Your search found 15 records
1 Olsson, L.; Jerneck, A. 2010. Farmers fighting climate change - from victims to agents in subsistence livelihoods. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3):363-373.
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Farmers ; Subsistence farming ; Carbon sequestration ; Land management ; Poverty ; Fuel consumption ; Cooking ; Case studies / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043238)
(0.29 MB)
One billion vulnerable subsistence farmers across the global south depend on risky livelihoods in need of adaptation to climate change impacts. Simultaneously, their aggregated emission of greenhouse gases from land use and fuelwood consumption is substantial. Synergies between adaptation to climate change and mitigation should therefore be actively promoted. In the context of poverty, such synergies should ideally be designed specifically for the poorest of the poor who are notoriously difficult to reach by policies and projects. In this experimental case on subsistence farming in western Kenya we assume that only the poorest inhabit the most degraded lands and use the simplest form of cooking over open fire. As the study location is typical of sub-Saharan areas affected by drought, flooding, land degradation, diseases and persistent poverty, findings can be scaled up, transferred to and tested in similar settings. Seeking multiple synergies of adaptation, mitigation, and social change while using sustainability science in intervention research, we reframed peasant farmers from vulnerable victims into agents fighting livelihood stressors and climate change impacts. In collaboration with them we performed small-scale experiments on agricultural production practices and domestic energy efficiency resulting in multiple synergies. Findings show that the ‘smokeless kitchen’ and carbon sequestration from improved land management can mitigate climate change while increasing energy efficiency, health standards, food security, and community-based adaptive capacity. Preferably, climate policy should therefore explicitly address synergies and support peasant farmers’ efforts to create synergies when the ‘food imperative’ limits their agency to fight climate change alone.
2 Sola, P.; Ochieng, C.; Yila, J.; Iiyama, M. 2016. Links between energy access and food security in Sub Saharan Africa: an exploratory review. Food Security, 8(3):635-642. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0570-1]
Energy resources ; Energy consumption ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Fuelwood ; Biomass ; Cooking ; Agricultural production ; Productivity ; Households / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047976)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12571-016-0570-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047976.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047976.pdf
(0.63 MB) (640 KB)
Three quarters of the population in Sub Saharan Africa lacks access to modern energy, and relies instead on biomass fuels for cooking and heating. The environment and health implications of the use of biomass fuel has been widely documented in the literature, and has raised the topic of energy access in various policy and development arenas. Still, the impact of energy access on food security at the household level has not been explored in detail; consequently the two sectoral policies remain unaligned. Our aims for this review were to document how lack of access to energy can impact on food security through influence on dietary choices and cooking practices; and how reallocation of household resources from food to energy procurement causes a switch to biomass energy forms of lower grade. We searched the literature for published peer-reviewed articles available through major online publication databases, initially identifying 132 articles but finally reviewing a set of 19 that met our criteria. While most studies suggested that fuelwood scarcity can affect food security through three hypothesised pathways, very few of them provided empirical data to support this argument. Overall, the review found coping measures for woodfuel scarcity to be highly contextual and influenced by geography, household economy and labour availability. Due to the limited number of studies with detailed data, it was not possible to perform a comparative analysis that could support or refute a hypothesis that lack of access to energy can impact on food security. More rigorous studies on this topic are needed which could provide evidence for policy action.
3 Asamoah, Bernice; Nikiema, Josiane; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Odonkor, Elsie; Njenga, M. 2016. A review on production, marketing and use of fuel briquettes. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 51p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 07) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2017.200]
Fuel consumption ; Charcoal ; Briquettes ; Fuelwood ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; Waste management ; Industrial wastes ; Organic wastes ; Recycling ; Faecal sludge ; Sewage sludge ; Renewable energy ; Domestic consumption ; Households ; Cooking ; Energy resources ; Energy generation ; Feedstocks ; Communities ; Biomass ; Environmental impact ; Agricultural sector ; Residues ; Pollution ; Emission ; Developing countries ; Gender ; Women ; Men ; Youth ; Chemicophysical properties ; Carbon ; Raw materials ; Supply chain ; Enterprises ; Marketing ; Retail marketing ; Production costs ; Small scale systems ; Public health ; Economic aspects / East Africa / Ghana / Kenya / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047991)
(2 MB)
Where modern heating and cooking fuels for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use are not readily available, briquettes made from biomass residues could contribute to the sustainable supply of energy. This study reviews the briquette making process, looking at the entire value chain starting from the type and characteristics of feedstock used for briquette making to the potential market for briquettes in developing countries. It also analyzes the role that gender plays in briquette production. Depending on the raw materials used and technologies applied during production, fuel briquettes come in different qualities and dimensions, and thus require appropriate targeting of different market segments. Key drivers of success in briquette production and marketing include ensuring consistent supply of raw materials with good energy qualities, appropriate technologies, and consistency in the quality and supply of the briquettes. Creating strong partnerships with key stakeholders, such as the municipality, financiers and other actors within the briquette value chain, and enabling policy are important drivers for the success of briquette businesses.
4 Lwiza, F.; Mugisha, J.; Walekhwa, P. N.; Smith, J.; Balana, Bedru. 2017. Dis-adoption of household biogas technologies in Central Uganda. Energy for Sustainable Development, 37:124-132. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.01.006]
Households ; Biogas ; Digesters ; Livestock production ; Cattle ; Swine ; Renewable energy ; Energy generation ; Fuelwood ; Food wastes ; Cooking ; State intervention ; Nongovernmental organizations / Uganda / Luwero District / Mpigi District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048082)
The study analyses dis-adoption of biogas technologies in Central Uganda. Biogas technology makes use of livestock waste, crop material and food waste to produce a flammable gas that can be used for cooking and lighting. Use of biogas technology has multiple benefits for the households since it reduces the need for fuelwood for cooking and also produces bio-slurry which is a valuable fertilizer. Despite efforts by Government and Non-Governmental Organizations to promote the biogas technology, the rate of its adoption of biogas technology was found to be low, estimated at 25.8% of its potential. A review of literature showed that the households that dis-adopted biogas technology, did so within a period of 4 years after its installation, yet the lifespan of using it is estimated at 25 years. There was need to examine the factors contributing to dis-adoption. Using cross sectional data collected from Luwero and Mpigi districts found in Central Uganda, a probit model was estimated. The findings showed that an increase in the family size, the number of cattle, number of pigs and the age of the household head reduced the likelihood of biogas technology dis-adoption. Other factors that contributed to dis-adoption included the failure to sustain cattle and pig production that are necessary for feedstock supply, reduced availability of family labor the and inability of the households to repair biogas digesters after malfunctioning. Based on the findings, it was concluded that long term use of biogas technology required improved management practices on the farm so as to sustain livestock production. It is also recommended that quality standards and socio-cultural factors be considered in the design of biogas digesters and end use devices.
5 Asamoah, B.; Nikiema, Josiane; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Odonkor, E.; Njenga, M. 2017. Fuel briquettes – making business sense. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 32:42-43.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048416)
In recent years, interest in fuel briquetting increased because of the opportunity to utilise agricultural residues and the organic fractions of municipal solid waste for energy, with a potential reduction in environmental pollution levels, and where modern heating and cooking fuels for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use are not readily available or affordable.
6 Schuenemann, F.; Msangi, S.; Zeller, M. 2018. Policies for a sustainable biomass energy sector in Malawi: enhancing energy and food security simultaneously. World Development, 103:14-26. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.011]
Energy sources ; Biomass ; Energy policies ; Sustainable development ; Food security ; Cooking ; Stoves ; Agroforestry ; Fuelwood ; Population growth ; Households ; Income ; Urbanization ; Energy demand ; Forecasting ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048591)
(0.46 MB)
Biomass energy still dominates the energy sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular as the main cooking energy source in rural and urban areas. The strong linkages to food security and the environment place biomass energy at the heart of sustainable development, a fact that is largely ignored by policy makers in favor of modern energy. At the same time, population and GDP growth are exacerbating already existing supply–demand imbalances in highly populated countries such as Malawi. These trends make it imperative to identify policy interventions that promote sustainable biomass energy while simultaneously considering linkages with other sectors. We use new data on demand and supply for biomass energy in Malawi and develop a model that estimates fuelwood demand based on actual diets and project demand in future years. We simulate how demand side interventions in the form of improved cookstoves affect biomass demand and built a behavioral model to analyze the potential of agroforestry for promoting a sustainable biomass energy sector in Malawi. Our findings show that policy measures aimed at increasing cooking efficiency are not enough to decrease demand for cooking energy due to high population growth. Supply side interventions like agroforestry on the other hand will not only increase sustainable supply, but can also enhance food security and protect the environment. We find that biomass energy can be inherently sustainable and should be an integral part of every energy sector strategy in developing countries as well as of the Sustainable Development Goals.
7 Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.) 2018. Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 96p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.226]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Bioenergy ; Gender ; Role of women ; Equity ; Poverty ; Energy generation ; Energy demand ; Energy resources ; Renewable energy ; Cooking ; Heating ; Waste management ; Human wastes ; Excreta ; Fuels ; Briquettes ; Business enterprises ; Marketing ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Households ; Refugees ; Supply chain ; Production factors ; Health hazards ; Economic impact ; Biogas ; Biochar ; Biomass ; Investment ; Empowerment ; Living standards ; Farmers organizations ; Biodigesters ; Gasifiers ; Community involvement ; Research and development ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / Uganda / Ghana / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048999)
(3 MB)
There is a strong link between gender and energy in view of food preparation and the acquisition of fuel, especially in rural areas. This is demonstrated in a range of case studies from East and West Africa, where biochar, human waste and other waste resources have been used to produce briquettes or biogas as additional high-quality fuel sources. The synthesis of the cases concludes that resource recovery and reuse for energy offers an alternative to conventional centralized grid projects which, while attractive to investors and large-scale enterprises, do not necessarily provide job opportunities for marginalized communities. Reusing locally available waste materials for energy production and as soil ameliorant (in the case of biochar) in small enterprises allows women and youth who lack business capital to begin modest, locally viable businesses. The case studies offer concrete examples of small-scale solutions to energy poverty that can make a significant difference to the lives of women and their communities.
8 Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Amewu, S.; Njenga, M. 2018. Adoption and economic impact of briquettes as cooking fuel: the case of women fish smokers in Ghana. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.25-31. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Economic impact ; Briquettes ; Cooking ; Heating ; Energy sources ; Fuels ; Role of women ; Food processing ; Food preservation ; Fish ; Fuelwood ; Charcoal ; Biomass ; Rural areas ; Socioeconomic environment ; Household consumption ; Local communities ; Health hazards ; Climate change ; Policy making ; Case studies / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049000)
(468 KB)
9 Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Gender and energy and the rationale for resource recovery and reuse (RRR) for energy. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.1-4. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Gender ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Energy recovery ; Energy generation ; Energy consumption ; Fuels ; Cooking ; Heating
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049002)
(337 KB)
10 Libaisi, J.; Njenga, M. 2018. Biogas as a smart investment for women’s empowerment and livelihood enhancement. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.33-38. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Role of women ; Empowerment ; Living standards ; Biogas ; Investment ; Cooking ; Fuel consumption ; Biodigesters ; Farmers organizations ; Households ; Fuelwood
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049005)
(406 KB)
11 Gitau, J. K.; Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Gender and improvement of cooking systems with biochar-producing gasifier stoves. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.49-57. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Energy generation ; Gender ; Cooking ; Biochar ; Gasifiers ; Stoves ; Biomass ; Charcoal ; Fuelwood ; Household consumption ; Role of women ; Learning ; Byproducts
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049006)
(544 KB)
12 Soni, R.; Mathai, W.; Davis, L.; Njenga, M. 2018. Women in energy: perspectives on engaging women across the energy value chain: the case of wPOWER. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.59-67. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Energy generation ; Gender ; Role of women ; Value chain ; Cooking ; Household consumption ; Charcoal ; Partnerships ; Entrepreneurship ; Renewable energy ; Best practices ; Advocacy ; Training ; Communities ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049007)
(639 KB)
13 Mendum, R.; Njenga, M. 2018. Take-home messages on gender and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) for energy. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.81-82. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Gender ; Energy recovery ; Energy resources ; Organic wastes ; Cooking ; Heating ; Women's participation ; Fuels ; Informal settlements ; Business management ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049010)
(639 KB)
14 Kafle, Kashi; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Horbulyk, Ted. 2019. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: a profile of affected districts reliant on groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 694:133767. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133767]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Cooking ; Households ; Gender ; Public health ; Diabetes ; Hypertension / Sri Lanka / Mullaitivu / Vavuniya / Trincomalee / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Matale / Ampara / Badulla / Monaragala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049322)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719337088/pdfft?md5=b382fae99c90fac17e9317a17f42a220&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969719337088-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049322.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049322.pdf
(1.40 MB) (1.40 MB)
This analysis provides new estimates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence – including CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) – across ten districts most affected by CKD in Sri Lanka, including an examination of rural households' historical reliance on groundwater consumption. A carefully designed household survey provides information on whether these households self-reported having a member in the decade prior to 2018, who had been clinically diagnosed with CKD. Households were classified according to whether or not they had used groundwater (from household wells, agro-wells or springs) as their primary source for drinking or cooking for at least five years between 1999 and 2018. More than 98% of households reported having consumed groundwater as their primary source of drinking or cooking water for at least five of those years and >15% of households reported having at least one CKD-affected member in the ten-year period up to 2018, but these numbers varied across and within districts. The reported characteristics of symptomatic individuals reveal that the incidence of CKD was significantly higher among females (62%) than males (38%). In addition to CKD, about 63% of symptomatic individuals had hypertension and about one-third of them also had diabetes. About 33% of the symptomatic individuals had neither diabetes nor hypertension, where this group most closely fits commonly used definitions of CKDu. With a survey response of over 8000 households comprising as many as 30,000 individuals, these data illustrate the scale of CKD in the most-affected districts of Sri Lanka on an aggregate basis as well as revealing differences across districts and at the sub-district level.
15 Adam-Bradford, A.; Mendum, R.; Njenga, M.; Woldetsadik, D.; Acanakwo, E. F.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie. 2022. Circular bio-economy innovations for resilient refugee and host communities in East Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 12p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) in Refugee Settlements in Africa: Project Brief Series 3)
Circular economy ; Bioeconomy ; Innovation ; Refugees ; Human settlements ; Communities ; Resilience ; Home gardens ; Agroforestry ; Cooking ; Energy ; Nexus approaches ; Briquettes ; Fuelwood ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Water availability ; Wastewater irrigation ; Gender ; Women ; Learning ; Training ; Stakeholders ; Households / East Africa / Ethiopia / Kenya / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051445)
(1.95 MB)
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