Your search found 42 records
1 Murray, A.; Buckley, C. 2010. Designing reuse-oriented sanitation infrastructure: the design for service planning approach. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.303-318. (Also in French).
Sanitation ; Sewage ; Reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Case studies / Ghana / China / Pixian / Chengdu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042615)
(0.20 MB)
The reuse or utilization of wastewater, faecal sludge and its embodied resources is widely acknowledged in the field of sanitation as a key component of complete sanitation. Reuse, for agriculture and other applications, is conventionally considered a means of mitigating water shortage or abating water pollution. We contend that reuse- oriented sanitation can also be leveraged to improve the long-term efficacy of a treatment scheme by providing tangible and quantifiable incentives for sound operation and maintenance that exceed those associated with running a disposal facility. The standards that need to be met for agricultural reuse are different from those required for discharge to the aquatic environment. This difference requires a change in the design philosophy and can lead to cost savings in the type of treatment process, the energy demand and the skills needed for operation. So, rather than a more complex system, wastewater treatment designed for agricultural reuse can result in a more appropriate plant for developing countries striving to enhance access to improved sanitation. To facilitate a culture of designing site-specific and reuse-oriented systems from the outset of the planning process, this chapter introduces a five-step planning tool, Design for Service (DFS). DFS defines wastewater as a resource and choices about its reuse inform the infrastructure design including site and technology selection, and plant scale. We highlight reuse schemes at various stages of implementation in South Africa to exemplify difficulties faced in the absence of accessible planning frameworks. To demonstrate how DFS can be used for rehabilitating schemes that have fallen into disrepair and for the design of new reuse-oriented sanitation systems, we describe projects that are currently underway in Ghana and China, respectively.
2 Drechsel, Pay; Cofie, Olufunke; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Evans, Alexandra; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2011. Recovery and reuse of resources: enhancing urban resilience in low-income countries. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 25:66-69.
Urban agriculture ; Sanitation ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment ; Urine ; Reuse ; Food production
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044370)
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/UAM%2025-Recovery%20and%20Reuse%2066-69.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044370.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044370.pdf
(0.17 MB) (169.42KB)
Poor sanitation presents not only risks but also opportunities for urban and periurban agriculture. In many cases farmers accept the risks in anticipation of the benefits, which include low-cost access to waste resources that are rich in nutrients and water. RUAF has a long tradition of carefully examining the interface of agriculture and sanitation.It has analysed case studies, trends and emerging priorities where RUAF partners, like IWMI, and the RUAF network can play a pivotal role.
3 Murray, A.; Buckley, C. 2011. Creation d’infrastructures d’assainissement axees sur la reutilisation: l’approche de la planification de la conception pour les services. In French. [Designing reuse-oriented sanitation infrastructure: the design for service planning approach]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.327-344. (Also in English).
Sanitation ; Sewage ; Reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Case studies / Ghana / China / Pixian / Chengdu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044472)
(5.96MB)
The reuse or utilization of wastewater, faecal sludge and its embodied resources is widely acknowledged in the field of sanitation as a key component of complete sanitation. Reuse, for agriculture and other applications, is conventionally considered a means of mitigating water shortage or abating water pollution. We contend that reuse- oriented sanitation can also be leveraged to improve the long-term efficacy of a treatment scheme by providing tangible and quantifiable incentives for sound operation and maintenance that exceed those associated with running a disposal facility. The standards that need to be met for agricultural reuse are different from those required for discharge to the aquatic environment. This difference requires a change in the design philosophy and can lead to cost savings in the type of treatment process, the energy demand and the skills needed for operation. So, rather than a more complex system, wastewater treatment designed for agricultural reuse can result in a more appropriate plant for developing countries striving to enhance access to improved sanitation. To facilitate a culture of designing site-specific and reuse-oriented systems from the outset of the planning process, this chapter introduces a five-step planning tool, Design for Service (DFS). DFS defines wastewater as a resource and choices about its reuse inform the infrastructure design including site and technology selection, and plant scale. We highlight reuse schemes at various stages of implementation in South Africa to exemplify difficulties faced in the absence of accessible planning frameworks. To demonstrate how DFS can be used for rehabilitating schemes that have fallen into disrepair and for the design of new reuse-oriented sanitation systems, we describe projects that are currently underway in Ghana and China, respectively.
4 Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Gender and energy and the rationale for resource recovery and reuse (RRR) for energy. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.1-4. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Gender ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Energy recovery ; Energy generation ; Energy consumption ; Fuels ; Cooking ; Heating
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049002)
(337 KB)
5 Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Take-home messages on gender and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) for energy. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.81-82. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Gender ; Energy recovery ; Energy resources ; Organic wastes ; Cooking ; Heating ; Women's participation ; Fuels ; Informal settlements ; Business management ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049010)
(639 KB)
6 Otoo, Miriam; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Danso, G.; Amewu, Sena; Amirova, Iroda. 2018. Market adoption and diffusion of fecal sludge-based fertilizer in developing countries: crosscountry analyses. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 68p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 12) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.228]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Developing countries ; Market economies ; Market prices ; Assessment ; Excreta ; Fertilizer application ; Waste management ; Soil fertility ; Nutrients ; Liquid fertilizers ; Solid wastes ; Agricultural wastes ; Pelleting ; Economic development ; Economic analysis ; Cost recovery ; Sanitation ; Businesses ; Agricultural production ; Composting ; Farmers’ attitudes ; Incentives ; Partnerships / Ghana / Uganda / India / Sri Lanka / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049028)
(2 MB)
The safe recovery of nutrients from our waste streams allows us to address the challenges of waste management and soil nutrient depletion conjointly. Commercialization of waste-based organic fertilizers such as FortiferTM (fecal sludge-based co-compost) has the potential to generate significant benefits for developing economies via cost recovery for the sanitation sector and the provision of an alternative agricultural input for smallholder farmers. To guide future FortiferTM businesses, this report presents examples of detailed market assessments, based on farmers’ perceptions, attitudes and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pelletized and non-pelletized FortiferTM co-compost. The research was conducted in the Greater Accra and Western regions in Ghana, and in and around Kampala (Uganda), Bangalore (India), Hanoi (Vietnam), and Kurunegala (Sri Lanka). Cross-country analyses helped to understand the effects of market drivers and, where possible, capture lessons learned for knowledge sharing.
7 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Taron, A.; Amewu, Sena. 2019. Investment climate indicators for waste reuse enterprises in developing countries: application of analytical hierarchy process and goal programming model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 144: 223-232. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.049]
Waste treatment ; Investment ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Business enterprises ; Developing countries ; Decision making ; Analytical methods ; Climate change ; Indicators ; Stakeholders ; Government agencies ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Market economies ; Financing ; Private sector / Ghana / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049094)
This study applied a combined analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and goal programming (GP) model to assist decision makers in identifying and prioritizing key investment climate (IC) indicators for waste recycling and reuse enterprises in developing countries. Taking a sector based perspective, key IC criteria and indicators were identified and ranked through country stakeholder workshops in Ghana and Kenya. Three different key decision maker groups namely government agencies, private waste reuse enterprises and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were involved in identifying and ranking of IC criteria and indicators. The IC criteria identified were policy and infrastructure, finance, business support and markets. A number of indicators across each of the criteria were also identified. By incorporating qualitative and quantitative assessments, criteria and indicator rankings are determined using the AHP and GP model. Model results for Ghana revealed that both the private sector and NGO group ranked finance as the most important criterion while markets was the most important criterion for the government organization group. In contrast, none of the stakeholder groups in Kenya ranked finance as the most important criterion. This indicates that reform priorities of waste reuse sector vary across countries depending on the country’s current situation. The approach adopted in this study enables the criteria and indicators for assessing sector specific investment climate to be clearly identified and the decision making problem to be structured systematically. The exercise can be extended to other countries to elicit priority ranking of IC criteria and indicators for waste reuse enterprises.
8 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2019. Towards a circular economy. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 4p. (IWMI Success Stories 026) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.006]
Waste treatment ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Economic aspects ; Composting ; Sanitation ; Policies ; Research programmes ; Innovation ; Business models ; Partnerships / Ghana / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049246)
(436 KB)
9 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A. 2019. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 57p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.211]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Sanitation ; Guidelines ; Regulations ; Standards ; Policies ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Frameworks ; Technology ; Waste disposal ; Waste treatment ; Pit latrines ; Septic tanks ; Transport ; Operating costs ; Public health ; Excreta ; Pathogens ; Aquaculture ; Pollutants ; Heavy metals ; Microplastics ; Soil conditioners ; Sewage sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Composting ; Energy generation ; Fuels ; Environmental protection ; Occupational hazards ; Land use ; Urban areas ; Households ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Governmental organizations ; European Union / USA / Canada / Australia / India / Malaysia / Philippines / Vietnam / Bangladesh / Zambia / Ghana / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049291)
(1.05 MB)
In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.
10 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2019. IWMI Strategy 2019-2023: innovative water solutions for sustainable development. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 36p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.208]
Strategy planning ; Research institutes ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Water governance ; Water security ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water policy ; Water availability ; Ecosystems ; Climate change ; Food systems ; Food security ; Nexus ; Digital technology ; Environmental impact assessment ; Gender equity ; Women ; Empowerment ; Partnerships ; Research and development ; Models ; Communication ; Natural resources ; Resilience ; Economic growth ; Agricultural productivity ; Poverty ; Urbanization ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Data management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049297)
(2.26 MB)
11 Joly, Gabrielle; Nikiema, Josiane. 2019. Global experiences on waste processing with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from technology to business. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 62p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 16) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2019.214]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Waste reduction ; Technology ; Black soldier fly ; Hermetia illucens ; Life cycle ; Bioconversion ; Insect farming ; Breeding ; Larvae ; Pupae ; Yields ; Harvesting ; Lipid content ; Animal feeding ; Feedstocks ; Biomass ; Biofuels ; Biodiesel ; Chitin ; Residues ; Organic wastes ; Fertilizers ; Nutrients ; Energy conservation ; Infrastructure ; Monitoring ; Economic impact ; Economic value ; Costs ; Environmental effects ; Legal aspects ; Social benefits ; Public health ; Business models ; Markets ; Case studies / Indonesia / South Africa / Ghana / Canada / FORWARD Project / AgriProtein / Ento-Prise Project / Enterra Feed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049395)
(1.68 MB)
Black soldier fly colonies can produce about 100 times more protein per year than chicken or soybeans, not to mention cattle, on the same area of land. The flies can directly feed on different types of organic wastes, leapfrogging closed loop processes within a circular food economy. Also, where no protein is needed, for example, to feed fish or pigs, the larvae can be processed into high-quality biodiesel. However, can this be done at scale? The answer is ‘Yes’. The report showcases some of the leading global businesses in Black Soldier Fly production.
12 Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Cofie, Olufunke; Nartey, Eric; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Thiel, Felix; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Training manual for fecal sludge-based compost production and application. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 63p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 15) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.200]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Waste management ; Waste treatment ; Faecal sludge ; Composting ; Organic fertilizers ; Training materials ; Manuals ; Guidelines ; Best practices ; Organic wastes ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Urban wastes ; Feedstocks ; Sludge dewatering ; Aerobic treatment ; Decomposition ; Enrichment ; Pelleting ; Product quality ; Monitoring ; Equipment ; Maintenance ; Safety at work ; Protective clothing ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Environmental effects ; Fertilizer technology ; Fertilizer application ; Plant nutrition ; Nitrogen ; Carbon ; Product certification / Ghana / Sri Lanka / Greater Accra Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049476)
(1.96 MB)
Over the last decade, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has explored the use of fecal sludge (FS) in combination with other organic waste sources to optimize FS treatment and composting for the production of a safe organic fertilizer, which can – depending on demand – be enriched with crop nutrients or pelletized for volume reduction, delayed decomposition or easier application. Based on IWMI’s experience, this training manual has been compiled for plant managers and trainers to help ensure that staff involved in FS treatment and production, and application of an FS-based co-compost adopt best practices in all processes involved. The manual can be adapted to local needs as required. It also includes information on compost registration and certification, as well as guidelines for co-compost application in the field.
13 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Cisneros, B. J.; Kim, Y.; Pramanik, A.; Mehta, P.; Olaniyan, O. 2020. Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. Natural Resources Forum, 44(1):40-51. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12187]
Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Nutrients ; Energy sources ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Fertilizers ; Wastewater irrigation ; Energy generation ; Energy recovery ; Forecasting ; Municipal wastewater ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Urban population ; Water stress / Asia / Africa South of Sahara / Middle East / North Africa / Europe / Latin America / Caribbean / North America / Oceania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049500)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1477-8947.12187
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049500.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049500.pdf
(1.44 MB)
There is a proactive interest in recovering water, nutrients and energy from waste streams with the increase in municipal wastewater volumes and innovations in resource recovery. Based on the synthesis of wastewater data, this study provides insights into the global and regional “potential” of wastewater as water, nutrient and energy sources while acknowledging the limitations of current resource recovery opportunities and promoting efforts to fast-track highefficiency returns. The study estimates suggest that, currently, 380 billion m3 (m3 = 1,000 L) of wastewater are produced annually across the world which is a volume fivefold the volume of water passing through Niagara Falls annually. Wastewater production globally is expected to increase by 24% by 2030 and 51% by 2050 over the current level. Among major nutrients, 16.6 Tg (Tg = million metric ton) of nitrogen are embedded in wastewater produced worldwide annually; phosphorus stands at 3.0 Tg and potassium at 6.3 Tg. The full nutrient recovery from wastewater would offset 13.4% of the global demand for these nutrients in agriculture. Beyond nutrient recovery and economic gains, there are critical environmental benefits, such as minimizing eutrophication. At the energy front, the energy embedded in wastewater would be enough to provide electricity to 158 million households. These estimates and projections are based on the maximum theoretical amounts of water, nutrients and energy that exist in the reported municipal wastewater produced worldwide annually. Supporting resource recovery from wastewater will need a step-wise approach to address a range of constraints to deliver a high rate of return in direct support of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6, 7 and 12, but also other Goals, including adaptation to climate change and efforts in advancing “netzero” energy processes towards a green economy.
14 Nikiema, Josiane; Tanoh-Nguessan, R.; Abiola, F.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2020. Introducing co-composting to fecal sludge treatment plants in Benin and Burkina Faso: a logistical and financial assessment. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 50p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 17) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.206]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Waste treatment ; Solid wastes ; Treatment plants ; Composting ; Logistics ; Economic analysis ; Waste management ; Waste collection ; Sewerage ; Recycling ; Waste disposal ; Sludge dewatering ; Anaerobic treatment ; Septic tanks ; Sanitation ; Technology ; Maintenance ; Public-private partnerships ; Investment ; Business models ; Cost recovery ; Production costs ; Operating costs ; Marketing ; Cost benefit analysis ; Land use ; Urban areas ; Households / West Africa / Benin / Burkina Faso / Ghana / Ouagadougou / Accra / Grand Nokoue
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049802)
(1.47 MB)
Based on primary data from fecal sludge (FS) treatment plants in three West African urban regions (Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Greater Accra in Ghana, and Grand Nokoué in Benin), FS collection and treatment patterns were analyzed to identify possible scenarios for resource recovery (RR) through FS co-composting. FS collection was analyzed for up to 7 years, in part per day, month and season, as well as FS characteristics to understand peak flows, FS qualities and related variations to plan for appropriate RR technology and capacities.
Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently.
The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently.
The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
15 Njenga, M.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Mendum, R.; Adam-Bradford, A.; Woldetsadik, D.; Okia, C. 2020. Circular economy solutions for resilient refugee and host communities in East Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) in Refugee Settlements in Africa: Project Brief Series 1)
Refugees ; Human settlements ; Communities ; Economic systems ; Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Resilience ; Food security ; Energy sources ; Water use ; Sustainability ; Gender ; Women ; Stakeholders ; Social aspects / East Africa / Ethiopia / Kenya / Uganda / Tierkidi / Kule / Kalobeyei / Kakuma / Rhino / Imvepi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049941)
https://rrr-refugee.iwmi.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2020/09/rrr-in-refugee-settlements-in-africa-project-brief-series-no-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049941.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049941.pdf
(0.97 MB) (990 KB)
16 Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Kumara, I. U.; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2020. Solid and liquid waste management and resource recovery in Sri Lanka: a 20 city analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 83p.
Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Liquid wastes ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Resource management ; Urban areas ; Urban wastes ; Municipal wastewater ; Treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewerage ; Septic tanks ; Faecal sludge ; Latrines ; Recycling ; Desludging ; Composting ; Waste landfills ; Water supply ; Municipal authorities ; Local authorities ; Households ; Sanitation ; Development projects / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura / Badulla / Batticaloa / Colombo / Galle / Jaffna / Kaluthara / Kandy / Kilinochchi / Kurunegala / Mannar / Matale / Matara / Mullaithivu / Negombo / Nuwara Eliya / Puttalam / Ratnapura / Trincomalee / Vauniya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050009)
(16.1 MB)
17 Rao, Krishna C.; Velidandla, S.; Scott, C. L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2020. Business models for fecal sludge management in India. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 199p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 18: Special Issue) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.209]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Business models ; Value chains ; Waste treatment ; Desludging ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Solid wastes ; Septic tanks ; Toilets ; Waste disposal ; Transport ; Treatment plants ; Urban areas ; Public-private partnerships ; Stakeholders ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Financial viability ; Funding ; Marketing ; Pricing ; Investment ; Operating costs ; Cost recovery ; Benefits ; Profitability ; Risk ; Technology ; Government procurement ; Taxes ; Energy recovery ; Nutrients ; Biogas ; Composting ; Households ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Gujarat / Telangana / Bihar / Kerala / Maharashtra / Rajasthan / Delhi / Uttar Pradesh / Odisha / Jammu and Kashmir / Karnataka / West Bengal / Panaji / Goa / Chennai
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050010)
(9.13 MB)
Globally, 50% of the population relies on on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks and pit latrines and is, hence, in need of Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) solutions. India is a classic example, given that its government built more than 100 million toilets with the majority relying on OSS. With 400 fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in various stages of planning, procurement and construction, this report comes at an opportune time to present findings on FSM business models already implemented across India.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
Interviews were conducted with a total of 105 Emptying and Transport (E&T) operators in 72 towns and cities across 16 states in India, 22 representatives from municipalities that own emptying vehicles, 18 FSTP operators and more than 30 institutions. In addition, procurement tenders for E&T and FSTPs in 13 states were analyzed.
In total, 18 business models were identified, several with energy or nutrient recovery components. The analysis of E&T operators revealed clear differences that steer a business towards success or failure. The majority of operators still dispose fecal sludge in an unsafe manner, due to the lack of official disposal or treatment sites. In comparison to sewer networks, the capital and operating costs (per capita) of FSTPs were significantly lower. The report provides evidence-based discussions on policies and recommendations for scaling and sustaining FSM.
18 Majumder, Ayan; Ulrich, Andreas; Taron, Avinandan. 2020. Catalog of technical options for solid waste management in Bangladesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 115p.
Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Technological changes ; Value chains ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Waste disposal ; Waste collection ; Urban wastes ; Transport ; Waste treatment ; Recycling ; Waste landfills ; Methane fermentation ; Organic wastes ; Composting ; Plastics ; Fuels ; Regulations ; Planning ; Maintenance ; Costs ; Households ; Public participation / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050041)
(11.7 MB)
19 Ulrich, Andreas; Ekasanti, Prawisti; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Taron, Avinandan. 2020. Catalog of technical options for fecal sludge management in Bangladesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 140p.
Faecal sludge ; Waste management ; Technological changes ; Value chains ; Waste treatment ; Treatment plants ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Transport ; Septic tanks ; Anaerobic digesters ; Heat treatment ; Pumps ; Composting ; Pelleting ; Legislation ; Planning ; Maintenance ; Costs ; Sanitation ; Sustainable Development Goals / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050042)
(13.4 MB)
20 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Taron, Avinandan; Amewu, Sena. 2021. Nutrient recovery for use in agriculture: economic assessment of decentralized compost business model in Nairobi. In Hulsmann, S.; Jampani, Mahesh (Eds.). A nexus approach for sustainable development: integrated resources management in resilient cities and multifunctional land-use systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.25-38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57530-4_3]
Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Nutrients ; Agriculture ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Composting ; Business models ; Wastewater ; Soils ; Waste management ; Nexus ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Treatment plants / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050119)
(0.31 MB)
Large cities in developing countries are facing the challenge of rapid urban population growth, which results in increasing waste generation. In Nairobi, the solid waste situation is characterized by low coverage of collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector operators and lack of key solid waste management infrastructure. About 3,121 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated daily, of which about 850 tons are collected and the remaining is burnt or dumped in unauthorized sites or landfilled in the Dandora dumpsite causing health and environmental problems. The recovery of nutrients from the organic content of MSW for reuse in agriculture has the potential to address the dual challenge of waste management and soil nutrient depletion. This study assessed the economic and environmental impact of decentralized composting business model in Nairobi based on a comparison with the baseline scenario using an indicator expressed in tons CO2 equivalent. The cost–benefit analysis was based on data collected from existing compost plants in Kenya. To assess the sensitivity of the results to variation in input variables, a simulation model was developed using the Monte Carlo method. The decentralized composting business model resulted in a net GHG emission saving of 1.21 tons CO2-eq/ton of compost, being both financially and economically feasible with more than 70% chance of economic success. Assessing the economic and environmental impact is an important tool for decision making and to ensure that the business model results in desired benefits to society.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
