Your search found 54 records
1 Hanjra, M. A.; Blackwell, J.; Carr, G.; Zhang, F.; Jackson, T. M. 2012. Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: implications for water governance and public policy. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215(3):255-269. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003]
Wastewater irrigation ; Risks ; Environmental health ; Water governance ; Public policy ; Water demand ; Climate change ; Carbon ; Urbanization ; Poverty ; Crop production ; Nutrients ; Public health ; Economic analysis ; Social aspects ; Soil salinity ; Aquaculture
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045598)
(0.24 MB)
Climate change is a large-scale and emerging environmental risk. It challenges environmental health and the sustainability of global development. Wastewater irrigation can make a sterling contribution to reducing water demand, recycling nutrients, improving soil health and cutting the amount of pollutants discharged into the waterways. However, the resource must be carefully managed to protect the environment and public health. Actions promoting wastewater reuse are every where, yet the frameworks for the protection of human health and the environment are lacking in most developing countries. Global change drivers including climate change, population growth, urbanization, income growth, improvements in living standard, industrialization, and energy intensive lifestyle will all heighten water management challenges. Slowing productivity growth, falling investment in irrigation, loss of biodiversity, risks to public health, environmental health issues such as soil salinity, land degradation, land cover change and water quality issues add an additional layer of complexity. Against this backdrop, the potential for wastewater irrigation and its benefits and risks are examined. These include crop productivity, aquaculture, soil health, groundwater quality, environmental health, public health, infrastructure constraints, social concerns and risks, property values, social equity, and poverty reduction. It is argued that, wastewater reuse and nutrient capture can contribute towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. Benefits such as avoided freshwater pumping and energy savings, fertilizer savings, phosphorous capture and prevention of mineral fertilizer extraction from mines can reduce carbon footprint and earn carbon credits. Wastewater reuse in agriculture reduces the water footprint of food production on the environment; it also entails activities such as higher crop yields and changes in cropping patterns, which also reduce carbon footprint. However, there is a need to better integrate water reuse into core water governance frameworks in order to effectively address the challenges and harness the potential of this vital resource for environmental health protection. The paper also presents a blueprint for future water governance and public policies for the protection of environmental health.
2 Fitzgerald, J.; Cunliffe, D.; Rainow, S.; Dodds, S.; Hoestetler, S.; Jacobson, G. 2000. Groundwater quality and environmental health implications, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands, South Australia. Canberra, Australia: Bureau of Rural Sciences. 89p.
Groundwater resources ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Environmental health ; Salinity ; Groundwater treatment ; Water supply ; Geology / South Australia / Pitjantjatjara Lands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 FIT Record No: H045972)
(0.48 MB)
3 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013. Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana. [Abstract only]. In Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Delivering water, sanitation and hygiene services in an uncertain environment: preprints of the 36th WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. Abstracts of papers. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC); Leicestershire, UK: Loughborough University. pp.72.
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Faeces ; Sanitation ; Environmental health / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046002)
(0.16 MB)
4 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013. Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana. Paper presented at the 36th WEDC [Water, Engineering and Development Centre] International Conference on Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. 5p.
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Faeces ; Sanitation ; Environmental health ; Developing countries ; Case studies ; Composts ; Nutrients ; Fertilizers / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046059)
(0.71 MB)
5 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Pfaff, A.; Bennear, L.; Tarozzi, A.; Ahmed, K. M.; Schoenfeld, A.; Van Geen, A. 2014. Evolution of households’ responses to the groundwater arsenic crisis in Bangladesh: information on environmental health risks can have increasing behavioral impact over time. Environment and Development Economics, 19:631-647. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X13000612]
Arsenic ; Groundwater ; Environmental health ; Health hazards ; Households ; Wells ; Drinking water / Bangladesh / Araihazar Upazila
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046376)
(0.31 MB)
A national campaign of well testing through 2003 enabled households in rural Bangladesh to switch, at least for drinking water, from high-arsenic wells to neighboring lower arsenic wells. We study the well-switching dynamics over time by re-interviewing, in 2008, a randomly selected subset of households in the Araihazar region who had been interviewed in 2005. Contrary to concerns that the impact of arsenic information on switching behavior would erode over time, we find that not only was 2003–2005 switching highly persistent but also new switching by 2008 doubled the share of households at unsafe wells who had switched. The passage of time also had a cost: 22 per cent of households did not recall test results by 2008. The loss of arsenic knowledge led to staying at unsafe wells and switching from safe wells. Our results support ongoing well testing for arsenic to reinforce this beneficial information.
6 Yakubov, Murat. 2012. The 2011 impact study report: project impacts on the population-at-large (kitchen gardeners' perspective). Report prepared under the project Integrated Water Resources Management in Fergana Valley, phase IV. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: International Water management institute (IWMI); Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). 64p.
Impact assessment ; Project design ; Measurement ; Rural population ; Gender ; Households ; Income ; Domestic gardens ; Water use ; Canals ; Crop production ; Water user associations ; Irrigation water ; Environmental health / Central Asia / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Uzbekistan / Ferghana Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046469)
(1.63 MB)
7 Cofie, Olufunke; Van Rooijen, D.; Nikiema, Josiane. 2014. Challenges and opportunities for recycling excreta for peri-urban agriculture in urbanising countries. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.301-310. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Suburban agriculture ; Urban agriculture ; Urban areas ; Sanitation ; Health hazards ; Excreta ; Faecal coliforms ; Waste treatment ; Urine ; Recycling ; Organic fertilizers ; Composting ; Food production ; Environmental health / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046582)
(0.36 MB)
As urbanisation increases, so does the challenge of meeting water, sanitation and food requirements in urban areas. In particular, the management of human excreta from on-site sanitation facilities remains a challenge and continues to endanger public health and degrades the environment through soil and water pollution. Yet much of the excreta consist of organic matter and nutrients that are valuable inputs for agriculture. Recycling in agriculture has often neglected the recovery of nutrients and organic matter in faecal sludge collected from on-site sanitation facilities in developing countries. Exploring the high proportion of resources in excreta can provide a win–win strategy by reducing the environmental pollution, enhancing soil fertility and therefore improving livelihoods. Challenges to maximising these benefits include: type of sanitation facility used in developing countries, nature of faecal materials, prevailing treatment technologies which are usually designed for waste disposal not for reuse, institutional and market factors as well as negative perceptions regarding excreta use in agriculture. Nevertheless, urban and peri-urban agriculture presents a good opportunity for nutrient recycling, provided that technological and socio-economic strategies for optimum recovery are taken into account. The paper concludes with a description of successful recycling options that can contribute to improving farm productivity, using evidence from Ghana.
8 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) 2014. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 247p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.219]
Irrigated farming ; Urban agriculture ; Suburban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Risk management ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cropping systems ; Food security ; Food supply ; Sanitation ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water policy ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Households ; Income ; Marketing ; Gender ; Women farmers ; Land tenure ; Soil fertility ; Biological contamination ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Environmental health ; Sustainability ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Malaria ; Stakeholders / Ghana / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046597)
(3.76 MB)
9 Sri Lanka. Ministry of Urban Development, Construction and Public Utilities. 2001. National framework for rural water supply and sanitation sector development plan. UNDP Assisted National Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Facilitation Programme. Prepared by Business Management Bureau (BMB) Lanka. Draft. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Urban Development, Construction and Public Utilities. 54p.
Water supply ; Rural areas ; Rural communities ; Sanitation ; Development plans ; Stakeholders ; Public participation ; Waterborne diseases ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Environmental health ; Social aspects ; Women ; Pollution control ; Planning ; Management ; Capacity building ; Projects / Sri Lanka / Anuradhapura District / Badulla District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 628.72 G744 SRI Record No: H046347)
(0.16 MB)
10 Khouma, M.; Ndour, Y.; Ndong, M. S.; Niang, Y.; Dial, M.; Niang, I.; Diagne, M. O.; Fall, J. P. Y.; Padgham, J. 2014. Knowledge assessment on climate change and urban and peri-urban agriculture in Dakar, Senegal. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.341-354. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Climate change ; Urban agriculture ; Suburban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Farmers ; Assessment ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Environmental health ; Wastewater ; Public health ; Population growth / Senegal / Dakar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047045)
This chapter examines the biophysical, socio-economic, environmental and human health dimensions of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Dakar city (Senegal) and identifies structural threats to urban agriculture, including those already induced, or have the potential to be induced, by climate change. Urban agriculture, which provides an important source of fresh vegetables and other fresh products for the city is being increasingly marginalised due to a combination of factors including diminished soil and water quality, increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall, urban encroachment and pollution from industrial sources. A lack of clearly defined roles and responsibilities between local and national governments hinders the ability to protect urban agricultural land from urban encroachment and a lack of access to credit by farmers adds to their ability to cope with the multitude of other pressures. Dakar is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the northern, western and southern sides with no room for expansion, including any potential expansion of urban agriculture. Ground water in this urban zone is steadily deteriorating due to nitrate pollution of shallow groundwater in soil aquifers combined with increasing saltwater intrusion. Recycling of untreated wastewater for use in urban agriculture, a common practice in Dakar and other cities in Africa has increased the incidence of food-borne contamination. For example, recent microbial sampling of water showed a very high proportion of sites (87 %) with contamination levels above World Health Organisation standards for irrigation without restriction. Solid and liquid waste management is one of the biggest problems Dakar is facing as are many other cities of developing countries. Climate change will further impact urban agriculture. Shortening of cold periods favorable to vegetable cropping in semi-arid areas, increasingly hotter summers, more frequent flooding and drought periods, and higher incidence of pest and diseases are among the potential impacts of climate change. Coastal zones of the city are particularly under threat due to the rising sea level with negative consequences of coastal erosion and salt-water intrusion in lowlands. Projection models show a strong warming trend in the region. Conversely, there is no agreed trend of rainfall prediction at present but deficits are anticipated by general circulation models. Adaptation strategies of farmers include lifting the ground surface with landfill in order to better cope with flooding (specifically for flower cultivation), development of soil and soilless micro gardens in boxes, crop diversification and use of hybrid seeds. Urban agriculture has the potential to contribute to climate change adaptation through reinforcement of urban agricultural systems resilience, water recycling, buffering thermal and hydraulic shocks, providing safe and nutritious food, recycling wastes and conserving biodiversity. Despite its huge potential to reduce poverty and make the city more resilient to impacts from climate change, urban agriculture is not high on the urban planning agenda. Recommendations are formulated towards taking into consideration urban agriculture in national and local planning, strengthening capacities of stakeholders and awareness at all levels of society on the economic, social and environmental role of urban agriculture can play in sustainable development and greening of the city and its economy.
11 Saldias, C.; Speelman, S.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; van Huylenbroeck, G. 2015. Institutional and policy analysis of wastewater (re)use for agriculture: case study Hyderabad, India. Water Science and Technology, 72(2):322-331. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.220]
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water user associations ; Water pollution ; Water policy ; Water law ; Water governance ; Corporate culture ; Policy making ; Agriculture ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Legal aspects ; Regulations ; Case studies / India / Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047104)
(0.22 MB)
Wastewater constitutes an alternative water source for the irrigation sector. To fully benefit from it, and reduce possible adverse effects on public health and the environment, we need to look at the regulation of the practice. A prerequisite for this is an institutional analysis, and the points to consider are the institutional mandates. We used the city of Hyderabad, India, as a case study. There, irrigation with wastewater is not supported or recognized, but it happens in practice. It takes place in an indirect and unplanned way. Institutions fail at enforcing regulations, and little attention is given to formalization of the practice. With this article, we aim to untangle the institutional setup, and by doing so, identify the constraints surrounding development of a formal practice. Ultimately, we aim at contributing to the discussion on the agricultural use of wastewater.
12 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. 2015. Agriculture in the rural-urban continuum: a CGIAR research perspective. Agriculture for Development, 26:14-19.
Urban agriculture ; Periurban agriculture ; Rural areas ; Peri urban areas ; Urban areas ; CGIAR ; Research institutions ; Food security ; Food supply ; Irrigated farming ; Urban wastes ; Water pollution ; Sanitation ; Ecosystem services ; Vegetables ; Environmental health / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047347)
http://www.taa.org.uk/assets/pubs/Ag4Dev26%20_Winter_for_Web.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047347.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047347.pdf
(0.38 MB) (6.71 MB)
Thirsty and hungry cities are posing significant challenges for the urban-rural interface ranging from food security to inter-sectoral water allocation. Not only is the supply of resources to urban centres a growing challenge in low-income countries, but even more is the urban return flow, as investments in waste management and sanitation, ie the ‘ultimate food waste’, are not able to keep pace with population growth. And where polluted water is used in irrigation to feed the cities, food safety is becoming a crucial component of food security. Most affected by resource competition and pollution are the urban and peri-urban farming systems which are often driven by the informal sector. Urban waste is not only a challenge but also offers opportunities. It is in this interface between agriculture and sanitation where the CGIAR operates through its research programme on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), addressing both the challenges and opportunities of urbanisation: by exploring novel perspectives and solutions to respond to changing population dynamics, resource demands, centralised water and nutrient flows, and ecosystem services under pressure.
13 Seager, J.; Bechtel, J.; Bock, S.; Dankelman, I.; Fordham, M.; Gabizon, S.; Thuy Trang, N.; Perch, L.; Qayum, S.; Roehr, U.; Schoolmeester, T.; Steinbach, R.; Watts, M.; Wendland, C.; Aguilar, L.; Alvarez, I.; Araujo, K.; Basnett, B. S.; Bauer, J.; Bowser, G.; Caterbow, A.; Corendea, C.; Donners, A.; Dutta, S.; Halle, S.; halainen, M.; Ismawati, Y.; Joshi, D.; Kiwala, L.; Kolbeinsdottir, L.; van Koppen, Barbara. 2016. Global gender and environment outlook. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 233p.
Gender ; Women's participation ; Equity ; Environmental sustainability ; Environmental effects ; Environmental health ; Environmental policy ; Sustainable development ; Food production ; Food security ; Food policy ; Agricultural production ; Domestic water ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water use ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Wastewater treatment ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Energy generation ; Energy management ; Energy consumption ; Renewable energy ; Marine areas ; Coastal area ; Rural communities ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Living standards ; Pollutants ; Contamination ; Forest resources ; Forest degradation ; Forest management ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Disasters ; Conflict ; Health hazards ; Households ; Land ownership
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047666)
http://uneplive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/gender_and_environment_outlook.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047666.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047666.pdf
(76.06 MB)
14 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Evans, E.; Ahmed, R.; Habib, A.; Asad, N. S. M.; Rahman, M.; Hasan, M.; Dey, D.; Camargo-Valero, M.; Rao, Krishna Chaitanya; Fernando, Sudarshana. 2017. Take it away: the need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit latrines. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 7(1):121-128. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.073]
Faecal sludge ; Waste disposal ; Waste management ; Pit latrines ; Sanitation ; Rural areas ; Household wastes ; Transport infrastructure ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Environmental health / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048079)
The government of Bangladesh is increasingly paying attention to the safe collection and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas. In this paper, we report on current sludge disposal practices from single-pit latrines, by conducting a survey of 1,091 households with pit latrines in a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh. Almost all households were using their pits, and 90% reported that hiring pit emptiers to empty the pit for reuse was the dominant pit management practice. However, 90% of households also reported that the sludge from these pits would be disposed of in the vicinity of their homes, by digging wide and shallow troughs in the soil to absorb the sludge. These results indicate an urgent need to design an organized service that safely transports fecal sludge away for treatment. The National Committee for Fecal Sludge Management, constituted by the government of Bangladesh, is using these results to design policy for sludge management.
15 Otoo, Miriam; Rao, Krishna; Taron, Avinandan. 2015. Synthesis report on feasibility assessment for the implementation of RRR [resource recovery and reuse] business models proposed for Kampala. Report output of a part of Resource Recovery and Reuse project: from research to implementation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 73p.
Resource recovery ; Feasibility studies ; Assessment ; Business management ; Market structure ; Environmental health ; Environmental impact assessment ; Risk assessment ; Urban wastes ; Solid wastes ; liquid wastes ; Waste management ; Waste disposal ; Wastewater irrigation ; Waste water treatment plants ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Faecal sludge ; Nutrients ; Organic fertilizers ; Soil conditioners ; State intervention ; Economic aspects ; Industrial wastes ; Briquettes ; Energy generation ; Cost recovery ; Composting ; Economic analysis / Uganda / Kampala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048064)
(1.66 MB)
16 Saad, D.; Byrne, D.; Drechsel, Pay. 2017. Social perspectives on the effective management of wastewater. In Farooq, R.; Ahmad, Z. (Eds.). Physico-chemical wastewater treatment and resource recovery. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. pp.253-267. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/67312]
Sociology ; Social participation ; Public participation ; Community involvement ; Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Gender ; Waste disposal ; Food security ; Water security ; Water demand ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Health hazards
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048125)
(2.20 MB)
The chapter discusses how adopting a holistic methodology that acknowledges socio-logical factors, including community participation, public involvement, social perception, attitudes, gender roles and public acceptance, would lead to improvements in wastewater management practice. It highlights the social dimension as a tool, a lens through which wastewater management and reuse can take on new dimensions. In this way, this chapter aims to shift the focus from perceiving wastewater as a nuisance that needs disposal, toward a resource not to be wasted, which can contribute to food security, human and environmental health, access to energy as well as water security.
17 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H.; Burke, J. 2017. Water pollution from agriculture: a global review. Executive summary. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 35p.
Water pollution ; Water quality ; Agriculture ; Environmental health ; Livestock production ; Food production ; Food consumption ; Intensification ; Farming systems ; Cropping systems ; Crop production ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Pesticides ; Aquaculture ; Nutrients ; Pollutants ; Salts ; Sediment ; Organic matter ; Pathogens ; Food wastes
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048244)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/wle/fao/water-pollution-from-agriculture-a-global-review.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048244.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048244.pdf
(3.02 MB) (3.02 MB)
18 Hanjra, Munir A.; Drechsel, Pay; Masundire, H. M. 2017. Urbanization, water quality and water reuse. In Lautze, Jonathan; Phiri, Z.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Saruchera, D. (Eds.). 2017. The Zambezi River Basin: water and sustainable development. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.158-174. (Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Urbanization ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Human behaviour ; Wastewater treatment ; Environmental protection ; Sustainable development ; Waste disposal ; Solid wastes ; Sanitation ; Public health ; Mining ; Environmental health / Africa / Angola / Botswana / Malawi / Mozambique / Nambia / Tanzania / Zambia / Zambizi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048277)
19 Dickens, Chris; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Nhamo, Luxon. 2017. Guidelines and indicators for Target 6.6 of the SDGs: “change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time” Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 56p.
Sustainable development ; Ecosystem services ; Guidelines ; Indicators ; Monitoring ; Marshes ; Swamps ; Wetlands ; Forests ; Paddy fields ; Peatlands ; Mangroves ; Lakes ; Ponds ; Rivers ; Groundwater ; Earth observation satellites ; Remote sensing ; Water quality ; Flow discharge ; Stream flow ; Reservoirs ; Environmental health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048340)
20 Kabilov, F. 2017. Local water management in Tajikistan: legal framework. Central Asian Journal of Water Research, 3(2):73-88.
Water management ; Water user associations ; Water law ; Water supply ; Water rates ; Irrigation systems ; Farmers ; Environmental health / Central Asia / Tajikistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048517)
http://www.water-ca.org/article/3214-local-water-management-in-tajikistan-legal-framework
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048517.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048517.pdf
Water management plays an important role in the economy of Central Asian states. With the transition into the post-Soviet era, the States implemented several phases of agricultural reforms. The establishment of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Tajikistan started in the 1990s following the implementation of the first phase of Land Reforms in 1998-2000. Main purposes of creating such WUAs, often initiated and supported by international donors, are to operate, maintain and use on-farm irrigation system with the purpose of on-time, adequate and reliable water supply to its water users. No reforms take place in a vacuum. An effective legislative framework is needed to support new initiatives and institutional settings. While being a separate legal entity, a WUAhas certain obligations both provided in law and in the contracts they sign. These obligations then are transformed into liabilities, when non-performance or mal-performance occur. Therefore, it is important to know what the law says about the chain of water management and the relationships involved, where WUA stands as an intermediate institution between State water organizations and farmers, the ultimate water users. This paper will look into these legal settings and endeavours to explain the complex nature of local water management in Tajikistan from the perspective of the law.
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