Your search found 8 records
1 Lagudu, Surinaidu; Rao, V. V. S. G.; Prasad, P. R.; Sarma, V. S. 2013. Use of geophysical and hydrochemical tools to investigate seawater intrusion in coastal alluvial aquifer, Andhra Pradesh, India. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.49-65. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Hydrogeology ; Salt water intrusion ; Coastal area ; Aquifers ; Contamination ; Urban wastes ; Deltas ; Canals ; Irrigation water ; Spatial distribution ; Ions ; Surveys / India / Andhra Pradesh / Godavari Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046328)
(1.48 MB)
India has a very long coastline and 25 % of the country’s population live in the coastal zone. Urban centers are located along the coast and three out of four metro cities are located on the coast. The high population density along the banks of major rives and coast Increasing population and demand for water putting the coastal aquifers under stress and causing sea water inrush and salinity upcoming in the coastal aquifers. Apart from sea water contamination, urban waste releases and agriculture inputs threatening the coastal groundwater aquifer systems. Generally coastal areas receive more pollutant loads from different sources including geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Central Godavari delta is located adjacent to the Bay of Bengal Coast, Andhra Pradesh, India and is drained by Pikaleru, Kunavaram and Vasalatippa drains. The area is occupied by recent Quaternary alluvium and gone through a series of marine transgression and regression. The entire study area comes under Godavari central canal command area, water is available throughout year except first week of June and last week of April in the canals. Water requirements for irrigation met from surface water in the delta. There is no groundwater pumping for agriculture as wells as for domestic purpose due to brackish nature of the groundwater at shallow depths. The groundwater depths varying from 0.8 to 3.4 m dug wells and in bore wells located near the coast 4.5–13.3 m. The established groundwater flow direction is to be towards Bay of Bengal from Amalapuram. Geophysical and hydrochemical tools were applied to identify the source of the salinity and to assess the saline water intrusion in the Godavari delta. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) surveys were carried out at several locations in the deltaic region to delineate the aquifer geometry and to identify saline water aquifer zones. The results inferred from ERT indicate 12–15 m thick loamy sands were existed from surface to subsurface and it is followed by 18–25 m thick clay layers. The thickness of clay is being increased toward Sea from inland. The low resistivity values in the delta are attributed to existence of the thick marine clays in the subsurface and relative high resistivities are attributed to existence of fresh water. The resistivity values similar to saline water <0.01 Om is attributed to the mixing of the saline water along surface water drains. In the Ravva Onshore Terminal low resistivity values indicated up coning of brines and mixing of saline water from Pikaleru drain. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions (pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, F-, HCO3 2-, Cl-, SO4 2-, NO3 -). The elevated TDS, Na+ and Cl is due to dilution of clay minerals upstream and in the downstream mixing of sea water along the drains in the pre monsoon. The quality is being increase in the post monsoon season. The molar ratios of Na+2/Cl (>0.86) and SO4 -2/Cl- (<0.05) in the pre monsoon indicated strong influence of sea water and in the post monsoon increased Na+2/Cl- and SO4 -2/Cl- (>0.05) indicated marine palaeo salinity, dilution of marine clays and dissolution of evaporites. The high SO4 -2/Cl in the post monsoon is attributed to dilution groundwater salinity due to rainfall infiltration and irrigation return flows in the delta. The low Na+2/Cl- ratios in upstream of the delta are due to sand exposures and isolated fresh water lances in the perched aquifers.
2 Aris, A. Z.; Praveena, S. M.; Isa, N. M. 2013. Groundwater composition and geochemical controls in small tropical islands of Malaysia: a comparative study. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.229-246. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Groundwater ; Geochemistry ; Chemical control ; Ions ; Aquifers ; Water use ; Salt water intrusion ; Ecotourism / Malaysia / Manukan Island / Kapas Island
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046335)
Water usage for domestic and irrigation purposes differ greatly from country to country. Roughly, water use per capita increases with the increase of gross national income per capita. As speaking on national incomes, ecotourism activities in tropical countries play an important role in this field. Authorities on finance management focus on small islands as their greater contribution in ecotourism activities. Maintenance of small island ecology especially on groundwater has to be considered otherwise it hinders the growth of ecotourism development when it comes to over exploitation. Kapas Island and Manukan Island in Malaysia are among the islands that are highly developed for the ecotourism. Hence, unintentionally the groundwater in small islands is exposed to natural and manmade interference. A comparative study of these islands was done to clarify the sources of interference in the groundwater aquifer. An attempt to identify the hydrogeochemical processes in these small islands that accompany with current and past intrusion of seawater was made using the analyses on groundwater chemistry, saturation indices and ionic ratios. In addition of the major chemical compositions, analyses gives two different types of water, saturation index also indicates two different processes (saturation and dissolution) happened in the islands. Manukan Island tends to have Na-Cl water type and most of the groundwater samples were in precipitation condition with respect to carbonate minerals. Disparate to Kapas Island, it has Ca-HCO3 water type and experienced dissolution process in most groundwater samples. The results using ionic ratios were demonstrated to delineate the seawater intrusion process, which includes of Mg/Ca, Na/Cl, Na/K, SO4/Cl, Cl/HCO3 and Ca/(HCO3 + SO4). Comparison of ions derivation also shows two different major groups representing the islands. Other processes that related in this study were the ions exchanges and mineralization.
3 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Contaminant management in water reuse systems. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 525-532.
Water reuse ; Contamination ; Pollution control ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Freshwater ; Risk management ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Cadmium ; Salts ; Ions ; Crop management ; Soil management ; Nutrients ; Irrigation management ; Drainage ; Salinity control ; Organic compounds ; Diversification ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047361)
(0.84 MB)
Although wastewater has been increasingly used to grow a range of crops for income generation and livelihood resilience in urban and peri-urban areas, irrigation with untreated or partially treated wastewater may result in negative impacts on irrigated crops, soils, and groundwater along with implications for human and environmental health through chemical and microbial risks. With the potential for environmental risks due to concentrations above the maximum allowable levels, the major chemical constituent groups that need to be addressed in wastewater-irrigated environments are metals and metalloids, essential nutrients, salts and specific ionic species, and persistent organic pollutants. To avoid potential negative impacts, conventional wastewater treatment options, which can control the release of these contaminants into the environment, remain the key to protecting water quality for beneficial uses in agriculture, aquaculture, and agroforestry systems. Effective legislation, monitoring, and enforcement are also essential and often neglected management strategies. At the farm level, some low-cost irrigation, soil, and crop management options, discussed in this chapter, are available to reduce the risk from contaminants added through wastewater irrigation.
4 Sharma, P.; Meher, P. K.; Kumar, A.; Gautam, Y. P.; Mishra, K. P. 2014. Changes in water quality index of Ganges River at different locations in Allahabad. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 3-4:67-76. (Special issue: Towards Sustainability Assessment of Water Systems: Current Approaches and Future Challenges). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2014.10.002]
Water quality ; Drinking water ; Water pollution ; Rivers ; Chemicophysical properties ; pH ; Electrical conductivity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Total dissolved solids ; Temperature ; Alkalinity ; Ions ; Cations ; Anions ; Measurement ; Monsoon climate / India / Allahabad / Ganges River / Yamuna River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047958)
(1.10 MB)
We have determined the water quality index (WQI) of post-monsoon water samples with an aim to assess changes in Ganges river at various locations in Allahabad stretch including that from the confluence with river Yamuna. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations e.g. Na+ , K+ , Mg2+, Ca2+, major anions e.g. F, Cl, Br, SO4 2, NO3 , PO4 2 and alkalinity were analyzed by standard procedures. The values obtained were compared with the guideline values for drinking water by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). From the measured quantities, certain parameters were selected to derive WQI for the variations in water quality of each designated sampling site. Results showed considerable deterioration in quality of water at some of the sites. WQI of Ganges river water at Allahabad ranged from 86.20 to 157.69 which falls in the range of poor quality of water. Pearson’s correlation matrix was drawn to find possible interrelations among measured water quality parameters. It is shown that WQI may be a useful tool for assessing water quality and predicting trend of variation in water quality at different locations in the Ganges river.
5 Gautam, S. K.; Maharana, C.; Sharma, D.; Singh, A. K.; Tripathi, J. K.; Singh, S. K. 2015. Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 6:57-74. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.06.001]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Irrigation water ; Drinking water ; Water pollution ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Alkaline earth metals ; Sodium ; Magnesium ; Ions ; Salinity ; Chemicophysical properties ; Permeability ; Spatial variation ; Monsoon climate ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; River basins / India / Jharkhand / Chotanagpur Plateau / Subarnarekha River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047960)
(3.16 MB)
Suitability study of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes was carried out in the middle Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand. Collected samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and heavy metals. After the physicochemical analysis groundwater samples were categorised for simplicity, accordingly, it shows that 52.6% samples fall in Ca-Cl2, 33.3% in Ca-HCO3, 10.5% in Ca-SO4, and 1.7% samples in Mg-HCO3 and rest were Na-Cl type. Interpretation of hydro-geochemical data suggests that leaching of ions followed by weathering and anthropogenic impact (mainly mining and agricultural activities) control the chemistry of groundwater in the study area. The TDS concentration at Govindpur site varies from 2677 mg L1 in the pre-monsoon to 2545 mg L1 in the post-monsoon season that is higher than the BIS (2004-05) maximum permissible limit (2000 mg L1 ). The elevated concentration of NO3 was identified at Govindpur, Hatia Bridge, Kandra, Musabani, Saraikela, Mango and Tatanagar. The higher NO3 concentration was due to the action of leaching and anthropogenic activities. At most of sampling locations, the concentration of Cd, Pb, and Ni were found higher than the prescribed limits defined by BIS and WHO. Groundwater suitability for drinking purpose was also evaluated by the synthetic pollution index (SPI), it suggests that 74%, 95%, and 21% samples fall in seriously polluted category during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon season, respectively. The calculated values of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and MH have shown that except at few locations, most of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purposes.
6 Jeelani, G.; Shah, R. A.; Deshpande, R. D.; Fryar, A. E.; Perrin, J.; Mukherjee, A. 2017. Distinguishing and estimating recharge to karst springs in snow and glacier dominated mountainous basins of the western Himalaya, India. Journal of Hydrology, 550:239-252. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.001]
Water springs ; Recharge ; Karst ; Highlands ; Precipitation ; Snow cover ; Glaciers ; Snowmelt ; Flow discharge ; Temperature ; Rain ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrography ; Isotope analysis ; Elements ; Ions ; Chlorides ; Uncertainty / India / Western Himalaya / Liddar Basin / Kuthar Basin / Bringi Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048190)
(4.76 MB)
Recharge assessment is a challenge in snow and glacier dominated Himalayan basins. Quantification of recharge to karst springs in these complex geological environments is important both for hydrologic understanding and for effective water resource management. We used spring hydrographs and environmental tracers (isotopes and solutes) to distinguish and estimate the sources of spring water and to identify the flow paths of the recharging waters in three mountainous basins of the western Himalaya. The karst springs are perennial with high discharge amplitudes. The results indicate that ambient temperature has a strong influence on the hydrological behavior of the springs. Although the spring flow is dominantly controlled by the melting of snow and/or glaciers, rain events produce sharp spikes in spring hydrographs. The facies patterns in springs within the Bringi basin (Ca-HCO3) and the Liddar basin (Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3) suggest flow dominantly through limestone and dolomite. Higher concentrations of SO4 2 and Na+ in warm springs of the Kuthar basin indicate flow through carbonate, silicate and other rocks. The isotopic composition (d18O, d2 H) of precipitation, snowpacks, glacier melt and karst springs show wide variation both in space and time, and are strongly influenced by the basin relief and meteorology. The tracer-based two- and three-component mixing models suggest that the snowmelt dominantly contributes to the spring flow (55–96%), followed by glacier melt (5–36%) and rain (4–34%). Based on tracer tests with good recovery rates, springs are dominantly recharged through point sources rather than by diffuse infiltration. Changes in the timing, form, and amount of winter precipitation substantially affect the timing and magnitude of spring discharge during the rest of the year.
7 Natarajan, Rajmohan; Prathapar, S. A. 2016. Assessment of geochemical processes in the uncon ned and con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin: a geochemical approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:1-14.
Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Wells ; Elements ; Heavy metals ; River basins ; Wastewater ; Minerals ; Ions ; Saturation ; Chemicophysical properties / Tibet / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048904)
Groundwater quality is gaining more importance in groundwater management due to rapid growth in population, agriculture and industrial sectors worldwide. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the groundwater chemistry and to identify the geochemical processes governing the water chemistry in the shallow uncon ned and deeper con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin using geochemical methods. Groundwater samples were analysed for major ions and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and As). Shallow wells are found to have high pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and low HCO3/Cl ratio compared to the deep wells. However, the average concentration of Na, HCO3, NO 3, PO 4, F and Mn is not signi cantly varied with depth which indicates that the variation in the water chemistry between uncon ned and con ned aquifers is not only due to the natural processes but also indicates that surface contamination sources could have affected the water chemistry in the uncon ned aquifer. In the uncon ned aquifer, processes like wastewater in ltration, denitri cation, reverse ion exchange and mineral weathering govern the water chemistry. The water chemistry in the con ned aquifer is regulated by weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals and regional ow.
8 Gao, J.; Li, Z.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, W.; Wang, L.; Zhou, J. 2021. Deterioration of groundwater quality along an increasing intensive land use pattern in a small catchment. Agricultural Water Management, 253:106953. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106953]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Land use change ; Catchment areas ; Chemical analysis ; Nitrates ; Ions ; Stable isotopes ; Farmland ; Vegetation ; Fertilizers ; Contamination ; Wells / China / Shaanxi / Yujiahe Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050383)
(5.25 MB)
Land use change has greatly influenced groundwater quality worldwide. Identifying the effects of different intensive land uses on the groundwater quality is the first step in taking proper action to solve the problem. In this study, we compared the effects of different intensive land uses (region A, natural vegetation; region B, cereal fields; region C, kiwifruit orchards) in the Yujiahe catchment between 2015 and 2017 in Shaanxi, China, on the major ions and stable isotopes of nitrate (d15N–NO3– and d18O–NO3–). The NO3- groundwater concentrations increased from region A to region B and region C; NO3- concentrations in shallow groundwater were higher than those of deep groundwater in region C (55.3 vs. 28.9 mg/L, respectively). The NO3- concentrations in region A and region B did not exceed the WHO standard of 50 mg/L. However, 56.3% and 22.2% of the shallow and deep groundwater samples have NO3- concentrations exceeding the standard in region C, respectively. The average electrical conductivity (EC) values of springs in region A and shallow groundwater in regions B and C were 438, 525, and 753 µs/cm, respectively. Concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- ions and nitrogen isotope values increased from region A to region C, indicating that intensive land use change has modified groundwater hydrochemical composition, and deteriorated groundwater quality. This study has highlighted the significant effect of intensive land use of orchards at the small catchment scale on the groundwater quality.
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