Your search found 23 records
1 Kadhim, L. S.; Salih, S. A.; Qadir, Manzoor. 2010. Geochemistry of salt-affected wasteland resulting from long-term wastewater irrigation. Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, Dennis; Oster, J.; Jacobsen, S. -E.; Basra, S. M. A.; Choukr-Allah, R. (Eds.). Sustainable management of saline waters and salt-affected soils for agriculture: proceedings of the Second Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 15-18 November 2009. Stimulating session 6. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.65-72.
Geochemistry ; Soil salinity ; Testing ; Electrical conductivity ; Soil properties ; Waste land ; Wastewater irrigation / Syria / Aleppo / Qweik River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H043451)
http://www.icarda.org/wli/pdfs/Books/ProceedingsOfSecondBridgingWorkshopBook.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043451.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043451.pdf
(0.38 MB) (3.08 MB)
2 Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.) 2013. Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 382p. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Coastal area ; Hydrogeology ; Models ; Salt water intrusion ; Aquifers ; Sea level ; Groundwater development ; Groundwater management ; Ecosystems ; NMR spectroscopy ; Geochemistry ; Chemical control ; Water quality ; Case studies / Asia-Pacific / China / USA / Hawaii / India / Australia / Thailand / Malaysia / New Zealand / United Arab Emirates / Hainan / Andhra Pradesh / West Bengal / Oahu / Eyre Peninsula / Songkhla / Uley Basin / Willunga Basin / Manukan Island / Kapas Island / Godavari Delta / Carnarvon / Gascoyne River / Yanzhoy River / Sanjiang River / Yanfeng River / Xi River / Wadi Ham Aquifer / Cook Islands / Pukapuka Atoll
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046324)
(0.31 MB)
3 Li, H.; Xia, Y.; Geng, X. 2013. Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry along two transects in mangrove tidal marshes at Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.11-25. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Mangroves ; Nature reserves ; Water table ; Water quality ; Ecosystems ; Rivers ; Wells ; Salinity / China / Hainan / Yanzhoy River / Sanjiang River / Yanfeng River / Xi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046326)
Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve is the largest mangrove forest nature reserve in China, holds the most abundant mangrove species, and has been giving the best preservation. However, bald mud beaches were found among the mangrove marshes in the reserve. In order to investigate the environmental characteristics behind this phenomenon, the intertidal zones of a mangrove transect and a bald beach transect with similar topography and tidal actions were selected for comparison study. Several monitoring wells were installed along the two transects for in-situ measurements of pH, ORP, salinity and temperature of groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected for lab analysis as well. The results showed that pH values of the mangrove transect were higher than that of the bald beach transect, ORP measurements indicated that the mangrove transect had an oxidizing environment and the bald beach transect has a reducing environment. Lab analysis showed that the concentrations of anions (Cl-, SO4 2-, Br-) and cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) of water sampled from the bald each transect were much higher than that of the mangrove beach transect. Along both transects, observed water table variations were significant in the high and low intertidal zones and negligible in the middle intertidal zones. The observed groundwater salinity was significantly smaller along the mangrove transect than along the bald beach transect. Previously published analysis concluded that the two transects have a mud-sand two-layered structure: a surface zone of low-permeability mud and an underlying high-permeability zone that outcrops at the high and low tide lines. The freshwater recharge from inland is considerable along the mangrove transect but negligible along the bald beach transect, this may explain the lower concentrations of salt and regular ions along the mangrove transect than along the bald beach transect. This comparative study of hydrogeology and hydrochemistry along the two transects would provide ecological implications on the restoration, protection and management of mangrove ecosystems.
4 Swarzenski, P. W.; Dulaiova, H.; Dailer, M. L.; Glenn, C. R.; Smith, C. G.; Storlazzi, C. D. 2013. A geochemical and geophysical assessment of coastal groundwater discharge at select sites in Maui and Oahu, Hawaii. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.27-46. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Geochemistry ; Geophysics ; Coastal area ; Groundwater ; Discharges ; Surface water ; Sea water ; Nutrients ; Ecosystems / USA / Hawaii / Maui / Oahu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046327)
This chapter summarizes fieldwork conducted to derive new estimates of coastal groundwater discharge and associated nutrient loadings at select coastal sites in Hawai’i, USA. Locations for this work were typically identified based on pronounced, recent ecosystem degradation that may at least partially be attributable to sustained coastal groundwater discharge. Our suite of tools used to evaluate groundwater discharge included select U/Th series radionuclides, a broad spectrum of geochemical analytes, multi-channel electrical resistivity, and in situ oceanographic observations. Based on the submarine groundwater discharge tracer 222Rn, coastal groundwater discharge rates ranged from about 22–50 cm per day at Kahekili, a site in the Ka’anapali region north of Lahaina in west Maui, while at Black Point in Maunalua Bay along southern O’ahu, coastal groundwater discharge rates ranged up to 700 cm per day, although the mean discharge rate at this site was 60 cm per day. The water chemistry of the discharging groundwater can be dramatically different than ambient seawater at both coastal sites. For example, at Kahekili the average concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved silicate (DSi) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were roughly 188-, 36-, and 106-times higher in the discharging groundwater relative to ambient seawater, respectively. Such data extend our basic understanding of the physical controls on coastal groundwater discharge and provide an estimate of the magnitude and physical forcings of submarine groundwater discharge and associated trace metal and nutrient loads conveyed by this submarine route.
5 Aris, A. Z.; Praveena, S. M.; Isa, N. M. 2013. Groundwater composition and geochemical controls in small tropical islands of Malaysia: a comparative study. In Wetzelhuetter, C. (Ed.). Groundwater in the coastal zones of Asia-Pacific. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.229-246. (Coastal Research Library Volume 7)
Groundwater ; Geochemistry ; Chemical control ; Ions ; Aquifers ; Water use ; Salt water intrusion ; Ecotourism / Malaysia / Manukan Island / Kapas Island
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 551.457 G570 WET Record No: H046335)
Water usage for domestic and irrigation purposes differ greatly from country to country. Roughly, water use per capita increases with the increase of gross national income per capita. As speaking on national incomes, ecotourism activities in tropical countries play an important role in this field. Authorities on finance management focus on small islands as their greater contribution in ecotourism activities. Maintenance of small island ecology especially on groundwater has to be considered otherwise it hinders the growth of ecotourism development when it comes to over exploitation. Kapas Island and Manukan Island in Malaysia are among the islands that are highly developed for the ecotourism. Hence, unintentionally the groundwater in small islands is exposed to natural and manmade interference. A comparative study of these islands was done to clarify the sources of interference in the groundwater aquifer. An attempt to identify the hydrogeochemical processes in these small islands that accompany with current and past intrusion of seawater was made using the analyses on groundwater chemistry, saturation indices and ionic ratios. In addition of the major chemical compositions, analyses gives two different types of water, saturation index also indicates two different processes (saturation and dissolution) happened in the islands. Manukan Island tends to have Na-Cl water type and most of the groundwater samples were in precipitation condition with respect to carbonate minerals. Disparate to Kapas Island, it has Ca-HCO3 water type and experienced dissolution process in most groundwater samples. The results using ionic ratios were demonstrated to delineate the seawater intrusion process, which includes of Mg/Ca, Na/Cl, Na/K, SO4/Cl, Cl/HCO3 and Ca/(HCO3 + SO4). Comparison of ions derivation also shows two different major groups representing the islands. Other processes that related in this study were the ions exchanges and mineralization.
6 Mikunthan, T.; Vithanage, M.; Pathmarajah, S.; Arasalingam, Sutharsiny; Ariyaratne, Ranjith; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2013. Hydrogeochemical characterization of Jaffna’s aquifer systems in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 69p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.001]
Hydrology ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Water quality ; Water levels ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; Evapotranspiration ; Wells ; Soils ; Land use ; Rainfall patterns / Sri Lanka / Jaffna Peninsula / Chunnakam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046389)
(7 MB)
7 Brindha, Karthikeyan; Elango, L. 2014. Geochemical modelling of the effects of a proposed uranium tailings pond on groundwater quality. Technical article. Mine Water and the Environment, 33:110-120. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0279-3]
Geochemistry ; Models ; Hydrology ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Elements ; Uranium ; Mining ; Ponds ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Infiltration water ; Wells / India / Andhra Pradesh / Nalgonda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046501)
(2.60 MB)
The impact of a proposed uranium tailings pond on groundwater quality was assessed by geochemical modelling. Groundwater samples were collected from six dug wells in the Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, in southern India, once every 2 months from March 2008 to January 2010, and analysed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and uranium. Prediction of groundwater quality was carried out for 100 years using PHREEQC to assess the effects of infiltration of water from the proposed tailings pond. The sensitivity of the model for variations in porosity, hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and concentration of uranium in the tailings was evaluated. Geochemical modelling predicts that if the chemical composition of the tailings water is maintained at about the expected mean concentrations, and an appropriate liner is installed with an infiltration rate B1.0 9 10-9 m/s, the concentration of solutes in the groundwater will be increased from present background levels for a down-gradient distance of up to 500 m for the anticipated life of the mine, i.e. 16 years. The concentration of ions in groundwater would exceed background concentrations for up to 100 m at the end of 100 years. This study was used to predict the optimum chemical composition for the tailings and the extent, in terms of time and distance, that the groundwater concentration of various ions would be increased by infiltration of wastes from the tailings pond.
8 Gautam, S. K.; Maharana, C.; Sharma, D.; Singh, A. K.; Tripathi, J. K.; Singh, S. K. 2015. Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology, 6:57-74. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.06.001]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Irrigation water ; Drinking water ; Water pollution ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Alkaline earth metals ; Sodium ; Magnesium ; Ions ; Salinity ; Chemicophysical properties ; Permeability ; Spatial variation ; Monsoon climate ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; River basins / India / Jharkhand / Chotanagpur Plateau / Subarnarekha River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047960)
(3.16 MB)
Suitability study of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes was carried out in the middle Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand. Collected samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and heavy metals. After the physicochemical analysis groundwater samples were categorised for simplicity, accordingly, it shows that 52.6% samples fall in Ca-Cl2, 33.3% in Ca-HCO3, 10.5% in Ca-SO4, and 1.7% samples in Mg-HCO3 and rest were Na-Cl type. Interpretation of hydro-geochemical data suggests that leaching of ions followed by weathering and anthropogenic impact (mainly mining and agricultural activities) control the chemistry of groundwater in the study area. The TDS concentration at Govindpur site varies from 2677 mg L1 in the pre-monsoon to 2545 mg L1 in the post-monsoon season that is higher than the BIS (2004-05) maximum permissible limit (2000 mg L1 ). The elevated concentration of NO3 was identified at Govindpur, Hatia Bridge, Kandra, Musabani, Saraikela, Mango and Tatanagar. The higher NO3 concentration was due to the action of leaching and anthropogenic activities. At most of sampling locations, the concentration of Cd, Pb, and Ni were found higher than the prescribed limits defined by BIS and WHO. Groundwater suitability for drinking purpose was also evaluated by the synthetic pollution index (SPI), it suggests that 74%, 95%, and 21% samples fall in seriously polluted category during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon season, respectively. The calculated values of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and MH have shown that except at few locations, most of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purposes.
9 Gning, A. A.; Orban, P.; Gesels, J.; Ngom, F. D.; Dassargues, A.; Malou, R.; Brouyere, S. 2017. Factors controlling the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry in the Senegal River Delta. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 10:133-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.01.005]
Groundwater table ; Surface water ; Water levels ; Monitoring ; Saline water ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation water ; Rain ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Chemical composition ; Hydrodynamics ; Models ; Multivariate analysis ; Rivers ; Deltas / Senegal / Senegal River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048129)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221458181730037X/pdfft?md5=fba6295f07cffdb349955306459bdffd&pid=1-s2.0-S221458181730037X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
(3.14 MB) (3.13 MB)
Study region: Senegal River Delta.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
10 Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H; Thao, N. T.; Batsaikhan, B.; Yun, S.-T. 2017. Hydrochemical assessment of freshening saline groundwater using multiple end-members mixing modeling: a study of Red River delta aquifer, Vietnam. Journal of Hydrology, 549:703-714. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.040]
Groundwater ; Salinity ; Aquifers ; Hydrology ; Chemical composition ; Geochemistry ; Cation exchange capacity ; Sulphates ; Models ; Principal component analysis ; Rivers ; Sea water ; Deltas / Vietnam / Red River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048159)
(2.80 MB)
In this study, we evaluated the water quality status (especially, salinity problems) and hydrogeochemical processes of an alluvial aquifer in a floodplain of the Red River delta, Vietnam, based on the hydrochemical and isotopic data of groundwater samples (n = 23) from the Kien Xuong district of the Thai Binh province. Following the historical inundation by paleo-seawater during coastal progradation, the aquifer has been undergone progressive freshening and land reclamation to enable settlements and farming. The hydrochemical data of water samples showed a broad hydrochemical change, from Na-Cl through NaHCO3 to Ca-HCO3 types, suggesting that groundwater was overall evolved through the freshening process accompanying cation exchange. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the hydrochemical data indicates the occurrence of three major hydrogeochemical processes occurring in an aquifer, namely: 1) progressive freshening of remaining paleo-seawater, 2) water-rock interaction (i.e., dissolution of silicates), and 3) redox process including sulfate reduction, as indicated by heavy sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of sulfate. To quantitatively assess the hydrogeochemical processes, the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) and the forward mixing modeling using PHREEQC code were conducted. The EMMA results show that the hydrochemical model with the two-dimensional mixing space composed of PC 1 and PC 2 best explains the mixing in the study area; therefore, we consider that the groundwater chemistry mainly evolved by mixing among three end-members (i.e., paleo-seawater, infiltrating rain, and the K-rich groundwater). The distinct depletion of sulfate in groundwater, likely due to bacterial sulfate reduction, can also be explained by EMMA. The evaluation of mass balances using geochemical modeling supports the explanation that the freshening process accompanying direct cation exchange occurs through mixing among three end-members involving the K-rich groundwater. This study shows that the multiple end-members mixing model is useful to more successfully assess complex hydrogeochemical processes occurring in a salinized aquifer under freshening, as compared to the conventional interpretation using the theoretical mixing line based on only two end-members (i.e., seawater and rainwater).
11 Desbarats, A. J.; Pal, T.; Mukherjee, P. K.; Beckie, R. D. 2017. Geochemical evolution of groundwater flowing through arsenic source sediments in an aquifer system of West Bengal, India. Water Resources Research, 53(11):8715-8735. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020863]
Groundwater assessment ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Flow discharge ; Arsenic compounds ; Chemical contamination ; Sedimentation ; Hydrogeology ; Organic carbon ; Minerals ; Calcite ; Dolomite ; Models / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048490)
(1.60 MB)
The source of geogenic arsenic (As) contaminating a shallow aquifer in West Bengal was traced to fine-grained sediments deposited in an abandoned river channel. Along with As-bearing phases, these sediments contain 0.46% codeposited organic carbon. The release of As and the geochemistry of groundwater within the channel-fill deposits is investigated using a detailed mass balance model supported by aqueous, solid-phase, and mineralogical data. The model describes the evolution of groundwater chemistry along a flow path extending from its recharge in an abandoned channel pond, through the channel fill, to the underlying aquifer. Variations in groundwater composition are explained in terms of mineral weathering of host sediments driven by organic carbon decay. Arsenic is released through the reductive dissolution of goethite and the weathering of chlorite. Concomitantly, some As is sequestered in precipitating vivianite. These competing processes reach equilibrium deeper in the channel-fill sequence as groundwater As concentrations stabilize. The model yields estimates of mineral reaction (or precipitation) rates including rates of organic carbon oxidation (1.15 mmol C L21 a21 ) and net As release (4:5731024 mmol L21 a21 ). Fine-grained, slightly permeable, deposits such as channel fill containing reactive organic carbon and As-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates are centers of intense chemical weathering conducive to As mobilization.
12 Natarajan, Rajmohan; Prathapar, S. A. 2016. Assessment of geochemical processes in the uncon ned and con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin: a geochemical approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:1-14.
Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Groundwater management ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Wells ; Elements ; Heavy metals ; River basins ; Wastewater ; Minerals ; Ions ; Saturation ; Chemicophysical properties / Tibet / Nepal / India / Bangladesh / Ganges Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048904)
Groundwater quality is gaining more importance in groundwater management due to rapid growth in population, agriculture and industrial sectors worldwide. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the groundwater chemistry and to identify the geochemical processes governing the water chemistry in the shallow uncon ned and deeper con ned aquifers in the Eastern Ganges Basin using geochemical methods. Groundwater samples were analysed for major ions and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and As). Shallow wells are found to have high pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4, and low HCO3/Cl ratio compared to the deep wells. However, the average concentration of Na, HCO3, NO 3, PO 4, F and Mn is not signi cantly varied with depth which indicates that the variation in the water chemistry between uncon ned and con ned aquifers is not only due to the natural processes but also indicates that surface contamination sources could have affected the water chemistry in the uncon ned aquifer. In the uncon ned aquifer, processes like wastewater in ltration, denitri cation, reverse ion exchange and mineral weathering govern the water chemistry. The water chemistry in the con ned aquifer is regulated by weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals and regional ow.
13 Srivastava, S. K. 2019. Assessment of groundwater quality for the suitability of irrigation and its impacts on crop yields in the Guna district, India. Agricultural Water Management, 216:224-241. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.02.005]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Assessment ; Irrigation water ; Drinking water ; Crop yield ; Salinity ; Sodium ; Soils ; Leaching ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Magnesium ; Models / India / Madhya Pradesh / Guna
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049201)
(9.08 MB)
This study was performed to understand the impact of groundwater quality on the crop yields and its suitability for the irrigation. The hydrogeochemical assessment indicates chemical weathering is prevalent in the aquifer system. Low sodium-hazard observed in almost all samples. High salinity-hazard observed in the shallow aquifer indicates leaching of contaminants from the surface. Salinity-hazard statistics indicates ~27.60% groundwater suitable for irrigation, ~47.65% groundwater considerable for irrigation of selected crops whose salinity tolerance limit is high, ~13.44% groundwater (fresh-brackish) cause problem in the soil and ~11.31% groundwater unsuitable for the irrigation.
Salinity tolerance limit indicates yield (%) of the few crops remain unaffected. These crops are Hordeum vulgare (Barley), Gossy pium (Cotton), Beta vulgaris (Sugar-beet), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda-grass), Thinopyrum ponticum (tall Wheat-grass), Thinopyrum intermedium (Wheat-grass) etc. The yield potential (%) partially affected in the few crops like Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut) (~95.30%), Oryza sativa (Rice) (~93.29%), Carthamus tintorius (Safflower) (~97.32%), Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) (~95.97%), Glycine max (Soybean) (~97.32%), Triticum aestivum (Wheat) (~99.33%), Brassica oleracea var. italica (Broccoli) (~92.62%), Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (~90.60%), Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) (~90.60%), Phalaris aquatic (Harding-grass) (~97.96%), Lolium perenne (Perennial ray-grass) (~97.99%), Sorghum drummondii (Sudan-grass) (~92.62%), Festuca arundinacea (tall-Fescue) (~95.30%), Lotus corniculatus (Trefoil-small) (~97.32%), Phoenix dactylifera (Date-palm) (~95.97%), Ficus carica (Fig) (~95.97%), Olea europaea (Olive) (~95.97%), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) (~91.28%) etc. Few crops sensitive to salinity-hazard indicate low-yield potential listed as Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean) (~36.91%), Daucus carota (Carrot) (~36.91%), Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry) (~36.91%). This groundwater is suitable for the irrigation of crops like Barley, Cotton, Sugar-beet, Wheat, Wheat-grass, Bermuda-grass, etc. But this groundwater can be used for irrigation after salinity management for the crops like Groundnut, Rice, Soybean, Broccoli, Cucumber, Tomato, Harding-grass, tall Fescue, Trefoil-small, Date-palm, Fig, Olive, and Pomegranate. The similar range of the crop yields observed in both Soil Water Salinity (SWS) Model and Ayers and Westcot Model, if the salinity of the irrigation water is low (=1.5 mS/cm). While low reduction in crop yields observed according to SWS Model in comparisons to Ayers and Westcot Model if the salinity of the irrigation water is high (> 1.5 mS/cm). The major reduction in crop yields observed in Ayers and Westcot Model, while the moderate decline in crop yields observed in SWS Model at higher salinity. Crop yield in the study area can be improved by implementing proper irrigation water management.
Salinity tolerance limit indicates yield (%) of the few crops remain unaffected. These crops are Hordeum vulgare (Barley), Gossy pium (Cotton), Beta vulgaris (Sugar-beet), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda-grass), Thinopyrum ponticum (tall Wheat-grass), Thinopyrum intermedium (Wheat-grass) etc. The yield potential (%) partially affected in the few crops like Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut) (~95.30%), Oryza sativa (Rice) (~93.29%), Carthamus tintorius (Safflower) (~97.32%), Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) (~95.97%), Glycine max (Soybean) (~97.32%), Triticum aestivum (Wheat) (~99.33%), Brassica oleracea var. italica (Broccoli) (~92.62%), Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (~90.60%), Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) (~90.60%), Phalaris aquatic (Harding-grass) (~97.96%), Lolium perenne (Perennial ray-grass) (~97.99%), Sorghum drummondii (Sudan-grass) (~92.62%), Festuca arundinacea (tall-Fescue) (~95.30%), Lotus corniculatus (Trefoil-small) (~97.32%), Phoenix dactylifera (Date-palm) (~95.97%), Ficus carica (Fig) (~95.97%), Olea europaea (Olive) (~95.97%), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) (~91.28%) etc. Few crops sensitive to salinity-hazard indicate low-yield potential listed as Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean) (~36.91%), Daucus carota (Carrot) (~36.91%), Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry) (~36.91%). This groundwater is suitable for the irrigation of crops like Barley, Cotton, Sugar-beet, Wheat, Wheat-grass, Bermuda-grass, etc. But this groundwater can be used for irrigation after salinity management for the crops like Groundnut, Rice, Soybean, Broccoli, Cucumber, Tomato, Harding-grass, tall Fescue, Trefoil-small, Date-palm, Fig, Olive, and Pomegranate. The similar range of the crop yields observed in both Soil Water Salinity (SWS) Model and Ayers and Westcot Model, if the salinity of the irrigation water is low (=1.5 mS/cm). While low reduction in crop yields observed according to SWS Model in comparisons to Ayers and Westcot Model if the salinity of the irrigation water is high (> 1.5 mS/cm). The major reduction in crop yields observed in Ayers and Westcot Model, while the moderate decline in crop yields observed in SWS Model at higher salinity. Crop yield in the study area can be improved by implementing proper irrigation water management.
14 Jampani, M.; Liedl, R.; Hulsmann, S.; Sonkamble, S.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2020. Hydrogeochemical and mixing processes controlling groundwater chemistry in a wastewater irrigated agricultural system of India. Chemosphere, 239:124741. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124741]
Wastewater irrigation ; Groundwater irrigation ; Hydrology ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Farming systems ; Irrigated farming ; Freshwater ; Watersheds ; Water quality ; Ion exchange ; Saturation ; Models ; Periurban areas / India / Hyderabad / Musi River Basin / Kachiwani Singaram Micro Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049333)
(2.98 MB)
In many parts of the world, wastewater irrigation has become a common practice because of freshwater scarcity and to increase resource reuse efficiency. Wastewater irrigation has positive impacts on livelihoods and at the same time, it has adverse impacts related to environmental pollution. Hydrochemical processes and groundwater behaviour need to be analyzed for a thorough understanding of the geochemical evolution in the wastewater irrigated systems. The current study focuses on a micro-watershed in the peri-urban Hyderabad of India, where farmers practice intensive wastewater irrigation. To evaluate the major factors that control groundwater geochemical processes, we analyzed the chemical composition of the wastewater used for irrigation and groundwater samples on a monthly basis for one hydrological year. The groundwater samples were collected in three settings of the watershed: wastewater irrigated area, groundwater irrigated area and upstream peri-urban area. The collected groundwater and wastewater samples were analyzed for major anions, cations and nutrients. We systematically investigated the anthropogenic influences and hydrogeochemical processes such as cation exchange, precipitation and dissolution of minerals using saturated indices, and freshwater-wastewater mixtures at the aquifer interface. Saturation indices of halite, gypsum and fluorite are exhibiting mineral dissolution and calcite and dolomite display mineral precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that the groundwater geochemistry of the watershed is largely controlled by long-term wastewater irrigation, local rainfall patterns and water-rock interactions. The study results can provide the basis for local decision-makers to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies and to control the aquifer pollution influenced by wastewater irrigation.
15 Baumle, R.; Himmelsbach, T.; Noell, U. 2019. Hydrogeology and geochemistry of a tectonically controlled, deep-seated and semi-fossil aquifer in the Zambezi Region (Namibia). Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):885-914. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1896-x]
Groundwater flow ; Aquifers ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Tectonics ; Remote sensing ; Geophysics ; Rain ; Temperature ; Palaeoclimatology ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / Namibia / Zambezi River / Lower Kalahari Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049358)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-1896-x.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049358.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049358.pdf
(16.60 MB) (16.6 MB)
Recent exploration has revealed that deep-seated and large groundwater reservoirs in Africa’s intracontinental basins can be regarded as an additional strategic resource for supply of drinking water. The origin, genesis and recharge of these groundwater reservoirs, however, are still poorly understood. A multidisciplinary approach involving remote sensing, geophysical surveys and hydraulic investigations, as well as hydrochemical and isotope studies, was pursued to gain better insight into the genesis and the potential of a recently discovered lower Kalahari aquifer (LKA) located in the Zambezi Region (Namibia). The study shows that regional tectonic activity associated with the propagation of the Okavango Rift Zone had a tremendous impact on the drainage evolution and hydrogeological setting of the region. Furthermore, there is geomorphological evidence that the LKA—prior to tectonic subsidence and burial—was part of a paleochannel of the upper Zambezi River. Hydraulic continuity could be confirmed by geochemical evolution down the flow path. Cation exchange combined with dissolution of calcite progressively produces alkalinity and sodium and consumes calcium in the north–south direction. Comparison of stable isotope content of the LKA with modern rainfall indicates that the recharge occurred under cooler climate conditions. Analysis of 14C concentrations and 36Cl/Cl ratios show that the age of the groundwater exceeds 100 ka and is hence older than presumed. It is concluded that the assessment of the sedimentology, tectonic structures and geochemistry are key factors for understanding both the paleoclimatic and modern recharge processes of deep-seated aquifer systems.
16 Grzybowski, M.; Lenczewski, M. E.; Oo, Y. Y. 2019. Water quality and physical hydrogeology of the Amarapura township, Mandalay, Myanmar. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(4):1497-1513. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-01922-9]
Water quality ; Hydrogeology ; Groundwater development ; Urban areas ; Groundwater table ; Aquifers ; Groundwater flow ; Drinking water ; Well construction ; Geochemistry ; Wastewater ; Escherichia coli ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Electrical conductivity ; Models / Myanmar / Mandalay / Amarapura
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049365)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-01922-9.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049365.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049365.pdf
(4.08 MB) (4.08 MB)
Mandalay is a major city in central Myanmar with a high urban population and which lacks a central wastewater management system, a solid waste disposal process, and access to treated drinking water. The purpose of this study is to investigate the groundwater quality of local dug wells and tube wells, determine quantitative data on characteristics of the Amarapura Aquifer, and compare seasonal variations in groundwater flow and quality. Water samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons, then analyzed for major ion chemistry using ion chromatography to identify indicators of wastewater contamination transport to the shallow aquifer and to compare seasonal variations in groundwater chemistry. An open-source analytic element model, GFLOW, was used to describe the physical hydrogeology and to determine groundwater flow characteristics in the aquifer. Hydrogeochemistry data and numerical groundwater flow models provide evidence that the Amarapura Aquifer is susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources. The dominant water types in most dug wells and tube wells is Na-Cl, but there is no known geologic source of NaCl near Mandalay. Many of these wells also contain water with high electrical conductivity, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, and E. coli. Physical measurements and GFLOW characterize groundwater flow directions predominantly towards the Irrawaddy River and with average linear velocities ranging from 1.76 × 10-2 m/day (2.04 × 10-7 m/s) to 9.25 m/day (1.07 × 10-4 m/s). This is the first hydrogeological characterization conducted in Myanmar.
17 Kavurmaci, M.; Karakus, C. B. 2020. Evaluation of irrigation water quality by data envelopment analysis and analytic hierarchy process-based water quality indices: the case of Aksaray city, Turkey. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 231(2):55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-4427-z]
Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Evaluation ; Water resources ; Surface water ; Decision making ; Hydrology ; Geochemistry ; Indicators ; Techniques / Turkey / Aksaray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049620)
(1.96 MB)
In this study, two water quality indices (AHP-IWQI and DEA-IWQI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process have been produced in order to evaluate the water quality of surface waters used in agricultural irrigation. Depending on the efficiency scores of indices, two different water quality classification systems, which are composed of four suitability categories, have been defined. The 10 different alternatives and a total of 13 sub-criteria classified under 3 main criteria groups were used in the establishment of a hierarchical structure. For the sub-criteria, efficiency scores for electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio having the highest efficiency score were calculated as 0.214 and 0.148, respectively. The results obtained from the indexes were compared with the results of the United States Salinity Laboratory and Wilcox diagrams. The comparative results of the predictions by AHP- and DEA-based indexes show that the accuracy ratio of the DEA-IWQI is higher than of the AHP-IWQI.
18 Adimalla, N.; Dhakate, R.; Kasarla, A.; Taloor, A. K. 2020. Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Central Telangana, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100334. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100334]
Groundwater assessment ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Geochemistry ; Salinity ; Sodium ; Fluorides ; Nitrates ; Geographical information systems ; Public health / India / Telangana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049771)
(2.58 MB)
Groundwater is only an important water resources for drinking and irrigation in the central Telangana, India. Rapid growth in the population and intensive irrigation practises has become stress on groundwater, the available groundwater are being depleted and its quality has also deteriorated. For this reason, a total of 105 groundwater samples collected from semi-arid region of central Telangana, were executed in order to evaluate its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Results highlighted that most of the groundwater is suitable for drinking purposes based on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) as CaCO3, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and sulphate (SO42-). About, 51% and 71% of groundwater samples were exceeded the maximum permissible limits of fluoride and nitrate, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that groundwater with high fluoride and nitrate concentration water should be avoided for drinking purposes. Spatial distribution maps are generated using GIS platform and the dissimilar distribution pattern was noticed for nitrate and fluoride in the study region. Gibbs plots authenticate that the groundwater chemistry is controlled by rock-water interaction and geochemical scatter plots suggested that the silicate mineral dissolution play dominant role in the chemistry of groundwater. According to the water quality index (WQI) values, 60% and 36% of groundwater samples fall under excellent and good category for drinking purposes. The groundwater is Na+ - SO42-, deep meteoric percolation type, but most of it belong to Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3-, Na+–HCO3- facies and few are Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl- and Na+-Cl- facies. Majority of groundwater samples exhibit that the alkaline earths (Ca2+ + Mg2+) exceed alkali cation (Na+ + K+) and strong acids (SO42- + Cl-) dominate over weak acid (HCO3-). Irrigational suitability of groundwater in the study area was also estimated through sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), and Kelly ratio (KR) results shown that the majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation uses.
19 Jha, S. K.; Mishra, V. K.; Verma, C. L.; Sharma, Navneet; Sikka, Alok Kumar; Pavelic, Paul; Sharma, P. C.; Kant, L.; Sharma, Bharat R. 2021. Groundwater quality concern for wider adaptability of novel modes of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in the Ganges Basin, India. Agricultural Water Management, 246:106659. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106659]
Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater management ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Floodwater ; Chemical composition ; Chemicophysical properties ; Toxic substances ; Contamination ; Silt load ; Assessment ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Wells ; Ponds / India / Ganges Basin / Ramganga Sub Basin / Uttar Pradesh / Rampur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050128)
(6.24 MB)
Groundwater (GW) depletion and recurring floods have become a major concern among researchers and planners across the world. To rejuvenate stressed aquifer and moderate flood impacts, a modified version of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) consisting of a cluster of ten recharge wells (RWs) embedded in a community pond with an area of 2625 m2 and utilizing diverted floodwater was tested on a pilot scale in Ramganga sub basin, India. The approach could recharge a maximum of 72426 m3 of floodwater in 78 days during the wet season. The pond intervention minimized clogging of RWs by retaining maximum silt load of 68.01%. Hydro-geochemically, majority of water samples were of Mg-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3type. Ion exchange processes and weathering of carbonate and silicates were the controlling factors, determining water quality of the area. Total dissolved solids, fluoride, iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, mercury, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonical nitrogen were found within the permissible limits as laid down by World Health Organization except arsenic and lead, which seems to be the inherent problem in the area, as evidenced by water quality analysis of farmers tube wells located upstream and down streams of the recharge site. The coliform presence in the 88.23% of sampled GW may thwart from direct use for drinking whereas it was fit for irrigation. Looking the benefits of modified MAR as a proactive GW quality improvement with good aquifer recharge, it is recommended for scaling up of the intervention across the GW stressed parts of the whole Ram Ganga basin and similar hydro-geological regions elsewhere.
20 Balasooriya, S.; Munasinghe, H.; Herath, A. T.; Diyabalanage, S.; Ileperuma, O. A.; Manthrithilake, Herath; Daniel, C.; Amann, K.; Zwiener, C.; Barth, J. A. C.; Chandrajith, R. 2020. Possible links between groundwater geochemistry and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): an investigation from the Ginnoruwa Region in Sri Lanka. Exposure and Health, 12(4):823-834. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00340-w]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Groundwater ; Geochemistry ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Fluorides ; Magnesium ; Trace elements ; Water hardness ; Wells ; Villages ; Arid zones ; Spatial distribution / Sri Lanka / Girandurukotte / Ginnoruwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050214)
(2.46 MB)
Since at least two decades, Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology (CKDu) has become an increasingly discussed health issue in Sri Lanka and as well as in other tropical regions. Areas that are particularly affected with the disease are mostly located in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The disease is more prominent among communities that consume groundwater as their main source of drinking water. Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the Ginnoruwa area, a known hotspot of CKDu. It revealed possible links between drinking water chemistry and the spreading of the disease. This work compares hydrogeochemical data of drinking water sources of wells whose consumers are affected by CKDu and other nearby wells whose consumers were not affected by the disease. A total of 63 groundwater samples were collected from selected wells. About one-third of these samples (i.e., 19) were collected from wells used by CKDu patients. Significantly higher values of pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity, Ca2+, Mg2+, F-, Cl-, PO4 3-, and SO4 2- were found in wells that were used by CKDu patients. Mean contents of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in CKDu affected wells were 33.8 mg/L, 30.1 mg/L, and 14.9 mg/L, respectively, compared to 23.1 mg/L, 26.7 mg/L, and 9.65 mg/L in non-CKDu wells. Differences in major ion geochemistry in groundwaters are possibly governed by variable time periods of water storage in fractured hard rock aquifers in this region. Hydrogeochemical parameters were statistically compared by a Mann–Whitney U test and indicated significant differences in total dissolved solids (TDS) (p=0.016), SO4 2- (p=0.005), PO4 3- (p=0.030), F- (p=0.048), Na+ (p=0.008), and Mg2+(p=0.008) between non-CKDu and CKDu wells at p=0.050 level. Other suspected solutes such as nephrotoxic trace elements including As, Cd, and Pb were similar in both types of wells. They were also lower than the accepted guideline limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). Results of this study suggest that fluoride in drinking water in combination with water hardness may be one of the responsible factors for kidney damage and progression of the disease. This may be particularly the case when elevated amounts of Mg2+ are present in hard groundwater.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
