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1 Sri Lanka. Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Forestry; ADB. 1997. Upper watershed management study, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka - Final report: Appendix 5 - Social and socio-economic aspects (draft); Appendix 6 - Land tenure and legal aspects (draft) Draft report prepared by LTS International Ltd, Resources Development Consultants and Hunting Technical Services Ltd. Project preparation technical assistance 2619. v.p.
Watershed management ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Poverty ; Indicators ; Farmers ; Villages ; Rural women ; Soil conservation ; Land tenure ; Legal aspects ; Legislation ; Policy / Sri Lanka / Balangoda / Imbulpe / Nuwara Eliya / Walapane / Haputale / Heldemulla / Welimada / Uva Paranagama / Bandarawela / Gurubawila / Pandeniya / Ambadandegama / Medawela / Welithenna / Pitawela / Ambadandegama
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 4464 Record No: H020418)
2 Gianfelici, F.; Lancon, L.; Bucatariu, C.; Dubbeling, M.; Santini, G.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2016. Composting urban organic waste into agricultural inputs: Balangoda, Sri Lanka. In Dubbeling, M.; Bucatariu, C.; Santini, G.; Vogt, C.; Eisenbeiss, K. City region food systems and food waste management: linking urban and rural areas for sustainable and resilient development. Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. pp.172-182.
Composting ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Urban areas ; Organic fertilizers ; Organic agriculture ; Solid wastes ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Recycling ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Health hazards ; Stakeholders ; State intervention / Sri Lanka / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047773)
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/GIZ%252c%20RUAF%252c%20FAO_2016_CityRegionFoodSystems%20%26%20FoodWasteManagement%20LR_1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047773.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047773.pdf
(5.05 MB)
As in other cities of Sri Lanka, solid waste management has been a key problem in and concern for Balangoda Urban Council. Waste accumulations in the city have caused many problems, including unpleasant odours, contamination of water bodies, and contamination of paddy fields, giving rise to epidemic diseases such as Salmonella, typhoid fever, and diarrhoea. A Balangoda compost plant has been set up to process municipal solid waste into compost. The project started in 1999 as a city service to provide a solution to the solid waste problem, but converted into a business in later years. Integrated waste management in Balangoda now consists of a Municipal Solid Waste compost plant, septage treatment plant, plastic pelletiser and an open dump. In addition, as there is increasing awareness of environmental and health risks related to the use of agro-chemical fertilisers, demand for alternative – organic – fertilisers is increasing. As per the majority of the compost plants in the country, the Balangoda plants are located in semi-urban or rural areas, facilitating reuse of waste in agriculture, with farming areas located near the compost plants. The Balangoda system thus operationalises rural-urban linkages through the collection of urban food and organic waste and its recycling, sale, and reuse as compost for rural (and peri-urban) producers.
3 Rao, Krishna C.; Kvarnstrom, E.; Di Mario, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Business models for fecal sludge management. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 80p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 06) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.213]
Faecal sludge ; Resource management ; Resource recovery ; Recycling ; Business management ; Models ; Waste disposal ; Desludging ; Dumping ; Sewerage ; Waste treatment ; Waste water treatment plants ; Solid wastes ; Pollution ; Composts ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Latrines ; Defaecation ; Stakeholders ; Finance ; Cost recovery ; Energy recovery ; Biogas ; Organic fertilizers ; Private enterprises ; Institutions ; Partnerships ; Licences ; Regulations ; Transport ; Septic tanks ; Nutrients ; Taxes ; Farmers ; Urban areas ; Landscape ; Household ; Incentives ; Case studies / Asia / Africa / Latin America / South Africa / Kenya / India / Rwanda / Nepal / Philippines / Lesotho / Bangladesh / Mozambique / Ghana / Senegal / Benin / Sierra Leone / Malaysia / Ethiopia / Vietnam / Mali / Sri Lanka / Burkina Faso / Peru / Haiti / Dakar / Nairobi / Maseru / Accra / Tamale / Addis Ababa / Eastern Cape / Maputo / Dhaka / Ho Chi Minh City / Hai Phong / Dumaguete / Mombasa / Kisumu / San Fernando / Bamako / Cotonou / Ouagadougou / Kigali / Bangalore / Dharwad / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047826)
(4.75 MB)
On-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, are the predominant feature across rural and urban areas in most developing countries. However, their management is one of the most neglected sanitation challenges. While under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the set-up of toilet systems received the most attention, business models for the sanitation service chain, including pit desludging, sludge transport, treatment and disposal or resource recovery, are only emerging. Based on the analysis of over 40 fecal sludge management (FSM) cases from Asia, Africa and Latin America, this report shows opportunities as well as bottlenecks that FSM is facing from an institutional and entrepreneurial perspective.
4 Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay. (Eds.) 2018. Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 816p.
Resource recovery ; Waste management ; Business management ; Models ; Energy management ; Energy generation ; Renewable energy ; Nutrients ; Water reuse ; Low income areas ; Economic aspects ; Sanitation ; agricultural wastes ; Livestock wastes ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Organic matter ; Solid wastes ; Solid fuels ; Urban wastes ; Agricultural waste management ; Briquettes ; Biogas ; Faecal sludge ; Kitchen waste ; Food wastes ; Local communities ; Sustainability ; Industrial wastes ; Municipal authorities ; Abattoirs ; Ethanol ; Sugar industry ; Agroindustry ; Composting ; Cost recovery ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Subsidies ; Carbon credits ; Excreta ; Urine ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Forestry ; Aquaculture ; Farmers ; Fruits ; Wood production ; Financing ; Supply chain ; Fish feeding ; Risk management ; Private sector ; Private investment ; Freshwater ; Deltas ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Downstream / Uganda / Rwanda / India / Kenya / Peru / Brazil / Mexico / Kenya / Thailand / Burkina Faso / Venezuela / Sri Lanka / Egypt / Bangladesh / Tunisia / Morocco / Ghana / Jordan / Iran / Spain / Kampala / Kigali / Sulabh / Nairobi / Santa Rosillo / Koppal / Bihar / Pune / Maharashtra / Mumias / Bangkok / Carabobo / Veracruz / Balangoda / Okhla / Bangalore / Ouagadougou / Mashhad Plain / Llobregat Delta / Tula Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048622)
(28.1 MB)
5 Otoo, Miriam. (Ed.) 2018. Nutrient and organic matter recovery - Section III. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.316-546.
Organic matter ; Resource recovery ; Nutrients ; Business management ; Business models ; Agricultural waste management ; Industrial wastes ; Municipal wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Cost recovery ; Market economics ; Carbon credits ; Macroeconomics ; Financing ; Supply chain ; Corporate culture ; Technology assessment ; Financing ; Socioeconomic environment ; Environmental impact ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Faecal sludge ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Organic fertilizers ; Liquid fertilizers ; Subsidies ; Risk reduction ; Waste management ; Biogas ; Livestock wastes ; Vermicomposting ; Sugar industry ; Sustainability ; Toilets ; Urine ; Excreta ; Septic tanks ; Soil conditioners ; On-farm consumption ; Wastewater treatment ; Phosphorus ; Sewage sludge / Uganda / Sri Lanka / Kenya / India / Bangladesh / Mexico / Rwanda / Burkina Faso / Mbale / Matara / Balangoda / Ludhiana / Okhla / Bangalore / Karnataka / Dhaka / Naivasha / Puducherry / Sinaloa / Culiacan / Kigali / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048653)
(8.29 MB)
6 Otoo, Miriam; Rao, Krishna C.; Hope, L.; Atukorala, I. 2018. Fecal sludge and municipal solid waste composting for cost recovery (Balangoda Compost Plant, Sri Lanka) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.341-350.
Faecal sludge ; Municipal wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Cost recovery ; Wastewater treatment ; Business models ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Organic fertilizers ; Supply chain ; Macroeconomics / Sri Lanka / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048656)
(1.05 MB)
7 Carrard, N.; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Willetts, J. 2021. Life-cycle costs of a resource-oriented sanitation system and implications for advancing a circular economy approach to sanitation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307:127135. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127135]
Waste management ; Sanitation ; Cost analysis ; Economic aspects ; Financial viability ; Faecal sludge ; Waste treatment ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Desludging ; Composting ; Urban areas ; Households ; Local government ; Investment ; Sustainable Development Goals / Sri Lanka / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050437)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621013548/pdfft?md5=1c2cb1a3a9d6aff7beecc1e4192df08f&pid=1-s2.0-S0959652621013548-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050437.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050437.pdf
(0.63 MB) (644 KB)
Implementing a circular economy approach to sanitation requires knowledge of the costs to construct, operate and maintain resource-oriented systems. Yet the dearth of data on costs of urban sanitation in general, and resource-oriented systems in particular, limit opportunities to progress sustainable sanitation in low- and middle-income countries. This paper contributes empirical data on the life-cycle costs of a resource-oriented sanitation system in urban Sri Lanka, addressing a gap in evidence about how much it costs, and who pays, for a system that integrates fecal sludge management with nutrient capture and reuse. Costs across the system life-cycle were analyzed according to: (i) cost type; (ii) phases of the sanitation chain; and (iii) distribution between actors. Over a 25-year lifespan, the system had an annualized cost of USD 2.8/person or USD 11/m3 of septage treated. Revenue from co-compost sales covered reuse-related costs plus 8% of present value costs for other phases of the sanitation chain. Findings affirm both the potential for resource-oriented sanitation to generate revenue, and the need for substantial complementary investment in the overall system. The system was found to be reliant on household investment, yet financially viable from the service provider perspective with revenue from desludging services (89%) and co-compost sales (11%) that exceeded costs over the system lifespan and in most years. The analysis of total costs, financial perspectives, and reuse specifics contributes critical evidence to inform policy and planning that supports a purposeful and equitable transition towards circular economy approaches to sanitation.
8 Aheeyar, Mohamed; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Kumara, G. D. K.; Wijetunga, C. S.; Madhuwanthi, Piumi; Duleesha, Nisansala. 2023. Opportunities for and constraints to safe and sustainable vegetable production in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets. 28p.
Vegetables ; Agricultural production ; Sustainable production ; Agricultural practices ; Constraints ; Capacity development / Sri Lanka / Welimada / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052592)
(6.38 MB)
Sri Lanka is blessed with ideal conditions for cultivating a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. The country has around 80 varieties produced in different agroecological zones. There are several government and private organizations supporting vegetable farmers and farmers are organized into formally registered organizations. However, the average consumption of fruits and vegetables in Sri Lanka is around 150 g per day and per capita consumption is approximately 112 g per day, which is 50% lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations (SAARC 2017). For a healthy and prosperous nation, the production and consumption of fruits and vegetables are important. Our research set out to identify opportunities and barriers for sustainable and year-round vegetable production. The findings are based on two multistakeholder consultations, a gendered field survey conducted in 18 villages through separate women and men focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews in Welimada and Balangoda Divisional Secretariat Divisions, and a comprehensive literature review. The study focused on upcountry temperate zone vegetables.
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