Your search found 12 records
1 Zehtabian, G.; Khosravi, H.; Ghodsi, M. 2010. High demand in a land of water scarcity: Iran. In Schneier-Madanes, G; Courel, M.-F. (Eds.). Water and sustainability in arid regions: bridging the gap between physical and social sciences. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.75-86.
Water scarcity ; Water use ; Water pollution ; Water management ; Water quality ; Salinity ; Groundwater ; Irrigation ; Soil salinization ; Rainfall patterns / Iran
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044375)
(0.33 MB)
Since ancient times, humans have mobilized huge efforts to counter water shortages and meet water demands in arid and semiarid areas. If, however, water issues existed on a local scale in the past, in the present and future these problems occur on national, regional, and global scales and could threaten peace keeping, food security, and eventually sustainable development. In Iran, a nation covering about 1,650,000 km2, the supply, transfer, and use of water are major concerns, just as they were in ancient times. At present, about 55% of the water consumed in Iran is provided from groundwater resources and 45% from surface water, and more than 90% of water resources are allocated to the agriculture sector. The freshwater shortage has caused an increase in saltwater consumption, especially in arid and semiarid zones. Misuse and unrestrained water resources and traditional irrigation systems have caused soil salinity, land degradation, and desertification problems. Increasing salinity in most water resources in Iran over the past 10 years has caused an intensive decline of soil and water quality. Therefore, one of the main economical and social strategies of the government of Iran must be management that optimizes the use of water resources to attain sustainable development.
2 Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. 2004. Development of IWMI-AREO Collaborative Research Program to Improve Land and Water Management in Iran. Paper presented at the Joint IWMI-AREO Workshop, Karaj, Iran, 22-23 September 2004. 26p.
Land management ; Water management ; Water demand ; Surface water ; Groundwater management ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Wastewater irrigation ; Rural economy ; Rivers ; Soil salinization ; Drought / Iran
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044414)
(0.21 MB)
Irrigated agriculture and, consequently, water have always played an important role in the economic development of Iran and is likely to continue as such in the future. Since agriculture is the major user of water, therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. The increasing pressures of population and industrialization have already placed greater demands on water, with an everincreasing number and intensity of local and regional conflicts over its availability and use. Iran will face severe water shortages in the 21st century. The gap between demand and supply of water is increasing. The extended drought during recent years exacerbated the problem. Therefore, the need for further development of new resources, adoption of water-conservation measures and judicious use of water is being stressed at all forums. This paper will provide a comprehensive review of the present water resources of Iran, challenges faced by the irrigated agriculture and strategies to overcome these problems to ensure sustainability of irrigated agriculture. This paper will also suggest possible research areas for future cooperation between IWMI and Iran in the field of land and water management. It is envisaged that discussions at the workshop will help in refining these ideas and develop partnerships and linkages among various national research institutions and IWMI to develop a comprehensive program for the years to come.
3 Qureshi, Asad Sarwar. 2005. Climate change and water resources management in Pakistan. In Mirza, M. M. Q.; Ahmad, Q. K. (Eds.). Climate change and water resources in South Asia. Leiden, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema. pp.197-230.
Climate change ; Water resources development ; Water management ; Surface water ; Irrigated farming ; Water use ; Rural economy ; Groundwater table ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Water availability ; Tube wells ; Water demand ; Saline water ; Waterlogging ; Soil salinization ; Surface drainage ; Rain ; Temperature ; Drought ; Flooding ; Cyclones ; Coastal area ; Land use ; River basins / Pakistan / Indus River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.22 G570 MIR Record No: H047180)
(4.62 MB)
4 Singh, A. 2016. Managing the water resources problems of irrigated agriculture through geospatial techniques: an overview. Agricultural Water Management, 174:2-10. (Special Issue on Sustainable Water resources Management: Theory and Case Studies, Part I Overseen by Dr. Brent Clothier). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.021]
Irrigated farming ; Water resources ; Water management ; Groundwater ; Waterlogging ; Soil salinization ; Remote sensing ; GIS ; Spatial variation ; Monitoring techniques ; Case studies / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047662)
(1.23 MB)
The intensification of irrigated agriculture is a prerequisite for fulfilling the rising food requirements of the burgeoning global population. But the expansion of irrigated agriculture causes the water resources problems in irrigated areas. The twin menace, i.e., waterlogging and soil salinization of irrigated agriculture can be managed by either adopting preventive measures which decrease the inflow or by employing remedial measures which increase the outflow of water and salt. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are very useful tool and offer a good option to traditional techniques in monitoring and evaluation of waterlogged and saline areas. This paper presents an overview of the applications of remote sensing and GIS techniques for the management of water resources problems of irrigated agriculture. The indication and background of the water resources problems are provided. The integrated use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in the management of water resources problems are also discussed. Finally, the case studies of applications of integrated remote sensing and GIS approach and some conclusions are presented.
5 Gning, A. A.; Orban, P.; Gesels, J.; Ngom, F. D.; Dassargues, A.; Malou, R.; Brouyere, S. 2017. Factors controlling the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry in the Senegal River Delta. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 10:133-144. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.01.005]
Groundwater table ; Surface water ; Water levels ; Monitoring ; Saline water ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation water ; Rain ; Hydrogeology ; Geochemistry ; Chemical composition ; Hydrodynamics ; Models ; Multivariate analysis ; Rivers ; Deltas / Senegal / Senegal River Delta
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048129)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221458181730037X/pdfft?md5=fba6295f07cffdb349955306459bdffd&pid=1-s2.0-S221458181730037X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048129.pdf
(3.14 MB) (3.13 MB)
Study region: Senegal River Delta.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
Study focus: The Senegal River Delta is a strategic region for the development of irrigated agriculture. Despite a Sahelian climatic context, the management of the river with dams ensures water availability throughout the year. With the intensification of agriculture, degradation of cultivated soils is observed, mostly linked to the existence of a shallow salty aquifer. In this context, regional surveys were performed to characterize groundwater–surface water interactions and to identify the impact of artificial river management and agricultural intensification on the evolution of groundwater dynamics and chemistry.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results show that groundwater far away from rivers and outside irrigated plots has evolved from marine water to brines under the influence of evapotranspiration. Near rivers, salinity of groundwater is lower than seawater and groundwater mineralization seems to evolve in the direction of softening through cationic exchanges related to permanent contact with fresh water. Despite large volumes of water used for rice cultivation, groundwater does not show any real softening trend in the cultivated parcels. Results show that the mechanisms that contribute to repel salt water from the sediments correspond to a lateral flush near permanent surface water streams and not to vertical drainage and dilution with rainfall or irrigation water. It is however difficult to estimate the time required to come back to more favorable conditions of groundwater salinity.
6 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.) 2018. More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 224p.
Water pollution ; Agricultural waste management ; Agricultural wastewater ; Food consumption ; Population growth ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Risk management ; Pollutants ; Organic matter ; Pathogens ; Food wastes ; Water quality ; Models ; Farming systems ; Intensification ; Fertilizer application ; Pesticide application ; Aquaculture ; Livestock production ; Nutrient management ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Salts ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation water ; Freshwater ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Water policy ; Sediment ; Erosion control ; Eutrophication ; Lakes ; Reservoirs ; Good agricultural practices ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048855)
(6.85 MB)
Current patterns of agricultural expansion and intensification are bringing unprecedented environmental externalities, including impacts on water quality. While water pollution is slowly starting to receive the attention it deserves, the contribution of agriculture to this problem has not yet received sufficient consideration.
We need a much better understanding of the causes and effects of agricultural water pollution as well as effective means to prevent and remedy the problem. In the existing literature, information on water pollution from agriculture is highly dispersed. This repost is a comprehensive review and covers different agricultural sectors (including crops, livestock and aquaculture), and examines the drivers of water pollution in these sectors as well as the resulting pressures and changes in water bodies, the associated impacts on human health and the environment, and the responses needed to prevent pollution and mitigate its risks.
We need a much better understanding of the causes and effects of agricultural water pollution as well as effective means to prevent and remedy the problem. In the existing literature, information on water pollution from agriculture is highly dispersed. This repost is a comprehensive review and covers different agricultural sectors (including crops, livestock and aquaculture), and examines the drivers of water pollution in these sectors as well as the resulting pressures and changes in water bodies, the associated impacts on human health and the environment, and the responses needed to prevent pollution and mitigate its risks.
7 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Albers, J. 2018. Salts. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.93-109.
Water quality ; Salts ; Agriculture ; Saline water ; Freshwater ; Soil salinization ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Irrigation water ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048859)
(1.63 MB)
8 Haj-Amor, Z.; Bouri, S. 2020. Use of HYDRUS-1D-GIS tool for evaluating effects of climate changes on soil salinization and irrigation management. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(2):193-207. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1608438]
Climate change ; Soil salinization ; Irrigation management ; Models ; Irrigation water ; Geographical information systems ; Coastal area ; Soil management ; Soil water content / Tunisia / Gabes Oasis
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049558)
(2.03 MB)
In this study, HYDRUS-1D model was coupled with geographic information system (GIS) for evaluating the effects of climate changes on soil salinization. The coupled HYDRUS-1D–GIS system was applied in a coastal region (Gabes Oasis) for evaluating the effects of various climate change scenarios on temporal change in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and for developing irrigation practice that desalinates soils. The climate change scenarios were selected based on the climate change projections by 2050 and increased irrigation water allocations. There were three main findings. First, HYDRUS-1D and GIS were successfully coupled and used to perform simulation with consideration of the large differences in soil texture in the studied oasis. Second, for all climate change scenarios, spatial extent of EC for 2050 is projected to reach levels (> 4 dS m-1) corresponding with being classified as saline soils. Third, with climate changing as simulated, it is recommended to increase irrigation water application with 20% or more than today to avoid further increases in soil EC. Overall, this study can be used as a guide to implement the most appropriate strategy of soil and water management.
9 Ibrakhimov, M.; Awan, U. K.; Sultanov, M.; Akramkhanov, A.; Djumaboev, Kakhramon; Conrad, C.; Lamers, J. 2019. Combining remote sensing and modeling approaches to assess soil salinity in irrigated areas of the Aral Sea Basin. Central Asian Journal of Water Research, 5(2):100-116. [doi: https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2019-R1.v5-2/64-81eng]
Soil salinization ; Irrigated land ; Remote sensing ; Modelling ; Forecasting ; Techniques ; Soil profiles ; Groundwater ; Irrigated farming ; Cotton ; Case studies / Uzbekistan / Aral Sea Basin / Khorezm
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049745)
(1.14 MB) (1.14 MB)
Accurate assessment of the soil salinization is an important step for mitigation of agricultural land degradation. Remote sensing (RS) is widely used for salinity assessment, but knowledge on prediction precision is lacking. A RS-based salinity assessment in Khorezm allows for modest reliable prediction with weak (R2=0.15–0.29) relationship of the salinity maps produced with RS and interpolation of electromagnetic EM38 during growth periods and more reliable (R2=0.35–0.56) beyond irrigation periods. Modeling with HYDRUS-1D at slightly, moderately and highly saline sites at various depths showed that irrigation forces salts to move to deeper layers: salts reappear in the upper profile during dry periods. Beyond irrigation events, salts gradually accumulated in the upper soil layers without fluctuations. Coupling RS techniques with numerical modeling provided better insight into salinity dynamics than any of these approaches alone. This should be of interest to farmers and policy makers since the combination of methods will allow for better planning and management.
10 Zhang, X.; Guo, P.; Guo, W.; Gong, J.; Luo, B. 2021. Optimization towards sustainable development in shallow groundwater area and risk analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 258:107225. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107225]
Groundwater table ; Sustainable development ; Risk analysis ; Sustainable agriculture ; Agricultural development ; Crop production ; Water stress ; Water use efficiency ; Water allocation ; Water supply ; Soil water content ; Soil salinization ; Crop yield ; Energy consumption ; Uncertainty / China / Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region / Hetao Irrigation District / Yellow River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050705)
(3.86 MB)
The projected increasing food demand in the coming decades will require substantial water and energy resources. Practical approaches are expected to propose to realize enhancing crop production while towards sustainable development in shallow groundwater area. This study integrates a process-based model, multi-objectives, and fuzzy theory into optimization model to optimize crops water allocation pattern under uncertainties of water diversion and groundwater. The process-based model considers the water exchange between soil and groundwater, water stress and salt stress on crops, and ground water level changes. The multi-objectives defined in this study balances the conflicts of maximizing crop production, maximizing water use efficiency, and minimizing energy consumption. The uncertain amount of water diversion and groundwater is presented as fuzzy numbers. The optimized water allocation pattern of 3 crops in 12 water supply response units in Hetao Irrigation District show that the crop yield does not necessarily reach to the highest potential value, though wheat and maize are allocated more water than sunflower and have larger possibility to reach high crop yield. Significant energy investment is needed for extracting and purifying groundwater to ensure relatively high crop production at the case of possible low available water. Uncertainties of water diversion and groundwater will cause a greater range of ground water level in wheat field, a high risk of water stress in sunflower field and a high risk of very severe salinization in wheat field. The different changing directions of three sub-objectives demonstrate that optimal water allocation has no uniform rule but changes with available water.
11 Khamidov, M.; Ishchanov, J.; Hamidov, A.; Donmez, C.; Djumaboev, Kakhramon. 2022. Assessment of soil salinity changes under the climate change in the Khorezm Region, Uzbekistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14):8794. (Special issue: Effects of Climate Change on Soil and Water Environment) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148794]
Soil salinity ; Assessment ; Climate change ; Soil salinization ; Forecasting ; Water resources ; Energy ; Food production ; Nexus approaches ; Air temperature ; Meteorological stations ; Irrigated land ; Soil chemicophysical properties / Uzbekistan / Khorezm Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051303)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/14/8794/pdf?version=1658284499
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051303.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051303.pdf
(2.07 MB) (2.07 MB)
Soil salinity negatively affects plant growth and leads to soil degradation. Saline lands result in low agricultural productivity, affecting the well-being of farmers and the economic situation in the region. The prediction of soil salinization dynamics plays a crucial role in sustainable development of agricultural regions, in preserving the ecosystems, and in improving irrigation management practices. Accurate information through monitoring and evaluating the changes in soil salinity is essential for the development of strategies for agriculture productivity and efficient soil management. As part of an ex-ante analysis, we presented a comprehensive statistical framework for predicting soil salinity dynamics using the Homogeneity test and linear regression model. The framework was operationalized in the context of the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan, which suffers from high levels of soil salinity. The soil salinity trends and levels were projected under the impact of climate change from 2021 to 2050 and 2051 to 2100. The results show that the slightly saline soils would generally decrease (from 55.4% in 2050 to 52.4% by 2100 based on the homogeneity test; from 55.9% in 2050 to 54.5% by 2100 according to the linear regression model), but moderately saline soils would increase (from 31.2% in 2050 to 32.5% by 2100 based on the homogeneity test; from 31.2% in 2050 to 32.4% by 2100 according to the linear regression model). Moreover, highly saline soils would increase (from 13.4% in 2050 to 15.1% by 2100 based on the homogeneity test; from 12.9% in 2050 to 13.1% by 2100 according to the linear regression model). The results of this study provide an understanding that soil salinity depends on climate change and help the government to better plan future management strategies for the region.
12 Stavi, I. 2022. Rio (1992) to Glasgow (2021): three decades of inadequate mitigation of climate change and its slow onset effects. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10:999788. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.999788]
Climate change mitigation ; Global warming ; Land degradation ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Soil salinization ; Forest degradation ; Sea level ; Coral bleaching ; Desertification ; Environmental pollution ; Ecosystem services ; Biodiversity ; Flooding ; Vegetation ; Small Island Developing States
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051510)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.999788/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051510.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051510.pdf
(3.32 MB) (3.32 MB)
This study reviews the global increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), alongside the accelerated climatic change and its slow onset effects (or events) between 1992 and 2021. The establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, and the simultaneous UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, generated the international efforts to tackle climatic change. Over the years, the UNFCCC-Conference of the Parties (COP) has led the efforts in climate change mitigation and adaptation, with many sequential meetings across the world. Three decades later, at the COP26 meeting in Glasgow in 2021, it is evident that climate change impacts have substantially worsened. Despite some uncertainties, it seems that over the last three decades, the climate change slow onset events, including 1) increasing temperatures, 2) glacial retreat, 3) sea level rise, 4) ocean acidification, 5) soil salinization, 6) land and forest degradation, 7) loss of biodiversity, and 8) desertification, have substantially exacerbated. Simultaneously, other (non-GHGs related) anthropogenic impacts, including habitat fragmentation, land-use and sea-use change and misuse, species overexploitation, environmental pollution, infrastructure constructions, and urbanization, have considerably increased. With the aim of achieving the Shared Socio-Economic Pathways 1.9 (SSP1-1.9) or SSP1-2.6 ultimate goals—keeping global warming in 2,100 below 1.5°C or 2.0°C, respectively, compared to preindustrial levels—it may still be possible to avoid climate change’s irreversible tipping points. To reach this target, policymaking must become more decisive and proactive, with continuous risks assessment, frequent monitoring of outcomes and their compatibility to goals, implementing practical legislation tools, and assigning specific financial instruments, aimed at effectively tackling climate change slow onset events and related environmental issues. Substantial efforts should be invested in boosting climate change mitigation, while simultaneously targeting effective climatic change adaptation measures and promoting environmental conservation and restoration. Relying on tools such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will sustain provisioning, supporting, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services, thus improving water-, food-, environmental-, energy-, economic-, health-, and governance-security, while lessening the risks of social unrest, violent conflicts, mass migration, and other humanitarian catastrophes.
Powered by DB/Text WebPublisher, from
