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1 Laszlo, S.; Grantham, K.; Oskay, E.; Zhang, T.. 2020. Grappling with the challenges of measuring women's economic empowerment in intrahousehold settings. World Development, 132:104959. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104959]
Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Economic aspects ; Households ; Income ; Developing countries ; Decision making ; Policies ; Labour market ; Cash transfers ; Social aspects ; Marriage ; Fertility ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049726)
(0.43 MB)
Defining and measuring women's economic empowerment (WEE) has been at the centre of the current debates among international development scholars and practitioners. The lack of clear consensus on both may limit widespread efforts to design and evaluate programs and policies aimed at improving women's well-being. Building on intra-household allocation models and on Sen (1989) and Kabeer (1999), this paper proposes a conceptual framework of intrahousehold decision-making which can accommodate many classes of WEE measures. It proposes a typology of WEE measures which combines proximity of concept to measurability. Findings from a review of the scholarly literature between 2005 and 2020 are then presented to demonstrate the diversity of published approaches that exist to measure WEE.
2 Wang, W.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wang, W.; Zhang, T.; Qin, J. 2022. Groundwater dynamic influenced by intense anthropogenic activities in a dried-up river oasis of Central Asia. Hydrology Research, 53(4):532-546. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.049]
Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater extraction ; Anthropogenic factors ; River basins ; Groundwater table ; Canals ; Surface water ; Evapotranspiration ; Flow discharge ; Precipitation ; Salinity ; Stable isotopes ; Land cover change / Central Asia / Weigan-Kuqa River Basin / Tarim Basin / Wei-Ku Oasis
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051123)
https://iwaponline.com/hr/article-pdf/53/4/532/1043485/nh0530532.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051123.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051123.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Intense anthropogenic activities in arid areas have great impacts on groundwater process by causing river dried-up and phreatic decline. Groundwater recharge and discharge have become hot spot in the dried-up river oases of arid regions, but are not well known, challenging water and ecological security. This study applied a stable isotope and end-member mixing analysis method to quantify shallow groundwater sources and interpret groundwater processes using data from 186 water samples in the Wei-Ku Oasis of central Asia. Results showed that shallow groundwater (well depth < 20 m) was mainly supplied by surface water and lateral groundwater flow from upstream, accounting for 88 and 12%, respectively, implying surface water was the dominant source. Stable isotopes and TDS showed obviously spatiotemporal dynamic. Shallow groundwater TDS increased from northwest to southeast, while the spatial variation trend of groundwater d18O was not obvious. Surface water and groundwater in non-flood season had higher values of stable isotopes and TDS than those in flood season. Anthropogenic activities greatly affect groundwater dynamics, where land-cover change and groundwater overexploitation are the main driving factors. The findings would be useful for further understanding groundwater sources and cycling, and help restore groundwater level and desert ecosystem in the arid region.
3 Li, D.; Lu, X.; Walling, D. E.; Zhang, T.; Steiner, J. F.; Wasson, R. J.; Harrison, S.; Nepal, Santosh; Nie, Y.; Immerzeel, W. W.; Shugar, D. H.; Koppes, M.; Lane, S.; Zeng, Z.; Sun, X.; Yegorov, A.; Bolch, T. 2022. High Mountain Asia hydropower systems threatened by climate-driven landscape instability. Nature Geoscience, 15(7):520-530. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00953-y]
Hydropower ; Climate change ; Mountains ; Landscape ; Glaciers ; Snowmelt ; Extreme weather events ; Floods ; Rain ; Sediment load ; Erosion ; Resilience ; Dams ; Reservoirs ; Lakes / Asia / High Mountain Asia / Himalaya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051234)
(2.58 MB)
Global warming-induced melting and thawing of the cryosphere are severely altering the volume and timing of water supplied from High Mountain Asia, adversely affecting downstream food and energy systems that are relied on by billions of people. The construction of more reservoirs designed to regulate streamflow and produce hydropower is a critical part of strategies for adapting to these changes. However, these projects are vulnerable to a complex set of interacting processes that are destabilizing landscapes throughout the region. Ranging in severity and the pace of change, these processes include glacial retreat and detachments, permafrost thaw and associated landslides, rock–ice avalanches, debris flows and outburst floods from glacial lakes and landslide-dammed lakes. The result is large amounts of sediment being mobilized that can fill up reservoirs, cause dam failure and degrade power turbines. Here we recommend forward-looking design and maintenance measures and sustainable sediment management solutions that can help transition towards climate change-resilient dams and reservoirs in High Mountain Asia, in large part based on improved monitoring and prediction of compound and cascading hazards.
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