Your search found 27 records
1 Nikiema, Josiane; Tanoh-Nguessan, R.; Abiola, F.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2020. Introducing co-composting to fecal sludge treatment plants in Benin and Burkina Faso: a logistical and financial assessment. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 50p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 17) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.206]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Waste treatment ; Solid wastes ; Treatment plants ; Composting ; Logistics ; Economic analysis ; Waste management ; Waste collection ; Sewerage ; Recycling ; Waste disposal ; Sludge dewatering ; Anaerobic treatment ; Septic tanks ; Sanitation ; Technology ; Maintenance ; Public-private partnerships ; Investment ; Business models ; Cost recovery ; Production costs ; Operating costs ; Marketing ; Cost benefit analysis ; Land use ; Urban areas ; Households / West Africa / Benin / Burkina Faso / Ghana / Ouagadougou / Accra / Grand Nokoue
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049802)
(1.47 MB)
Based on primary data from fecal sludge (FS) treatment plants in three West African urban regions (Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Greater Accra in Ghana, and Grand Nokoué in Benin), FS collection and treatment patterns were analyzed to identify possible scenarios for resource recovery (RR) through FS co-composting. FS collection was analyzed for up to 7 years, in part per day, month and season, as well as FS characteristics to understand peak flows, FS qualities and related variations to plan for appropriate RR technology and capacities.
Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently.
The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently.
The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
2 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Kumara, I. U.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2020. Solid and liquid waste management and resource recovery in Sri Lanka: a 20 city analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 83p.
Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Resource management ; Urban areas ; Urban wastes ; Municipal wastewater ; Treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewerage ; Septic tanks ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Recycling ; Desludging ; Composting ; Waste landfills ; Water supply ; Municipal authorities ; Local authorities ; Households ; Sanitation ; Development projects / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Badulla / Batticaloa / Colombo / Galle / Jaffna / Kaluthara / Kandy / Kilinochchi / Kurunegala / Mannar / Matale / Matara / Mullaithivu / Negombo / Nuwara Eliya / Puttalam / Ratnapura / Trincomalee / Vauniya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050009)
(16.1 MB)
3 Rao, Krishna C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Business models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Issue) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.209]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Business models ; Value chains ; Waste treatment ; Desludging ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Solid wastes ; Septic tanks ; Toilets ; Waste disposal ; Transport ; Treatment plants ; Urban areas ; Public-private partnerships ; Stakeholders ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Financial viability ; Funding ; Marketing ; Pricing ; Investment ; Operating costs ; Cost recovery ; Benefits ; Profitability ; Risk ; Technology ; Government procurement ; Taxes ; Energy recovery ; Nutrients ; Biogas ; Composting ; Households ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Gujarat / Telangana / Bihar / Kerala / Maharashtra / Rajasthan / Delhi / Uttar Pradesh / Odisha / Jammu and Kashmir / Karnataka / West Bengal / Panaji / Goa / Chennai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050010)
(9.13 MB)
Globally, 50% of the population relies on on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and is, hence, in need of Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) solutions. India is a classic example, given that its government built more than 100 million toilets with the majority relying on OSS. With 400 fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in various stages of planning, procurement and construction, this report comes at an opportune time to present findings on FSM business models already implemented across India.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
4 Foladori, P.; Cutrupi, F.; Segata, N.; Manara, S.; Pinto, F.; Malpei, F.; Bruni, L.; La Rosa, G. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: what do we know?: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 743:140444. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444]
COVID-19 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Faeces ; Sewage ; Disease transmission ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Pandemics ; Monitoring
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049955)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720339668/pdfft?md5=cf32f7ecde41e4fb13f3164badf40c61&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969720339668-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
(0.90 MB) (924 KB)
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been found in the faeces of infected patients in numerous studies. Stool may remain positive for SARS-CoV-2, even when the respiratory tract becomes negative, and the interaction with the gastrointestinal tract poses a series of questions about wastewater and its treatments. This review aims to understand the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and sewage and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
5 Ulrich, Andreas; Ekasanti, Prawisti; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Taron, Avinandan. 2020. Catalog of technical options for fecal sludge management in Bangladesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 140p.
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Technological changes ; Value chains ; Waste treatment ; Treatment plants ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Transport ; Septic tanks ; Anaerobic digesters ; Heat treatment ; Pumps ; Composting ; Pelleting ; Legislation ; Planning ; Maintenance ; Costs ; Sanitation ; Sustainable Development Goals / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050042)
(13.4 MB)
6 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Taron, Avinandan; Amewu, Sena. 2021. Nutrient recovery for use in agriculture: economic assessment of decentralized compost business model in Nairobi. In Hulsmann, S.; Jampani, Mahesh (Eds.). A nexus approach for sustainable development: integrated resources management in resilient cities and multifunctional land-use systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.25-38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4_3]
Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Nutrients ; Agriculture ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Business models ; Wastewater ; Soils ; Waste management ; Nexus ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Treatment plants / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050119)
(0.31 MB)
Large cities in developing countries are facing the challenge of rapid urban population growth, which results in increasing waste generation. In Nairobi, the solid waste situation is characterized by low coverage of collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector operators and lack of key solid waste management infrastructure. About 3,121 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated daily, of which about 850 tons are collected and the remaining is burnt or dumped in unauthorized sites or landfilled in the Dandora dumpsite causing health and environmental problems. The recovery of nutrients from the organic content of MSW for reuse in agriculture has the potential to address the dual challenge of waste management and soil nutrient depletion. This study assessed the economic and environmental impact of decentralized composting business model in Nairobi based on a comparison with the baseline scenario using an indicator expressed in tons CO2 equivalent. The cost–benefit analysis was based on data collected from existing compost plants in Kenya. To assess the sensitivity of the results to variation in input variables, a simulation model was developed using the Monte Carlo method. The decentralized composting business model resulted in a net GHG emission saving of 1.21 tons CO2-eq/ton of compost, being both financially and economically feasible with more than 70% chance of economic success. Assessing the economic and environmental impact is an important tool for decision making and to ensure that the business model results in desired benefits to society.
7 Nikiema, Josiane; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Asiedu, Zipporah; Saad, Dalia; Lamizana, B. 2020. Water pollution by plastics and microplastics: a review of technical solutions from source to sea. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 112p.
Water pollution ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Waste management ; Sea pollution ; Freshwater pollution ; Contamination ; Water quality ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Technology ; Drinking water treatment ; Industrial wastewater ; Costs ; Municipal wastewater ; Solid wastes ; Sewage sludge ; Landfill leachates ; Waste incineration ; Risk ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Developing countries ; Policies ; Energy recovery ; Wetlands / USA / Europe / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050126)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34424/WPMM.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050126.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050126.pdf
(2.63 MB) (26.6 MB)
8 Nikiema, Josiane; Asiedu, Zipporah; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Saad, Dalia; Lamizana, B. 2020. Catalogue of technologies to address the risks of contamination of water bodies with plastics and microplastics. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 62p.
Water pollution ; Plastics ; Microplastics ; Contamination ; Risk ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Technology ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Drinking water treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Landfill leachates ; Waste incineration ; Industrial wastewater ; Effluents ; Filtration ; Sea pollution ; Wetlands ; Cost benefit analysis ; Maintenance ; Developing countries ; Gender ; Women ; Policies ; Investment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050127)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34423/CTWM.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050127.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050127.pdf
(1.53 MB) (15.0 MB)
9 UNESCO; UNESCO International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM). 2020. Water reuse within a circular economy context. Paris, France: UNESCO; Daejeon, Republic of Korea: UNESCO International Centre for Water Security and Sustainable Management (i-WSSM). 218p. (Global Water Security Issues Series 2)
Water reuse ; Economic growth ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water governance ; Water scarcity ; Water security ; Water management ; Industrial water use ; Drinking water ; Freshwater ; Irrigation ; Food production ; Water market ; Climate change ; Resource recovery ; Treatment plants ; Technology ; Legal frameworks ; Regulations ; Best practices ; Observation ; Decision making ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Periurban areas ; Case studies ; Towns / Latin America / Caribbean / Singapore / Australia / Morocco / Iran Islamic Republic / Spain / Nigeria / India / Kenya / Brazil / Nairobi / Bengaluru / Iguazu River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050062)
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000374715&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_1cd25cc1-2aee-472d-a7cc-0ab8c1be4b8a%3F_%3D374715eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000374715/PDF/374715eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050062.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050062.pdf
(14.60 MB) (14.6 MB)
10 Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane. 2020. Circular economy. In African Development Bank (AfDB); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); GRID-Arendal. Sanitation and wastewater atlas of Africa. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB); Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal. pp.127-145.
Wastewater management ; Economic systems ; Business models ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Water reuse ; Resource recovery ; Sanitation ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater aquaculture ; Industrial uses ; Treatment plants ; Faecal sludge ; Income ; Cost recovery ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Farmers / Africa / Ghana / Morocco / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050265)
https://www.afdb.org/sites/all/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fsanitation_and_wastewater_atlas_of_africa_compressed.pdf#page=127
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050265.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050265.pdf
(2.89 MB) (47.5 MB)
11 Pallavi, S.; Yashas, S. R.; Anilkumar, K. M.; Shahmoradi, B.; Shivaraju, H. P. 2021. Comprehensive understanding of urban water supply management: towards sustainable water-socio-economic-health-environment nexus. Water Resources Management, 35(1):315-336. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02734-x]
Water supply ; Water management ; Urban areas ; Water demand ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Health ; Environmental factors ; Nexus ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Wastewater treatment ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Hazardous wastes ; Sewage ; Infrastructure ; Decision making ; Models / India / Karnataka / Mysuru
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050258)
(2.50 MB)
The majority of the cities across the developing countries have saddled water supply and quality management issues. Unfortunately, even cities with adequate water resources and infrastructures foresee safe drinking water supply as a challenge. The present study discusses the potential hazardous events associated with a drinking water supply and management strategies in the case of Mysuru city, India to realize water security through integrated modeling approaches. Here, the water demand and supply of the city is simulated by the WEAP decision-making tool using current and reference data in the perspective of water supply trends concerning social-economic and environmental parameters. The study also projects sustainable utilization of recycled sewage as a portfolio resource having maximum potentiality. Finally, the study infers that that water supply system and portfolio water resources utilization would contribute to the sustainability of socio-economic and environmental conditions in the city. It provides various management, technological approaches and alternatives for sustainable water supply to meet anticipated demand and to understand the dynamic interactions of the water-socio-economic-health-environment nexus.
12 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2020. Faecal sludge management in Africa: socioeconomic aspects and human and environmental health implications. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 64p.
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Environmental health ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Wastewater treatment ; Waste disposal ; Recycling ; Treatment plants ; Excreta ; Pathogens ; Septic tanks ; Pit latrines ; Sanitation ; Value chains ; Trends ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Good practices ; Technology ; Business models ; Gender ; Women ; Inclusion ; Institutions ; Legal aspects / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / East Africa / North Africa / Southern Africa / Senegal / Burkina Faso / Uganda / South Africa / Mozambique / Benin / Ghana / Dakar / Ouagadougou / Kampala / Durban / Maputo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050374)
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34350/FSM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050374.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050374.pdf
(12.10 MB) (12.1 MB)
13 Pinninti, R.; Kasi, V.; Landa, S. R.; Rathinasamy, M.; Sangamreddi, C.; Radha, P. R. D. 2021. Investigating the working efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems: a step towards sustainable systems. Water Practice and Technology, 16(3):1012-1025. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.049]
Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Periurban areas ; Urban areas ; Water quality ; Parameters ; Sewage ; Ponds ; Maintenance ; Sustainability ; Farmers / India / Andhra Pradesh / Vizianagaram
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050459)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/16/3/1012/907929/wpt0161012.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050459.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050459.pdf
(1.16 MB) (1.16 MB)
Globally, wastewater is a vital resource and requires appropriate treatment management strategies. Wastewater has become a major source of irrigation in the peri-urban areas of developing nations. With the increasing amount of wastewater generation, there are several complications in using treatment systems in terms of installation, operation and maintenance, and size in developing countries. Recently, natural treatment systems are gaining popularity due to less cost and maintenance and have been preferred in peri-urban settings. In this study, the working efficiency of the natural systems was assessed from case studies from Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. The nutrient (Phosphorous and Nitrogen content) and organic matter removal efficiency of four natural treatment systems (NTS) having different operation, maintenance and loading rates were investigated. The study showed that natural treatment systems have good potential for peri-urban wastewater treatment. It was also observed that waste-stabilization based systems perform better than those based on duckweed and hyacinth plants. Regularly maintained and operated systems show removal efficiency on the order of 80% for organic and nutrients and performed better than others. The study indicates that decentralized, adequately maintained Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) offer a viable, self-sustaining and eco-friendly alternative for wastewater treatment to supply irrigation water in rural areas.
14 Tawfik, Mohamed Hassan; Hoogesteger, J.; Elmahdi, Amgad; Hellegers, P. 2021. Unpacking wastewater reuse arrangements through a new framework: insights from the analysis of Egypt. Water International, 46(4):605-625. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1921503]
Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Waste management ; Waste collection ; Sewerage ; Irrigation ; Water policies ; Regulations ; Treatment plants ; Technology ; Water resources ; Villages ; Farmers ; Case studies / Egypt / Nile Delta / Marsa Matrouh / El Hamamee / Al Ashara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050497)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2021.1921503?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050497.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050497.pdf
(10.20 MB) (10.2 MB)
Wastewater reuse is identified as strategic to help ameliorate scarcity in water-stressed regions around the world. However, to develop it, there is a need to better understand the social, institutional and technological contexts in which it takes place. This article develops a novel socio-technical framework to inform such an analysis and applies it to current wastewater reuse in Egypt. Our analysis highlights the different actors, management activities and practices that shape wastewater collection, transfer, treatment, discharge and/or reuse in different social, technological and environmental contexts in Egypt. It points out bottlenecks of current wastewater reuse policies and programmes.
15 Butte, G.; Niwagaba, C.; Nordin, A. 2021. Assessing the microbial risk of faecal sludge use in Ugandan agriculture by comparing field and theoretical model output. Water Research, 197:117068. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117068]
Faecal sludge ; Agriculture ; Biological contamination ; Risk assessment ; Treatment plants ; Pathogens ; Escherichia coli ; Waste management ; Risk reduction ; Vegetables ; Crops ; Fertilizers ; Farmers ; Models / Uganda / Kampala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050481)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421002669/pdfft?md5=8d175bb8c32e02db26ee505950926fb9&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135421002669-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050481.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050481.pdf
(1.80 MB) (1.80 MB)
Reuse of faecal sludge in agriculture has many potential benefits, but also poses risks to human health. To better understand the potential risks, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was performed for three population groups in Kampala, Uganda: wastewater and faecal sludge treatment plant workers; farmers using faecal sludge; and consumers of faecal sludge-fertilised vegetables. Two models were applied for farmers and consumers, one based on pathogen concentrations from field sampling of sludge, soils and vegetables, and one based on theoretical pathogen contribution from the last sludge application, including decay and soil to crop transfer of pathogens. The risk was evaluated for two pathogens (enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Ascaris lumbricoides). The field data on sludge, soil and vegetables indicated that the last application of faecal sludge was not the sole pathogen source. Correspondingly, the model using field data resulted in higher risks for farmers and consumers than the theoretical model assuming risk from sludge only, except when negligible for both. For farmers, the yearly risk of illness, based on measured concentrations, was 26% from EHEC and 70% from Ascaris, compared with 1.2% and 1.4%, respectively, considering the theoretically assumed contribution from the sludge. For consumers, the risk of illness based on field samples was higher from consumption of leafy vegetables (100% from EHEC, 99% from Ascaris) than from consumption of cabbages (negligible for EHEC, 26% from Ascaris). With the theoretical model, the risk of illness from EHEC was negligible for both crops, whereas the risk of illness from Ascaris was 64% and 16% for leafy vegetables and cabbage, respectively. For treatment plant workers, yearly risk of illness was 100% from EHEC and 99.4% from Ascaris. Mitigation practices evaluated could reduce the relative risk by 30-70%. These results can help guide treatment and use of faecal sludge in Kampala, to protect plant workers, farmers and consumers.
16 Amoah, Philip; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Drechsel, Pay. 2021. Safe and sustainable business models for water reuse in aquaculture in developing countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 46p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 20) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.212]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Water reuse ; Wastewater aquaculture ; Business models ; Sustainability ; Developing countries ; Wastewater treatment ; Fishery production ; Integrated systems ; Infrastructure ; Treatment plants ; Stabilization ponds ; Public-private partnerships ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Markets ; Fisheries value chains ; Financial analysis ; Circular economy ; Cost recovery ; Fish feeding ; Nutrients ; Food safety ; Water quality ; Public health ; Risk assessment ; Socioeconomic impact ; Environmental impact ; Case studies / Ghana / Bangladesh / Kumasi / Mirzapur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050557)
(1.42 MB)
Wastewater-fed aquaculture has a long history, especially in Asia. This report examines three empirical cases of integrated wastewater treatment and aquaculture production. From an aquaculture entrepreneur’s perspective, the combination of fish farming and wastewater treatment in common waste stabilization ponds allows significant savings on capital (pond infrastructure) and running costs (wastewater supporting fish feed). On the other hand, the treatment plant owner will have the benefit of a partner taking over plant maintenance. Given the importance of food safety and related perceptions, the report is focusing on innovative business models where the marketed fish is not in direct contact with the treated wastewater, but only the brood stock or fish feed. The financial analysis of the presented systems shows profitable options for the fish farmer, operational and in part capital cost recovery for the treatment plant, and as the treatment plant operators can stop charging households a sanitation fee, eventually a triple-win situation for both partners and the served community.
17 Farago, M.; Damgaard, A.; Madsen, J. A.; Andersen, J. K.; Thornberg, D.; Andersen, M. H.; Rygaard, M. 2021. From wastewater treatment to water resource recovery: environmental and economic impacts of full-scale implementation. Water Research, 204:117554. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117554]
Wastewater treatment ; Resource recovery ; Water resources ; Environmental impact ; Economic impact ; Pollution control ; Treatment plants ; Nutrients ; Economic value ; Stakeholders ; Uncertainty ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050648)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421007508/pdfft?md5=28652a1c2cd1fd565728376bac497faa&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135421007508-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050648.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050648.pdf
(5.07 MB) (5.07 MB)
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote resource recovery, many wastewater treatment operators are retrofitting existing plants to implement new technologies for energy, nutrient and carbon recovery.
In literature, there is a lack of studies that can unfold the potential environmental and economic impacts of the transition that wastewater utilities are undertaking to transform their treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). When existing, literature studies are mostly based on simulations rather than real plant data and pilot-scale results. This study combines life cycle assessment and economic evaluations to quantify the environmental and economic impacts of retrofitting an existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which already implements energy recovery, into a full-scale WRRF with a series of novel technologies, the majority of which are already implemented full-scale or tested through pilot-scales. We evaluate five technology alternatives against the current performance of the WWTP: real-time N2O control, biological biogas upgrading coupled with power-to-hydrogen, phosphorus recovery, pre-filtration carbon harvest and enhanced nitrogen removal. Our results show that real-time N2O control, biological biogas upgrading and pre-filtration lead to a decrease in climate change and fossil resource depletion impacts. The implementation of the real-time measurement and control of N2O achieved the highest reduction in direct CO2-eq emissions (-35%), with no significant impacts in other environmental categories. Biological biogas upgrading contributed to counterbalancing direct and indirect climate change impacts by substituting natural gas consumption and production. Pre-filtration increased climate change reduction by 13%, while it increased impacts in other categories. Enhanced sidestream nitrogen removal increased climate change impacts by 12%, but decreased marine eutrophication impacts by 14%. The reserve base resource depletion impacts, however, were the highest in the plant configurations implementing biological biogas upgrading coupled with power-to-hydrogen. Environmental improvements generated economic costs for all alternatives except for real-time N2O control. The results expose possible environmental and economic trade-offs and hotspots of the journey that large wastewater treatment plants will undertake in transitioning into resource recovery facilities in the coming years.
In literature, there is a lack of studies that can unfold the potential environmental and economic impacts of the transition that wastewater utilities are undertaking to transform their treatment plants to water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). When existing, literature studies are mostly based on simulations rather than real plant data and pilot-scale results. This study combines life cycle assessment and economic evaluations to quantify the environmental and economic impacts of retrofitting an existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which already implements energy recovery, into a full-scale WRRF with a series of novel technologies, the majority of which are already implemented full-scale or tested through pilot-scales. We evaluate five technology alternatives against the current performance of the WWTP: real-time N2O control, biological biogas upgrading coupled with power-to-hydrogen, phosphorus recovery, pre-filtration carbon harvest and enhanced nitrogen removal. Our results show that real-time N2O control, biological biogas upgrading and pre-filtration lead to a decrease in climate change and fossil resource depletion impacts. The implementation of the real-time measurement and control of N2O achieved the highest reduction in direct CO2-eq emissions (-35%), with no significant impacts in other environmental categories. Biological biogas upgrading contributed to counterbalancing direct and indirect climate change impacts by substituting natural gas consumption and production. Pre-filtration increased climate change reduction by 13%, while it increased impacts in other categories. Enhanced sidestream nitrogen removal increased climate change impacts by 12%, but decreased marine eutrophication impacts by 14%. The reserve base resource depletion impacts, however, were the highest in the plant configurations implementing biological biogas upgrading coupled with power-to-hydrogen. Environmental improvements generated economic costs for all alternatives except for real-time N2O control. The results expose possible environmental and economic trade-offs and hotspots of the journey that large wastewater treatment plants will undertake in transitioning into resource recovery facilities in the coming years.
18 Tanoh, Rebecca; Nikiema, Josiane; Asiedu, Zipporah; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Cofie, Olufunke. 2022. The contribution of tipping fees to the operation, maintenance, and management of fecal sludge treatment plants: the case of Ghana. Journal of Environmental Management, 303:114125. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114125]
Faecal sludge ; Treatment plants ; Maintenance ; Public-private partnerships ; Waste management ; Stabilization ponds ; Cost recovery ; Developing countries / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tema / Sekondi-Takoradi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050803)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721021873/pdfft?md5=42d248809b6b06b2bf7af6792d23b6f1&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479721021873-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050803.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050803.pdf
(1.75 MB) (1.75 MB)
Globally, collection of tipping fees is being promoted as a solution to sustain the operation of fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs). Currently, there are six large-scale FSTPs in Ghana, of which five were in operation in June 2017. In Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi and Tamale, fecal sludge (FS) is co-treated with landfill leachate using waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). In Tema and Accra, FS is treated using WSPs and a mechanical dewatering system coupled with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The focus of this study is FSTPs and to assess how, and if, the tipping fees set by the municipalities could enable cost recovery to sustain their long-term operation. Using a questionnaire survey to interview plant managers from the public and private sectors, and directors of waste management departments, we found that the overall average operation, maintenance and management (OM&M) costs per 1000 m3 of treated waste (FS or FS + leachate) in 2017 were USD89 in Kumasi, USD150 in Tamale, USD179 in Tema, USD244 in Sekondi-Takoradi and USD1,743 in Accra. There were important disparities between FSTPs due to their scale, age, and level of treatment and monitoring. Currently, most FSTPs charge tipping fees that range between USD310 and USD530/1000 m3 of FS, averaging USD421 ± 98/1000 m3 of FS discharged at FSTPs. Our study also showed that the OM&M costs of large-scale intensive FSTPs cannot be sustained by relying solely on tipping fees. However, there could be potential to cover the routine expenditures associated with operating smaller FSTPs that relying on WSP technologies.
19 Ulrich, Andreas; Taron, Avinandan; Jayathilake, Nilanthi. 2019. Assessment of the FSM value-chain in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 123p.
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Value chains ; Assessment ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Business models ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Infrastructure ; Septic tanks ; Feasibility studies ; Financial analysis ; Institutions ; Sustainability ; Composting / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050832)
https://waterdata.iwmi.org/applications/sanitaion/reports/FSM-AssessmentSriLanka_IWMI_WB2019.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050832.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050832.pdf
(4.41 MB) (4.41 MB)
20 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Dominish, E.; Carrard, N. 2021. Organic waste system assessment: Kaduwela Municipal Council. Report prepared by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) as part of Activity 1 within the project “From Urban Waste to Sustainable Value Chains: Linking Sanitation and Agriculture through Innovative Partnerships”. Sydney, Australia: University of Technology Sydney. Institute for Sustainable Futures. 53p.
Organic wastes ; Urban wastes ; Municipal authorities ; Waste management ; Assessment ; Solid wastes ; Faecal sludge ; Waste collection ; Waste treatment ; Waste disposal ; Treatment plants ; Recycling ; Composting ; Biogas ; Landfills ; Resource recovery ; Sanitation ; Private sector ; Financial analysis ; Parameters / Sri Lanka / Kaduwela
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050835)
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/148959/2/Waste%20Supply%20Assessment_From%20urban%20waste%20to%20sustainable%20value%20chains.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050835.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050835.pdf
(4.99 MB) (4.99 MB)
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