooding ; Groundwater ; Wells ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Water use ; Case studies ; Pumps ; Surveys / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044406)
(17.39 MB) (17.4MB)
The purpose of this case study is to describe the importance of groundwater for secure emergency water resource after the huge Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake which occurred in 1995. Around 1,270,000 households were cut off from municipal water supply after the earthquake and medical activities in many hospitals were seriously affected by water scarcity. However, it was possible to pump groundwater from several wells immediately after the earthquake. Resistance of wells against the impact of earthquakes has been noted and registration system of citizen’s wells has been established in 1996 in Kobe. Within next two years 517 suitable emergency wells were registered and their location entered on maps. Based on the Kobe experience similar emergency water well systems have been established by many municipal and local governments in Japan to be used as a safe source of water in emergency. In some hospitals deep wells have been drilled, equipped with pumps and diesel driven generators and are prepared for immediate use in an emergency situation.
8 Inada, Yoshiaki. 2012. The International Water Management Institute’s work on climate change and possibilities for Myanmar: seeking solution for the measure of adaptation and mitigation against the impact. In Myanmar. Irrigation Department. Proceedings of Symposium on Water Management for Paddy Field Irrigation and Impacts of Climate Change and the 9th INWEPF Steering Meeting, Yangon, Myanmar, 6-9 November 2012. Yangon, Myanmar: Irrigation Department. pp.73-77.
Research institutes ; Climate change ; Agricultural production ; Water storage ; Saline water ; Deltas / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045576)
(0.41 MB)
As water is perhaps the most important element in climate change adaption, in particular as related to agriculture, IWMI has focused considerable resources on the topic of climate change and has been at the forefront of climate change science as related to agricultural adaption in the developing world. IWMI’s climate work has been focused on 1) better information to understand the impacts of climate change on farmers, 2) understanding the range of storage options-from natural wetlands, groundwater aquifers, and ponds to large scale dams-that can help farmers adapt to changing water supply as well as extreme events, and 3) understanding how changes in water governance can increase farmer options and improve outcomes. Of particular relevance is work conducted in the Mekong Delta on issues associated with changing salinity as a consequence of sea level rise, and a recent synthesis of the relationship between climate change, water and agriculture in the Mekong sub-region. This paper will highlight how existing work can be applied to the issues of Myanmar and promising directions for future work, especially as related to the Ayeyarwady Delta.
9 Jia, Y. 2011. Groundwater issues and management in the North China Plain. In Findikakis, A. N.; Sato, K. Groundwater management practices. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press - Balkema. pp.45-56. (IAHR Monograph)
Groundwater management ; Public participation ; Aquifers ; Resources exploitation ; Water pollution ; Artificial recharge ; Discharges ; Saline water ; River basins ; Wetlands / China / North China Plain / Bohai Sea
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIN Record No: H045647)
10 Kijne, Jacob W.; Barker, Randolph; Molden, David. 2003. Improving water productivity in agriculture: editors’ overview. In Kijne, J. W.; Barker, R.; Molden. D. (Eds.). Water productivity in agriculture: limits and opportunities for improvement. Wallingford, UK: CABI; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.xi-xix. (Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 1)
Water productivity ; Water use efficiency ; Rainfed farming ; Rice ; Irrigation water ; Saline water ; Plant breeding ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.2 G000 KIJ Record No: H046292)
(102.33 KB)
11 Al-Dhuhli, H. S. A. 2009. Effect of mulching, irrigation rates and water quality on soil salinization. Thesis. Thesis submitted to the Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioresources and Agricultural Engineering. 100p.
Soil salinity ; Soil properties ; Soil moisture ; Salinity control ; Saline water ; Water quality ; Mulching ; Irrigation rates ; Irrigation systems ; Water resources ; Groundwater ; Plant growth / Oman
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.42 G728 ALD Record No: H046507)
(0.14 MB)
12 Qadir, M.; Noble, Andrew D.; Karajeh, F.; George, B. 2015. Potential business opportunities from saline water and salt-affected land resources. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 29p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 05) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.206]
Land resources ; Land degradation ; Saline water ; Sodic soils ; Soil salinity ; Desalination ; Crop production ; Ecosystems ; Aquaculture ; Water resources ; Water productivity ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Recycling ; Freshwater ; Soil properties ; Magnesium ; Phosphogypsum ; Energy generation ; Solar energy ; Horticulture ; Greenhouses ; Irrigation ; Deltas ; Trees ; Case studies / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046996)
(1 MB)
13 Xie, J.; Zhang, K.; Hu, L.; Pavelic, Paul; Wang, Y.; Chen, M. 2015. Field-based simulation of a demonstration site for carbon dioxide sequestration in low-permeability saline aquifers in the Ordos Basin, China. Hydrogeology Journal, 23(7):1465-1480. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1267-9]
Carbon dioxide ; Carbon sequestration ; Saline water ; Aquifers ; River basins ; Geological process ; Reservoir storage ; Wells ; Temperature ; Porosity ; Permeability / China / Ordos Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047063)
(3.84 MB)
Saline formations are considered to be candidates for carbon sequestration due to their great depths, large storage volumes, and widespread occurrence. However, injecting carbon dioxide into low-permeability reservoirs is challenging. An active demonstration project for carbon dioxide sequestration in the Ordos Basin, China, began in 2010. The site is characterized by a deep, multi-layered saline reservoir with permeability mostly below 1.0×10-14 m2. Field observations so far suggest that only small-to-moderate pressure buildup has taken place due to injection. The Triassic Liujiagou sandstone at the top of the reservoir has surprisingly high injectivity and accepts approximately 80 % of the injected mass at the site. Based on these key observations, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed and applied, to predict the plume dynamics and pressure propagation, and in the assessment of storage safety. The model is assembled with the most recent data and the simulations are calibrated to the latest available observations. The model explains most of the observed phenomena at the site. With the current operation scheme, the CO2 plume at the uppermost reservoir would reach a lateral distance of 658 m by the end of the project in 2015, and approximately 1,000 m after 100 years since injection. The resulting pressure buildup in the reservoir was below 5 MPa, far below the threshold to cause fracturing of the sealing cap (around 33 MPa).
14 Amarasiri, S. 2015. Caring for water. 2nd ed. Katugastota, Sri Lanka: National Water Supply and Drainage Board. Greater Kandy Water Supply Project. 166p.
Water resources ; Surface water ; Water use ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Waterborne diseases ; Water pollution ; Water storage ; Acidity ; Alkalinity ; Saline water ; Eutrophication ; Plankton blooms ; Phosphorus ; Industrial uses ; Industrial pollutants / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G744 AMA Record No: H047148)
(0.40 MB)
15 Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. 2005. Climate change and water resources management in Pakistan. In Mirza, M. M. Q.; Ahmad, Q. K. (Eds.). Climate change and water resources in South Asia. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. pp.197-230.
Climate change ; Water resources development ; Water management ; Surface water ; Irrigated farming ; Water use ; Rural economy ; Groundwater table ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Water availability ; Tube wells ; Water demand ; Saline water ; Waterlogging ; Soil salinization ; Surface drainage ; Rain ; Temperature ; Drought ; Flooding ; Cyclones ; Coastal area ; Land use ; River basins / Pakistan / Indus River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.22 G570 MIR Record No: H047180)
(4.62 MB)
16 Burman, D.; Mahanta, K. K.; Sarangi, S. K.; Mandal, S.; Maji, B.; Mandal, U. K.; Bandyopadhyay, B. K.; Humphreys, E.; Sharma, D. K. 2015. Effect of groundwater use on groundwater salinity, piezometric level and boro rice yield in the Sundarbans of West Bengal. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.61-67.
Groundwater ; Saline water ; Soil salinity ; Water use ; Irrigation water ; Water levels ; Shallow tube wells ; Aquifers ; Seasonal cropping ; Crop yield ; Rice ; Farmers ; Rain ; Coastal area / India / West Bengal / Sundarbans Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047194)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047194.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047194.pdf
(0.31 MB) (11.9 MB)
17 Radanielson, A. M.; Angeles, O.; Li, T.; Rahman, A. K.; Gaydon, D. 2015. Optimizing use of fresh and saline water for irrigation of boro rice in salt affected areas of Bangladesh using the crop model ORYZA v3. In Humphreys, E.; Tuong, T. P.; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Pukinskis, I.; Phillips, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the CPWF, GBDC, WLE Conference on Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone: Turning Science into Policy and Practices, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21-23 October 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). pp.477-491.
Water use ; Freshwater ; Saline water ; Water management ; Irrigation management ; Water productivity ; Agricultural production ; Models ; Rice ; Sowing date ; Plant growth ; Crop yield ; Soil salinity / Bangladesh / Philippines / Satkhira / Quezon / Infanta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047200)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/66389/Revitalizing%20the%20Ganges%20Coastal%20Zone%20Book_Low%20Version.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047200.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047200.pdf
(0.65 MB) (11.9 MB)
18 Luedeling, E.; Oord, A. L.; Kiteme, B.; Ogalleh, S.; Malesu, M.; Shepherd, K. D.; De Leeuw, J. 2015. Fresh groundwater for Wajir—ex-ante assessment of uncertain benefits for multiple stakeholders in a water supply project in northern Kenya. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 3:1-18. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00016]
Groundwater extraction ; Water supply ; Project design ; Uncertainty ; Ex-ante impact assessment ; Stakeholders ; Decision making ; Models ; Risk assessment ; Cost benefit analysis ; Hydrogeology ; Aquifers ; Wells ; Saline water ; Pipes ; Participatory approaches ; Cooperation / Northern Kenya / Habaswein-Wajir Water Supply Project / Merti Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047592)
(4.71 MB) (4.71 MB)
Decision-making in development rarely considers uncertainty in project benefits and costs and the risk of project failure. Lack of appropriate tools for ex-ante analysis under conditions of data scarcity constrains the ability of decision-makers to anticipate project outcomes. Business analysis techniques can help in such situations, but they have rarely been applied in development contexts. We use the principles of Applied Information Economics to develop a decision model for a water supply intervention. In the proposed Habaswein-Wajir Water Supply Project in Northern Kenya, water is to be extracted from a major aquifer near Habaswein and piped to the city of Wajir. A team of eight experts developed a model including all costs, benefits, and risks considered important for project success. After estimation training, these experts expressed their uncertainty for about 100 variables in the model with probability distributions. We used Monte Carlo simulation to project decision outcomes, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to identify critical uncertainties affecting the decision. The project was found to be risky for most stakeholders, mainly due to the risk of political interference caused by water supply concerns in Habaswein and due to unclear profitability of the water supply business. Uncertainties about how to value decreasing infant mortality and reduction in water-borne disease incidence were also critical. The greatest hydrological risk was salt water intrusion into the aquifer. Careful well design, inclusive project planning and benefit sharing could raise the chance of project success. The analysis improved understanding of the decision by all stakeholders, some of which changed their opinions on the pipeline, requested more measurements, or proposed alternative water supply options. Decision analysis can help clarify decision uncertainties and outcome expectations and thereby improve decision-making processes, especially in data-scarce areas.
19 Estabragh, A. R.; Moghadas, M.; Javadi, A. A. 2016. Hydrochemical effect of different quality of water on the behaviour of an expansive soil during wetting and drying cycles. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(3):371-381. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1974]
Water quality ; Hydrology ; Chemical composition ; Reservoirs ; Pore water ; Expansive Soils ; Wetting drying cycles ; pH ; Electrical conductivity ; Osmotic pressure ; Deformation ; Experimentation ; Flooding ; Distilled water ; Acidic Water ; Saline water
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047654)
(1.07 MB)
The effect of quality of water on deformation, pH, EC (electrical conductivity) and osmotic suction was studied for an expansive soil during wetting and drying tests. The cyclic wetting and drying tests were conducted on samples of an expansive soil in a modified oedometer flooded with distilled, acidic and saline water. During the tests axial deformation of the samples was recorded continuously. pH and EC of pore water and reservoir water were measured through duplicated samples in a conventional oedometer. Osmotic suction was calculated based on the values of EC. The results show that the magnitude of deformation depends on the quality of the water and the deformation attained an equilibrium condition after almost four cycles. pH, EC and osmotic suction decreased with increasing suction.
20 Mul, Marloes L.; Gao, Y. 2016. Environmental flow requirements in the Volta Basin. In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.199-213.
Environmental flows ; River basins ; Ecosystem services ; Riparian zones ; Flooding ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Freshwater ; Poverty ; Dams ; Flow discharge ; Saline water ; Case studies / West Africa / Benin / Burkina Faso / Ivory Coast / Ghana / Mali / Togo / Volta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047733)
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