Your search found 17 records
1 Sri Lanka. Ministry of Environment. 2011. Climate change vulnerability data book. Battaramulla, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Environment. 189p. (Climate Change Vulnerability in Sri Lanka)
Maps ; Statistics ; Climate change ; Urban development ; Transport ; Flooding ; Natural disasters ; Drinking water ; Drought ; Irrigation water ; Rice ; Plantations ; Fisheries ; Livestock ; Public health ; Diseases / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 304.25 G744 SRI Record No: H043721)
(3.41 MB)
2 Carr, M. K. V.; Lockwood, R.; Knox, J. W. 2012. Advances in irrigation agronomy: plantation crops. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 343p.
Plantations ; Agriculture ; Crop production ; Roots ; Bananas ; Theobroma cacao ; Coconuts ; Coffee ; Oil palms ; Rubber crops ; Sisal ; Sugarcane ; Tea ; Plant water relations ; Water requirements ; Water productivity ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation scheduling ; Drip irrigation ; Evapotranspiration ; Drought
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 633 G000 CAR Record No: H045937)
3 Noble, Andrew D.; Berthelsen, S.; Mather, J. 2005. Changes in soil chemical properties under two contrasting plantation systems on the Zululand coastal plain, South Africa. In International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Thailand. Land Development Department (LDD); International Water Management Institute (IWMI); FAO. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP); Khon Kaen University. Faculty of Agriculture. Management of tropical sandy soils for sustainable agriculture: a holistic approach for sustainable development of problem soils in the tropics. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Management of Tropical Sandy Soils for Sustainable Ariculture, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 27 November – 2 December 2005. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP). pp.93-100.
Soil properties ; Soil chemicophysical properties ; Soil profiles ; Plantations ; Species ; Eucalyptus grandis ; Pinus elliottii ; Podzols ; Organic carbon ; Coastal plains / South Africa / Zululand Coastal Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G000 INT Record No: H047324)
(0.39 MB) (16.9 MB)
Over the past 4 decades there has been considerable expansion in the plantation forestry along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. In particular there have been significant increases in eucalypt, and to a less extent, pine plantations on soils of a light sandy texture along the Zululand coastal plain. These soils are characteristically dominated by sands with low clay and organic matter contents, have low cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity. Pedogenesis and selected chemical attributes of a 49-year-old stand of Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus elliottii established on these sands were compared. Changes in soil pH, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, extractable Fe and Al and the surface charge characteristics were investigated. Evidence of the development of bleached A2e horizon within the surface 0-5 cm depth interval under E. grandis was confirmed through the development of surface charge fingerprints, changes in organic carbon and Fe and Al mobilization for each of the pedogenetically distinct horizons. Such development was not observed under the P. elliottii stand, suggesting that this pine species has had less impact on the soil. It is argued that the rate of A2e horizon development is not dissimilar to that observed under native forest ecosystems in Australia, although considerably slower that those observed under reclaimed sand mining operations. Whilst these systems appear to be relatively stable due to no clear felling and timber product extraction, this could drastically change with the introduction of short-term rotations of fast growing clonal plantations, questioning the long-term sustainability of these production systems on these light textured sands.
4 Lacombe, Guillaume; Ribolzi, O.; de Rouw, A.; Pierret, A.; Latsachak, K.; Silvera, N.; Pham Dinh, R.; Orange, D.; Janeau, J.-L.; Soulileuth, B.; Robain, H.; Taccoen, A.; Sengphaathith, P.; Mouche, E.; Sengtaheuanghoung, O.; Tran Duc, T.; Valentin, C. 2015. Afforestation by natural regeneration or by tree planting: examples of opposite hydrological impacts evidenced by long-term field monitoring in the humid tropics. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 12:12615-12648. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-12615-2015]
Afforestation ; Plantations ; Tectona grandis ; Hydrological factors ; Humid tropics ; Ecosystem services ; Land use ; Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Catchment areas ; Rain ; Runoff ; Models / Lao People s Democratic Republic / Vietnam / Houay Pano Catchment / Dong Cao Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047340)
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/12/12615/2015/hessd-12-12615-2015.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047340.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047340.pdf
(3.39 MB) (3.39 MB)
The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernization of agriculture involving rapid and highly-mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability controlling habitats, water resources and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydro-meteorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical Southeast Asia since 2001. The GR2M water balance model repeatedly calibrated over successive 1 year periods, and used in simulation mode with specific rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal flows to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow, led to intricate flow patterns: pluri-annual flow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual flow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantation. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas mixed with patches of tree plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration or planting) led to opposite changes in flow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
5 Addisie, M. B.; Ayele, G. K.; Gessesse, A. A.; Tilahun, S. A.; Moges, M. M.; Zegeye, A. D.; Mekuria, Wolde; Schmitter, Petra; Langendoen, E. J.; Steenhuis, T. S. 2016. Rehabilitating gullies with low cost methods, in the sub humid Ethiopian highlands. Paper presented at the International Conference of the Advancement of Science and Technology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 17-18 July 2016. 10p.
Gully erosion ; Humid zones ; Highlands ; Environmental degradation ; Ecosystems ; Watersheds ; Riverbank protection ; Vegetation ; Plantations ; Sedimentation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047636)
(691 KB)
Gully erosion in the highlands of Ethiopia has reduced agricultural productivity and degraded ecosystem services. To better understand the processes controlling gully erosion and design effective control measures, a study was conducted in the headwaters of the Birr watershed for three consecutive years (2013-2015). Fourteen gullies with similar morphology were studied in three adjacent sub-watersheds. Stabilization measures were applied to 5 of the 14 gully heads. Three gully control measures were compared: a) reshaping gully banks and head to a 45 degree slope with stone rip rap on the gully heads, b) controlling gully bed grade, and c) planting grasses and trees on shallow gullies (i.e., < 3 m deep). Results demonstrated that gully control measures were effective in controlling the expansion of gullies as no further retreat was observed for the 5 treated gully heads, whereas the average retreat was 3 meters with a maximum of 22.5 m for the 9 untreated gullies. The migration of untreated gully heads produced an average soil loss of 38 tons per gully. Compared with simple reshaping of gully heads, the additional integration with stone rip rap was an effective and low cost measure. Vegetative treatment by itself could not stop the upslope migration of gully heads, though it had the potential to trap sediments. Re-vegetation at gully heads stabilized with stone rip rap occurred faster than at unprotected, reshaped heads and banks. From the fourteen rehabilitation treatments, gully head protection integrated with plantation showed the largest potential in decreasing gully development in terms of labor, time and material it requires.
6 Lacombe, Guillaume; Ribolzi, O.; de Rouw, A.; Pierret, A.; Latsachak, K.; Silvera, N.; Dinh, R. P.; Orange, D.; Janeau, J.-L.; Soulileuth, B.; Robain, H.; Taccoen, A.; Sengphaathith, P.; Mouche, E.; Sengtaheuanghoung, O.; Tran Duc, T.; Valentin, C. 2016. Contradictory hydrological impacts of afforestation in the humid tropics evidenced by long-term field monitoring and simulation modelling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20:2691-2704.
Humid tropics ; Hydrological factors ; Afforestation ; Natural regeneration ; Plantations ; Monitoring ; Simulation models ; Land use ; Land cover change ; Ecosystem services ; Forest conservation ; Catchment areas ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Stream flow ; Cropping systems ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Soil surface properties ; Tectona grandis / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Vietnam / Houay Pano Catchment / Dong Cao Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047644)
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/20/2691/2016/hess-20-2691-2016.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047644.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047644.pdf
The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernisation of agriculture involving rapid and mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability which controls habitats, water resources, and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydrometeorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical southeast Asia since 2000. The GR2M water balance model, repeatedly calibrated over successive 1-year periods and used in simulation mode with the same year of rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses, and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal streamflow to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow led to intricate streamflow patterns: pluri-annual streamflow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual streamflow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantations. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas combined with patches of mix-trees plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration vs. planting) led to opposite changes in streamflow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
7 Yalew, S. G.; Mul, Marloes L.; van Griensven, A.; Teferi, E.; Priess, J.; Schweitzer, C.; van Der Zaag, P. 2016. Land-use change modelling in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. Environments, 3(3):1-16. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030021]
Land use ; Land cover change ; Environmental modelling ; Environmental factors ; River basins ; Catchment areas ; Socioeconomic environment ; Plantations ; Forest management ; Erosion ; Vegetation ; Grasslands / Ethiopia / Upper Blue Nile Basin / Abbay Basin / Jedeb Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047679)
(1.24 MB)
Land-use and land-cover changes are driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at different scales. This study was aimed at identifying the potential land-use drivers in the Jedeb catchment of the Abbay basin by combining statistical analysis, field investigation and remote sensing. To do so, a land-use change model was calibrated and evaluated using the SITE (SImulation of Terrestrial Environment) modelling framework. SITE is cellular automata based multi-criteria decision analysis framework for simulating land-use conversion based on socio-economic and environmental factors. Past land-use trajectories (1986–2009) were evaluated using a reference Landsat-derived map (agreement of 84%). Results show that major land-use change drivers in the study area were population, slope, livestock and distances from various infrastructures (roads, markets and water). It was also found that farmers seem to increasingly prefer plantations of trees such as Eucalyptus by replacing croplands perhaps mainly due to declining crop yield, soil fertility and climate variability. Potential future trajectory of land-use change was also predicted under a business-as-usual scenario (2009–2025). Results show that agricultural land will continue to expand from 69.5% in 2009 to 77.5% in 2025 in the catchment albeit at a declining rate when compared with the period from 1986 to 2009. Plantation forest will also increase at a much higher rate, mainly at the expense of natural vegetation, agricultural land and grasslands. This study provides critical information to land-use planners and policy makers for a more effective and proactive management in this highland catchment.
8 Lacombe, Guillaume; Bolliger, A. M.; Harrisson, R. D.; Thu Ha, T. T. 2016. Integrated tree, crop and livestock technologies to conserve soil and water, and sustain smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Southeast Asian uplands. In Hiwasaki, L.; Bolliger, L.; Lacombe, Guillaume [IWMI]; Raneri, J.; Schut, M.; Staal, S. (Eds). 2016. Integrated systems research for sustainable smallholder agriculture in the Central Mekong: achievements and challenges of implementing integrated systems research. Hanoi, Vietnam: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Southeast Asia Regional Program. pp.41-64.
Soil conservation ; Water conservation ; Water availability ; Rainwater ; Water harvesting ; Sustainable agriculture ; Monoculture ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Farmland ; Living standards ; Highlands ; Land degradation ; Land use ; Land management ; Erosion ; Plantations ; Tectona grandis ; Rubber ; Coffee ; Environmental impact ; Natural resources management ; Local communities ; Catchment areas ; Case studies / Southeast Asia / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Southwest China / Vietnam / Cambodia / Yunnan Province
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047859)
https://www.worldagroforestry.org/region/sea/publications/download?dl=/BK00186-16.pdf&pubID=3760
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047859.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047859.pdf
(3.82 MB)
After reviewing the main causes and effects of land degradation and erosion in the uplands of mainland Southeast Asia, this chapter presents several case studies of recent land-use changes governed by economic, political and institutional transitions, the expansion of teak and rubber tree plantations in northern Laos and southwest China, respectively, and of monocropping coffee in the Central Highlands of Viet Nam. We explain how these environmental disturbances are altering water and soil resources across different geographic scales, from the agricultural plot to the headwater catchment. Examples of coping strategies combining field trials and participatory approaches are illustrated with several case studies taken from research for development activities conducted in Cambodia, Laos, Viet Nam and the Yunnan Province of China. These activities were part of the CGIAR Research Program on Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics (Humidtropics) in the Central Mekong Action Area. We propose solutions for sustainable agricultural intensification to diversify income, improve dietary diversity and improve natural resource management. The accomplishment of these objectives requires longterm involvement with ethnic minority communities that have been the particular focus in the target areas. The three-anda-half-year lifespan of Humidtropics in the Mekong region was a short period. It would require extension to maintain the carefully built and nurtured relationships with local implementation partners and local farming communities, and reach its full promise.
9 Manthrithilake, Herath. 2016. Towards an ecosystem inclusive approach in tea plantations. In Eliatamby, N. Worth protecting: how Sri Lanka’s tea plantation companies are helping biodiversity thrive. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Business and Biodiversity Platform. pp.84-99.
Tea industry ; Plantations ; Ecosystem management ; Ecosystem services ; Biodiversity ; Resilience ; Sustainable agriculture ; Crop production ; Intensification ; Yields ; Environmental effects / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047939)
(8.74 MB)
10 Ribolzi, O.; Evrard, O.; Huon, S.; de Rouw, A.; Silvera, N.; Latsachack, K. O.; Soulileuth, B.; Lefevre, I.; Pierret, A.; Lacombe, Guillaume; Sengtaheuanghoung, O.; Valentin, C. 2017. From shifting cultivation to teak plantation: effect on overland flow and sediment yield in a montane tropical catchment. Scientific Reports, 7:1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04385-2]
Teak ; Plantations ; Sediment ; Shifting cultivation ; Overland flow ; Erosion ; Slopes ; Land use ; Land management ; Flow discharge ; Vegetation ; Catchment areas ; Rainfall-runoff relationships ; Infiltration ; Soil sampling / Southeastern Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048176)
(2.73 MB)
Soil erosion supplies large quantities of sediments to rivers of Southeastern Asia. It reduces soil fertility of agro-ecosystems located on hillslopes, and it degrades, downstream, water resource quality and leads to the siltation of reservoirs. An increase in the surface area covered with commercial perennial monocultures such as teak plantations is currently observed at the expanse of traditional slash-andburn cultivation systems in steep montane environments of these regions. The impacts of land-use change on the hydrological response and sediment yields have been investigated in a representative catchment of Laos monitored for 13 years. After the gradual conversion of rice-based shifting cultivation to teak plantation-based systems, overland flow contribution to stream flow increased from 16 to 31% and sediment yield raised from 98 to 609 Mg km-2. This result is explained by the higher kinetic energy of raindrops falling from the canopy, the virtual absence of understorey vegetation cover to dissipate drop energy and the formation of an impermeable surface crust accelerating the formation and concentration of overland flow. The 25-to-50% lower 137Cs activities measured in soils collected under mature teak plantations compared to soils under other land uses illustrate the severity of soil erosion processes occurring in teak plantations.
11 Dinka, M. O. 2017. Lake Basaka expansion: challenges for the sustainability of the Matahara Irrigation Scheme, Awash River Basin (Ethiopia). Irrigation and Drainage, 66(3):305-315. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2114]
Lakes ; Expansion ; Groundwater table ; Water quality ; Salinity ; Waterlogging ; Irrigation schemes ; Sustainability ; Landsat ; Imagery ; Spatial distribution ; Mapping ; Soil quality ; Soil fertility ; Agricultural production ; Sugarcane ; Plantations ; Productivity / Ethiopia / Lake Basaka / Awash River Basin / Matahara Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048188)
(0.91 MB)
The Matahara Sugar Estate (MSE), after nearly 60 years of irrigation, is experiencing the effects of waterlogging and salinization in some fields. The problem is believed to be the result of the expansion of (saline and alkaline) Lake Basaka towards the plantation fields. The objective of this study was to determine the geometry of the lake (area and shape) in roughly the past half- century (1957–2015) from both Landsat images and local information and then assess its negative effects on MSE’s soil and water quality. Monthly groundwater (GW) depth was monitored using piezometer tubes. Water and soil samples were collected from each of the piezometer locations and analysed for important physico-chemical parameters. The results indicate that the lake expanded approximately 47.3 km2 in the past half-century. The soil quality was found to be very poor in plantation sections with very shallow GW depth and severe salinity conditions. The lake, as revealed by the results, is intruding into the groundwater system of MSE on the Abadir side. Assuming continuation of the past trends, the lake is expected to inundate parts of MSE in the next few years and, hence, challenge the production and productivity of MSE significantly. The lake has the potential to join the Awash River, thereby impacting all downstream irrigation developments in the basin and the livelihood of the people depending on the water resources. As the area is situated in the uppermost part of Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, other factors are expected to exacerbate its expansion even in the future. Overall, the study results present the potential damage caused by the lake to MSE and provides valuable information for the reclamation measures to be taken for the sustainability of MSE.
12 Alemu, T.; Bahrndorff, S.; Hundera, K.; Alemayehu, E.; Ambelu, A. 2017. Effect of riparian land use on environmental conditions and riparian vegetation in the East African highland streams. Limnologica, 66:1-11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2017.07.001]
Riparian zones ; Land use ; Environmental effects ; Water quality ; Farmland ; Riparian vegetation ; Highlands ; Rivers ; Plantations ; Ecosystems ; Chemicophysical properties ; Principal component analysis / East Africa / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048292)
(0.43 MB)
Agricultural land use is expanding and at an accelerated rate. In Ethiopia, most of this expansion has occurred in highland areas and involve deforestation of natural riparian vegetation. However, the impacts on the water quality of streams are poorly understood, especially with regard to the influence of land use patterns on highland streams. In this study, we investigated the effects of land use modifications on the water quality and riparian condition of highland streams and examined whether the preservation of riparian vegetation would help mitigate the negative impacts of intensive agriculture practices. Our results show significant differences in the water quality of streams with different land use. Several parameters commonly used to indicate water quality, such as the concentrations of orthophosphate, turbidity, and suspended solids were significantly higher in the agricultural streams than in the forest stream. The preservation of riparian vegetation in the surrounding highland streams was associated with overall better riparian condition, floristic quality, and water quality such as lower turbidity, total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and higher dissolved oxygen. We conclude, that increases in vegetation cover improved riparian condition and water quality relative to other non-vegetated areas. Therefore, we strongly recommend the preservation of riparian vegetation in tropical highland streams surrounded by intensive agriculture. More studies on the effects of best management practices in areas dominated by agriculture can greatly improve our capacity to prevent the degradation of water quality in tropical highland streams of Africa.
13 Lacombe, Guillaume; Valentin, C.; Sounyafong, P.; de Rouw, A.; Soulileuth, B.; Silvera, N.; Pierret, A.; Sengtaheuanghoung, O.; Ribolzi, O. 2018. Linking crop structure, throughfall, soil surface conditions, runoff and soil detachment: 10 land uses analyzed in northern Laos. Science of the Total Environment, 616-617:1330-1338. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.185]
Crops ; Soil surface properties ; Erosion ; Runoff ; Sloping land ; Food security ; Plantations ; Vegetation ; Rain ; Infiltration ; Catchment areas ; Land useCrops ; Soil surface properties ; Erosion ; Runoff ; Sloping land ; Food security ; Plantations ; Vegetation ; Rain ; Infiltration ; Catchment areas ; Land use ; Sediment ; Concentrating ; Sediment ; Concentrating / Southeast Asia / Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048341)
In Montane Southeast Asia, deforestation and unsuitable combinations of crops and agricultural practices degrade soils at an unprecedented rate. Typically, smallholder farmers gain income from “available” land by replacing fallow or secondary forest by perennial crops. We aimed to understand how these practices increase or reduce soil erosion. Ten land uses were monitored in Northern Laos during the 2015 monsoon, using local farmers' fields. Experiments included plots of the conventional system (food crops and fallow), and land uses corresponding to new market opportunities (e.g. commercial tree plantations). Land uses were characterized by measuring plant cover and plant mean height per vegetation layer. Recorded meteorological variables included rainfall intensity, throughfall amount, throughfall kinetic energy (TKE), and raindrop size. Runoff coefficient, soil loss, and the percentage areas of soil surface types (free aggregates and gravel; crusts; macro-faunal, vegetal and pedestal features; plant litter) were derived from observations and measurements in 1-m2 micro-plots. Relationships between these variables were explored with multiple regression analyses. Our results indicate that TKE induces soil crusting and soil loss. By reducing rainfall infiltration, crusted area enhances runoff, which removes and transports soil particles detached by splash over non-crusted areas. TKE is lower under land uses reducing the velocity of raindrops and/or preventing an increase in their size. Optimal vegetation structures combine minimum height of the lowest layer (to reduce drop velocity at ground level) and maximum coverage (to intercept the largest amount of rainfall), as exemplified by broom grass (Thysanolaena latifolia). In contrast, high canopies with large leaves will increase TKE by enlarging raindrops, as exemplified by teak trees (Tectona grandis), unless a protective understorey exists under the trees. Policies that ban the burning of multi-layered vegetation structure under tree plantations should be enforced. Shade-tolerant shrubs and grasses with potential economic return could be promoted as understorey.
14 Miles, K.-L.; Suhardiman, Diana; Dwyer, M. B. 2018. State spaces of resistance: industrial tree plantations and the struggle for land in Laos. Antipode, 50(5): 1290-1310. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12391]
Trees ; Plantations ; Land grabbing ; Land use ; Land ownership ; Resource management ; Governance ; Investment ; Rural areas ; Political aspects ; Agriculture ; Case studies / Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048621)
Land grabbing has transformed rural environments across the global South, generating resistance or political reactions “from below”. In authoritarian countries like Laos, where resource investments are coercively developed and insulated from political dissent, resistance appears absent at first glance. Yet, it is occurring under the radar, largely outside transnational activist networks. In this article, we examine how resistance can protect access to rural lands in contexts where it is heavily repressed. Resistance here occurs with, rather than against the state by foregrounding the contradictions of land use and ownership within state spaces, such as competing goals of large-scale industrial plantations versus smallholder agriculture and national forest conservation. Such contradictions are engaged by using historical, place-based political connections to exploit the scalar frictions of a fragmented state and occupying plantation clearance sites to highlight contested lands in situ. Nonetheless, such strategies remain spatially and socially uneven amongst the Lao peasantry.
15 Evrard, O.; Ribolzi, O.; Huon, S.; de Rouw. A.; Silvera, N.; Latsachack, K. O.; Soulileuth, B.; Lefevre, I.; Lacombe, Guillaume; Sengtaheuanghoung, O.; Valentin, C. 2017. Conversion of traditional cropland into teak plantations strongly increased soil erosion in montane catchments of Southeastern Asia [Abstract only] Paper presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting (AGU), New Orleans, USA, 11-15 December 2017. 1p.
Erosion ; Sediment ; Land use ; Farmland ; Teak ; Plantations ; Catchment areas ; Stream flow ; Vegetation ; Local communities ; Agroforestry / Southeast Asia / Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048619)
Soil erosion delivers an excessive quantity of sediment to rivers of Southeastern Asia. Land use is rapidly changing in this region of the world, and these modifications may further accelerate soil erosion in this area. Although the conversion of forests into cropland has often been investigated, much fewer studies have addressed the replacement of traditional slash-and-burn cultivation systems with commercial perennial monocultures such as teak plantations. The current research investigated the impact of this land use change on the hydrological response and the sediment yields from a representative catchment of Northern Laos (Houay Pano, 0.6 km²) where longterm monitoring (2002-2014) was conducted (http://msec.obs-mip.fr/). The results showed a significant growth in the overland flow contribution to stream flow (from 16 to 31%). Furthermore, sediment yields strongly increased from 98 to 609 Mg km-2. These changes illustrate the severity of soil erosion processes occurring under teak plantations characterized by the virtual absence of understorey vegetation to dissipate raindrop energy, which facilitates the formation of an impermeable surface crust. This counter-intuitive increase of soil erosion generated by afforestation reflects the difficulty to find sustainable production solutions for the local populations of Southeastern Asia. To reduce soil loss under teak plantations, the development of extensive agro-forestry practices could be promoted.
16 Hunsberger, C.; Work, C.; Herre, R. 2018. Linking climate change strategies and land conflicts in Cambodia: evidence from the Greater Aural Region. World Development, 108:309-320. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.008]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Land conflicts ; Cooperation ; Irrigation programs ; Crop production ; Sugarcane ; Cassava ; Plantations ; Biofuels ; Ecological factors / Cambodia / Greater Aural Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048851)
(1.99 MB)
This paper investigates how climate change strategies and resource conflicts are shaping each other in the Greater Aural region of western Cambodia. Agro-industrial projects linked to climate change goals are reshaping both social and ecological dynamics, by altering patterns of access to land and water resources as well as the nature of the resources themselves. Using a landscape perspective, we investigate these social and ecological changes occurring across space and time. Drawing on data from community researchers, field visits, interviews and secondary sources, we examine two kinds of connections between climate change responses and resource conflicts in the Greater Aural: 1) demand for biofuels as a driver of flex crop expansion; and 2) the construction of irrigation infrastructure as a climate change adaptation strategy. Findings include that some impacts of flex crop expansion and irrigation systems are local and immediate, for example when villagers lose land, plantation workers are not paid, and cassava processing pollutes local water supplies. Other impacts are transferred to different locations or deferred to the future, for example when changes in water quality and quantity affect those living downstream, or when soil degraded by cassava production becomes unproductive for future generations. We conclude that climate change strategies are now deeply entangled with resource conflicts in the Greater Aural region. Adopting a landscape perspective and working directly with community researchers opens new pathways for identifying not only site-specific, but also cumulative and shifting impacts of climate change strategies and their relationship to resource conflicts.
17 Ayundyahrini, M.; Susanto, D. A.; Febriansyah, H.; Rizanulhaq, F. M.; Aditya, G. H. 2023. Smart farming: integrated solar water pumping irrigation system in Thailand. EVERGREEN Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy, 10(1):553-563. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5109/6782161]
Solar energy ; Solar powered irrigation systems ; Photovoltaic systems ; Pumping ; Irrigation systems ; Technology ; Plantations ; Farmers ; Farming systems ; Water storage / Thailand / Buriram
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052004)
https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/6782161/p553-563.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052004.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052004.pdf
(1.73 MB) (1.73 MB)
The solar water pump is a system that uses electrical energy from the sun's light source. This technology has begun to be developed and applied to various aspects, one of which is the agricultural and plantation irrigation system in the concept of smart farming. The application of SWPS, which is user-friendly, easy to monitor and control, easy and inexpensive to maintain, and provides many benefits, makes this technology widely applied in the agricultural and plantation sectors, one of which is Thailand. This study aims to determine the application and usefulness of SWPS in agricultural and plantation irrigation, which is integrated into the smart farming concept. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Collecting data is done through direct observation of SWPS users, while the analysis is carried out descriptively. Thailand uses SWPS in agricultural and plantation irrigation systems to support food security as part of implementing smart farming. SWPS has proven to be effective and efficient in providing water for irrigation. This technology is easy to operate and maintain and is inexpensive to maintain. The application of SWPS is also very much cheaper when compared to the use of diesel to drive pumps in agriculture or plantations, where the need is relatively high. Applying SWPS irrigation systems benefits farmers in terms of increasing the productivity of agricultural products, increasing income, increasing the efficiency of agricultural processes, and improving product quality.
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