Your search found 21 records
1 Fan, S.; Johnson, M.; Saurkar, A.; Makombe, T. 2008. Investing in african agriculture to halve poverty by 2015. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 21p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 00751)
Public investment ; Agricultural budgets ; Public finance ; Agricultural economics ; Poverty ; Simulation models ; Cost analysis / Africa / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041613)
This paper proposes a simple methodology to estimate the agricultural spending that will be required to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015 (MDG1) in 30 Sub-Saharan African countries. This method uses growth-poverty and growth-expenditure elasticities to estimate the financial resources required to meet the MDG1, considering both the direct and indirect impacts of agricultural spending on poverty reduction. The paper attempts to address a key knowledge gap by improving estimation of MDG costs at both the regional and country levels.
2 Tomlinson, R. 2011. Thinking about GIS: Geographic Information System planning for managers. 4th ed. Redlands, CA, USA: ESRI Press. 249p. + 1 CD.
GIS ; Planning ; Methodology ; Information management ; Data management ; Case studies ; Databases ; Models ; Cost analysis ; Risk analysis ; Personnel management
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 526.0285 G000 TOM Record No: H043902)
(0.14 MB)
3 Raucher, R. S. 2006. An economic framework for evaluating the benefits and costs of water reuse: final project report and user guidance. Alexandria, VA, USA: WateReuse Foundation. 171p.+ CD.
Water reuse ; Projects ; Water supply ; Water resources ; Economic analysis ; Cost analysis ; Stakeholders ; Environmental effects ; Coastal area ; Water quality ; Wetlands ; Rivers ; Wastewater treatment ; Guidelines ; Case studies / USA / California / Florida / Arizona / Nevada / Las Vegas / Tampa bay / Salt River / Santa Clara Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 RAU Record No: H046384)
(0.36 MB)
4 Kuppannan, Palanisami; Kakumanu, Krishna Reddy; Ranganathan, C. R.; Sekhar, N. U. 2015. Farm-level cost of adaptation and expected cost of uncertainty associated with climate change impacts in major river basins in India. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 7(1):76-96. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2013-0059]
Climate change ; Adaptation ; Technology assessment ; Farmers ; Economic analysis ; Cost analysis ; Farm income ; Uncertainty ; River basins ; Crop production ; Rice ; Rain ; Irrigation / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046884)
(0.18 MB)
Purpose – Researchers and policymakers are figuring out the adaptation technologies to cope with the changing climate. Adaptation strategies for crop production followed by the farmers at selected study locations had ranged from 6-30 per cent only, and this was mainly due to lack of awareness about the actual cost associated with adaptation and non-adaptation of these strategies.
Design/methodology/approach – Hence, this study aims to address the cost of adaptation for rice using joint probability distribution of rainfall and crop prices.
Findings – Cost of adaptation varied from INR2,389 to 4,395/ha for System of Rice Intensification (SRI); INR646 to 1,121/ha for alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and INR8,144 to 8,677/ha for well irrigation (WI), whereas expected cost for not using these technologies has ranged from INR6,976 to 9,172/ha for SRI; INR4,123 7,764/ha for AWD and INR10,825 to 17,270/ha for WI. Hence, promotion of the adaptation technologies itself will minimize the income losses to the farmers.
Research limitations/implications – Even though, there are many ways for farmers (other than technology), to adapt to climate change (such as out-migration to cities, selling farm assets, focus on children’s education, etc.), this report, given the framework of the major research study undertaken, addresses only farm-level adaptation of the technologies to enhance farm income.
Originality/value – Public–private partnership in providing the technologies at cheaper costs, capacity building in handling the technologies and creating awareness about the technologies to minimize the expected cost of adaptation are suggested to improve the adoption level.
Design/methodology/approach – Hence, this study aims to address the cost of adaptation for rice using joint probability distribution of rainfall and crop prices.
Findings – Cost of adaptation varied from INR2,389 to 4,395/ha for System of Rice Intensification (SRI); INR646 to 1,121/ha for alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and INR8,144 to 8,677/ha for well irrigation (WI), whereas expected cost for not using these technologies has ranged from INR6,976 to 9,172/ha for SRI; INR4,123 7,764/ha for AWD and INR10,825 to 17,270/ha for WI. Hence, promotion of the adaptation technologies itself will minimize the income losses to the farmers.
Research limitations/implications – Even though, there are many ways for farmers (other than technology), to adapt to climate change (such as out-migration to cities, selling farm assets, focus on children’s education, etc.), this report, given the framework of the major research study undertaken, addresses only farm-level adaptation of the technologies to enhance farm income.
Originality/value – Public–private partnership in providing the technologies at cheaper costs, capacity building in handling the technologies and creating awareness about the technologies to minimize the expected cost of adaptation are suggested to improve the adoption level.
5 Aboah, J.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Meuwissen, M. P. M. 2014. Financial feasibility analysis of the fortifer business model in the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana. Paper presented at the 14th EAAE [European Association of Agricultural Economists] International Congress on Agri-Food and Rural Innovations for Healthier Societies, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 26-29 August 2014. 6p.
Financing ; Feasibility studies ; Waste management ; Excreta ; Sewage sludge ; Cost analysis ; Models ; Public-private cooperation ; Investment / Ghana / Cape Coast
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046892)
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/182980/2/Poster_Paper__J_Aboah_et_al..pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046892.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046892.pdf
(0.40 MB) (416 KB)
This study seeks to analyse the financial feasibility of upscaling the fortifer business model in Ghana. Data originate from the pilot project in Accra, extended with expert elicitation. The NPV and IRR were used as decision criteria for Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private Scenarios. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to identify input parameters which had most impact on NPV. Economic and simulation results reveal higher probability of financial feasibility in the PPP Scenario. Outcomes are useful for policy makers to jointly steer urban waste management and farmers’ needs in the area of sustainable soil management.
6 Addisie, M. B.; Ayele, G. K.; Gessesse, A. A.; Tilahun, S. A.; Zegeye, A. D.; Moges, M.; Schmitter, Petra; Langendoen, E. J.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2015. Reducing surface and subsurface water flow effect on gullies through low cost measures [Abstract only] Paper presented at the 10th Alexander von Humboldt Conference 2015 on Water-Food-Energy River and Society in the Tropics. EGU Topical Conference Series, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18-20 November 2015. 1p.
Surface water ; Groundwater ; Flow discharge ; Gully erosion ; Erosion control ; Watersheds ; Water table ; Cost analysis ; Soil properties ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Amhara State / Birr Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047331)
(0.04 MB)
Gully erosion in the humid Ethiopian highlands intensified in recent decades. The study was conducted in the Birr watershed located south west of Bahir Dar the capital of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. We studied 14 gullies having similar morphology at three sub watersheds. The watershed covers a total area of 414 ha. The monitoring continued over the 2013 to 2014 monsoon season to better understand the factors controlling gully erosion and the effectiveness of erosion control structures. Perched ground water table was measured at the gully heads and erosion pins were installed to monitor the rate of recession from uncontrolled heads. Though soil properties, ground cover, gully morphology had small contribution for the gully development; water fall effect at the head of the gully and elevated water table depth at both heads and banks played the key role. Therefore the study focused on reducing the water fall and elevated water table effect by applying two low cost gully control approaches. The first approach was regrading the gully heads and banks at 45o and the second approach follows regrading the gully heads at 45o and putting a graded type of stone rip rap. Large stones were anchored at the toe of the head maintaining the stable gully bed slope. The result shows that unprotected gully heads retreat an average of 4m which is equivalent to 37m3 volume of soil loss. The maximum and minimum head cut retreat was between 0 and 22.5m. The total area damaged by annual gully head retreat was 240m2 and total volume of soil lost was 444m3. The treated gully heads did not show any retreat during the monitoring period. Compared with simple reshaping of gully heads, integration with Stone rip rap was an effective and low cost measure in the study watershed. Plantation could not stop the upslope migration of heads though it had the potential to trap sediments down slope. Heads with stone rip rap allows fast re vegetation whereas unprotected reshaped heads and banks took longer time to re vegetate and stabilized. Time of reshaping was important for the stability of banks and heads.
7 Project Management Institute. 2013. A guide to the project management body of knowledge. (PMBOK guide). 5th ed. Newtown Square, PA, USA: Project Management Institute. 589p.
Project management ; Guidelines ; Standards ; Corporate culture ; Time management ; Human resources management ; Communication ; Cost analysis ; Budgets ; Risk management ; Risk analysis ; Procurement planning ; Quality assurance ; Quality controls ; Monitoring ; Planning ; Integrated management ; Stakeholders ; Techniques
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 658.404 G000 PRO Record No: H047336)
(0.67 MB)
8 Kumar, S.; Groth, A.; Vlacic, L. 2016. A tool for evaluation of lifecycle cost of water production for small-scale community projects. Water Policy, 18(3):769-782. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.135]
Water supply ; Production costs ; Life cycle analysis ; Cost analysis ; Models ; Communities ; Drinking water treatment ; Water quality ; Project evaluation ; Small scale systems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047620)
(0.26 MB)
The aim of this study is to develop an analytical tool to estimate lifecycle cost for water service provision for small-scale community water projects. The primary objective is to provide an analytical estimation tool to governments, funding agencies and communities to ensure sustainability of water projects. The secondary objective is to use the tool as an industry benchmarking aid to empower governments, funding agencies and technology developers to support technologies that would further lower the cost of water production. The tool firstly considers capital expenditure required for a given water service system, focusing on equipment manufacturing costs in detail. Thereafter, it considers the operational expenditure associated with ongoing functioning of the water treatment plant. The developed tool is validated using five simulation scenarios. Results shows that the tool can be used to evaluate the performance of a water service system even if the water services systems are operated using varying strategies. The developed tool also enables effective decision making by testing alternatives and addressing the water service system lifecycle aspects and, thus, making the cost of water production manageable. This paper also introduces the web version of the tool, which is available to communities, governments, technology developers and funding agencies to use.
9 Fuente, D.; Gatua, J. G.; Ikiara, M.; Kabubo-Mariara, J.; Mwaura, M.; Whittington, D. 2016. Water and sanitation service delivery, pricing, and the poor: an empirical estimate of subsidy incidence in Nairobi, Kenya. Water Resources Research, 52(6):4845-4862. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018375]
Water supply ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Sanitation ; Subsidies ; Water users ; Household expenditure ; Poverty ; Income ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cost analysis / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047759)
(1.42 MB)
The increasing block tariff (IBT) is among the most widely used tariffs by water utilities, particularly in developing countries. This is due in part to the perception that the IBT can effectively target subsidies to low-income households. Combining data on households’ socioeconomic status and metered water use, this paper examines the distributional incidence of subsidies delivered through the IBT in Nairobi, Kenya. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that high-income residential and nonresidential customers receive a disproportionate share of subsidies and that subsidy targeting is poor even among households with a private metered connection. We also find that stated expenditure on water, a commonly used means of estimating water use, is a poor proxy for metered use and that previous studies on subsidy incidence underestimate the magnitude of the subsidy delivered through water tariffs. These findings have implications for both the design and evaluation of water tariffs in developing countries.
10 Warnakulasooriya, H. U.; Athukorale, W. 2016. Productive efficiency of rice farming under rainfed conditions in the Gampaha and Kaluthara districs of Sri Lanka. 2(1):51-64.
Rainfed farming ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Seasonal cropping ; Cost analysis ; Economic analysis ; Profitability ; Farmers ; Efficiency ; Productivity / Sri Lanka / Gampaha / Kaluthara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047985)
11 de Vries, T. T.; Anwar, Arif A.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif. 2017. Canal operations planner. III: minimizing inequity with delivery performance ratio relaxation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(9):1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001218]
Canal construction ; Performance testing ; Performance indexes ; Irrigation systems ; Water distribution ; Equity ; Cost analysis ; Models / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048298)
(0.80 MB)
For many large irrigation systems, distributing water equitably is a stated management objective. Canal operations plans specify which canal to operate at what discharge for each irrigation interval to achieve the stated objective. In this study, a function of the Gini index is incorporated in to an integer program that can develop a canal operations plan. In contrast with earlier canal operations planners that minimize inequity, the operations planner presented herein does not constrain the discharge in a canal to a binary integer. Rather, the user can define an allocation cost function that in turn defines the preferred operational range of discharge over which any canal should be operated for any interval. The operations planner can also be modified to permit spillages. The model is applied to a secondary canal in Pakistan, and the sensitivity of the results to operational range and permissible spillage are explored. An engineering application of the model is presented.
12 Anwar, Arif A.; de Vries, T. T. 2017. Sequential irrigation scheduling avoiding night irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(7):1-10. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001178]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048300)
The sequential irrigation scheduling problem is one where a set of irrigation jobs have to be scheduled sequentially. In this paper, an integer program is presented to solve this problem. The objective function is a dual-goal function that avoids night irrigation and minimizes earliness or tardiness, with the former objective taking priority over the latter. A scheduled start time cost function is introduced and is user defined to reflect the behavior and preferences (and aversions) of farmers. In this paper, the scheduled start time cost function is a piecewise linear function and uses techniques from operations research. It is linearized using the disjunctive method. The integer program is implemented in a general-purpose solver and applied to a 16-job problem to demonstrate that a schedule can be prepared that avoids night irrigation and minimizes earliness and tardiness. There is a trade-off between avoiding night irrigation and earliness and tardiness compared to earlier models that minimize only earliness and tardiness. However, the increase in earliness and tardiness for the example presented is modest.
13 Stein, C.; Barron, Jennie. 2017. Mapping actors along value chains: integrating visual network research and participatory statistics into value chain analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 24p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 5) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2017.216]
Value chain ; Supply chain ; Mapping ; Participatory approaches ; Statistical data ; Social aspects ; Cost analysis ; Communities ; Markets ; Production structure ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural trade ; Relationships ; Livestock ; Surveys ; Case studies / Burkina Faso
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048396)
(3 MB)
This report outlines a participatory approach for mapping actors along value chains. The methodology provides novel ideas on how to combine value chain analysis with participatory statistics and visual network research approaches, to generate valuable insights about complex value chains together with local stakeholders in a cost effective way. A framework is introduced, which provides a canvas for mapping actors onto different analytical dimensions relevant in value chain analysis. After outlining some of the conceptual foundations and the methodological approach, a sequence of steps for mapping actors and their relationships is described. The experience from a case study is used to illustrate the steps involved. The case study is on fodder value chains in the Sahelian agro-ecological zone of Burkina Faso, but the mapping approach can be adapted to a range of contexts.
14 Crocker, J.; Saywell, D.; Shields, K. F.; Kolsky, P.; Bartram, J. 2017. The true costs of participatory sanitation: evidence from community-led total sanitation studies in Ghana and Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 601-602:1075-1083. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.279]
Sanitation ; Participatory approaches ; Cost analysis ; Community involvement ; Human behaviour ; Hygiene ; Investment ; Development programmes ; Training ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Villages ; Households / Ghana / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048439)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717313992/pdfft?md5=131bf39ae397a5e19fd7896b69ffd7e7&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969717313992-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
(0.72 MB) (736 KB)
Evidence on sanitation and hygiene program costs is used for many purposes. The few studies that report costs use top-down costing methods that are inaccurate and inappropriate. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory behavior-change approach that presents difficulties for cost analysis. We used implementation tracking and bottom-up, activity-based costing to assess the process, program costs, and local investments for four CLTS interventions in Ghana and Ethiopia. Data collection included implementation checklists, surveys, and financial records review. Financial costs and value-of-time spent on CLTS by different actors were assessed. Results are disaggregated by intervention, cost category, actor, geographic area, and project month. The average household size was 4.0 people in Ghana, and 5.8 people in Ethiopia. The program cost of CLTS was $30.34–$81.56 per household targeted in Ghana, and $14.15–$19.21 in Ethiopia. Most program costs were from training for three of four interventions. Local investments ranged from $7.93–$22.36 per household targeted in Ghana, and $2.35–$3.41 in Ethiopia. This is the first study to present comprehensive, disaggregated costs of a sanitation and hygiene behavior-change intervention. The findings can be used to inform policy and finance decisions, plan program scale-up, perform cost-effectiveness and benefit studies, and compare different interventions. The costing method is applicable to other public health behavior-change programs.
15 Manga, M.; Bartram, J.; Evans, B. E. 2020. Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):289-298. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012]
Sanitation ; Appropriate technology ; Informal settlements ; Cost analysis ; Financing ; Operating costs ; Maintenance ; Waste treatment ; Sewerage ; Latrines ; Population density ; Households ; Case studies / South Africa / Johannesburg / Soweto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049490)
(0.51 MB)
In Urban Africa, water and sanitation utility companies are facing a huge backlog of sanitation provision in the informal settlement areas. In order to clear this backlog, new investment is required. However, to select appropriate sanitation technologies, lifecycle costs need to be assessed. The aim of this research was to establish lifecycle costs for appropriate sanitation technologies in informal settlement areas. Three sanitation options were compared: simplified sewerage, urine diversion dry toilet (UDDT) and Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine. Three scenarios for simplified sewerage were considered; gravity flow into existing conventional sewers with treatment; new-build with pumping and treatment; and new-build gravity flow with treatment. The study revealed that simplified sewerage is the cheapest option for Soweto informal settlement, even when the costs of pumping and treatment are included. Gravity simplified sewerage with treatment is cheaper than the UDDT system and VIP latrine at all population densities above 158 and 172 persons/ha, respectively. The total annual cost per household of simplified sewerage and treatment was US$142 compared to US$156 and US$144 for UDDT and VIP latrine respectively. The costs of simplified sewerage could be recovered through a monthly household surcharge and cross-subsidy summing US$5.3 The study concluded that simplified sewerage system was the first choice for Soweto informal settlement areas, given the current population density.
16 Abu-Nowar, L. M. 2020. Economic and financial assessment of solar-powered irrigation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(4):185-193. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n4p185]
Irrigation systems ; Solar energy ; Water productivity ; Cost analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Financial situation ; Indicators ; Energy consumption ; Pumping ; Tomatoes ; Farms / Jordan / Jordan Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049647)
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/download/0/0/42217/43973
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049647.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049647.pdf
(0.83 MB) (848 KB)
This paper aimed at assessing the economic and financial viability of solar-powered irrigation of tomato crop in Jordan Valley. Data were collected from 16 tomato farms that use solar-powered irrigation system. Another 16 farms with diesel-powered irrigation system was investigated for comparative reasons. Descriptive statistics, Cost Function Analysis (CFA), Life-cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), Water Productivity (WP) and the financial indicators of Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP) and Benefit to Cost Ratio (B/C) were the main economic and financial analytical tools used in this study. The results of the study revealed that costs of inputs, labor costs and equipment and maintenance costs have had a lower adverse impact on the total revenues level when using solar-powered irrigation system. The results also indicated the preference of the investigated financial indicators (NPV, IRR, PP and B/C ratio) when solar-powered irrigation is used compared to diesel-powered irrigation. The results also revealed a lower cost of life of the farm under the use of solar-powered irrigation. The governmental policies and programs should be directed toward the concepts of renewable energy in general and solar energy uses in agriculture in particular. Special agricultural extension plans in training and capacity building of farmers and extension workers on the use of solar energy in irrigation of agricultural crops should be developed. Cooperation in the fields of solar energy between the Ministry of Agriculture and related parties such as the Royal Scientific Society and the Ministry of Energy should be initiated to conduct specialized researches in the fields of solar energy use in agriculture.
17 Durodola, O. S.; Bwambale, J.; Nabunya, V. 2020. Using every drop: rainwater harvesting for food security in Mbale, Uganda. Water Practice and Technology, 15(2):295-310. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.019]
Rainwater harvesting ; Food security ; Economic analysis ; Cost analysis ; Climate change ; Water demand ; Domestic water ; Water resources ; Households ; Water supply ; Crop water use ; Irrigation ; Models / Uganda / Mbale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049837)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/15/2/295/703774/wpt0150295.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049837.pdf
(0.41 MB) (424 KB)
The world population is expected to increase with corresponding increase in food production and water withdrawals. To ensure continuous food production throughout the year, increasing irrigation is inevitable. However, the water available for agricultural use is inadequate due to the limited water resources globally and climate change challenges threatening water availability. The economy of Mbale, Uganda, mainly depends on rainfed agriculture. The rain season is from April to October whilst the dry season is from November to March. Therefore, this study examines the potential of rainwater harvesting for domestic and agricultural uses in Mbale. The AquaCrop model was adopted for the yield response of crops to water during the dry season. The study reveals that comparing the resulting rainwater harvesting potential with the water consumption, up to 186% of the annual water demand for domestic use, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, can be provided. Thus, the excess harvested water from a 200 m2 rooftop was simulated for irrigation purposes, which shows that it can be used to cultivate areas of 269, 429, 125 and 388 m2 for cabbage, tomato, maize and potato respectively during dry periods. The economic analysis shows a benefit cost ratio of 1.99 over 10 years. It concludes by recommending RWH as an alternative water supply source for domestic and agricultural uses.
18 Carrard, N.; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Willetts, J. 2021. Life-cycle costs of a resource-oriented sanitation system and implications for advancing a circular economy approach to sanitation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307:127135. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127135]
Waste management ; Sanitation ; Cost analysis ; Economic aspects ; Financial viability ; Faecal sludge ; Waste treatment ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Desludging ; Composting ; Urban areas ; Households ; Local government ; Investment ; Sustainable Development Goals / Sri Lanka / Balangoda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050437)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652621013548/pdfft?md5=1c2cb1a3a9d6aff7beecc1e4192df08f&pid=1-s2.0-S0959652621013548-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050437.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050437.pdf
(0.63 MB) (644 KB)
Implementing a circular economy approach to sanitation requires knowledge of the costs to construct, operate and maintain resource-oriented systems. Yet the dearth of data on costs of urban sanitation in general, and resource-oriented systems in particular, limit opportunities to progress sustainable sanitation in low- and middle-income countries. This paper contributes empirical data on the life-cycle costs of a resource-oriented sanitation system in urban Sri Lanka, addressing a gap in evidence about how much it costs, and who pays, for a system that integrates fecal sludge management with nutrient capture and reuse. Costs across the system life-cycle were analyzed according to: (i) cost type; (ii) phases of the sanitation chain; and (iii) distribution between actors. Over a 25-year lifespan, the system had an annualized cost of USD 2.8/person or USD 11/m3 of septage treated. Revenue from co-compost sales covered reuse-related costs plus 8% of present value costs for other phases of the sanitation chain. Findings affirm both the potential for resource-oriented sanitation to generate revenue, and the need for substantial complementary investment in the overall system. The system was found to be reliant on household investment, yet financially viable from the service provider perspective with revenue from desludging services (89%) and co-compost sales (11%) that exceeded costs over the system lifespan and in most years. The analysis of total costs, financial perspectives, and reuse specifics contributes critical evidence to inform policy and planning that supports a purposeful and equitable transition towards circular economy approaches to sanitation.
19 Upadhyaya, A.; Jeet, P.; Singh, A. K.; Kumari, A.; Sundaram, P. K. 2022. Efficacy of influencing factors in the decision-making of irrigation water pricing: a review. Water Policy, 24(6):963-979. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2022.004]
Irrigation water ; Water pricing ; Decision making ; Cost analysis ; Water rates ; Water market ; Water law ; Infrastructure ; Water supply / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051223)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/24/6/963/1067653/024060963.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051223.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051223.pdf
(0.41 MB) (416 KB)
The irrigation water-pricing (IWP) system may prove to be an effective tool for meeting the increased demand for water. It includes the totality of costs that water users incur for irrigation purposes, based on principle, i.e., fixed, volumetric and crop-based. Factors like crop type, area irrigated, number of irrigations and total volume of water used by water users are considered for initiating the decision-making process of IWP in many countries of the world. There is no uniform set of principles for fixing water rates; a multiplicity of factors are followed, such as the capacity of irrigators to pay, recovery of water cost, crop water requirement, sources of water supply and its assurance. Linear programming, the Full-cost and Bayesian Network model, Residual value method, Principal Agent model and spot market pricing model have been used to estimate the impact of an IWP policy on water users. In the Indian context, a rationalized IWP mechanism alone will not suffice if the revenue collection mechanism is not streamlined and strengthened throughout the country. In order to develop a full-fledged volumetric IWP system in India, considerable changes need to be made in irrigation water supply infrastructure and operational plans need to be developed, which will provide a good balance between efficiency and equity objectives.
20 Oke, A.; Traore, K.; Nati-Bama, A. D.; Igbadun, H.; Ahmed, B.; Ahmed, F.; Zwart, Sander. 2022. Small-scale irrigation and water management technologies for African agricultural transformation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 166p. (Also in French) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.212]
Small-scale irrigation ; Water management ; Technology ; Agricultural transformation ; Smallholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Land resources ; Water resources ; Water supply ; Pumping ; Shallow water ; Groundwater ; Tube wells ; Runoff water ; Water harvesting ; Ponds ; Embankments ; Dams ; Conveyance structures ; Pipes ; Irrigation methods ; Surface irrigation ; Basin irrigation ; Border irrigation ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Wetting front ; Soil water content ; Sensors ; Contour cultivation ; Tillage ; Land levelling ; Soil moisture ; Moisture conservation ; Water conservation ; Techniques ; Crop production ; Water requirements ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation equipment ; Maintenance ; Irrigation efficiency ; Solar energy ; Cost analysis ; Investment ; Business models ; Capacity development ; Training materials ; Learning activities / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051446)
(7.73 MB)
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