Your search found 5 records
1 Garg, K. K.; Bharati, Luna; Gaur, A.; George, B.; Acharya, Sreedhar; Jella, Kiran; Narasimhan, B. 2012. Spatial mapping of agricultural water productivity using the SWAT model in upper Bhima catchment, India. Irrigation and Drainage, 61(1):60-79. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.618]
Water productivity ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation programs ; Crop production ; Mapping ; Simulation models ; Hydrology ; Models ; Water balance ; River basins ; Economic aspects / India / Upper Bhima River Basin / Ujjani Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043722)
(1.99 MB)
The Upper Bhima River Basin is facing both episodic and chronic water shortages due to intensive irrigation development. The main objective of this study was to characterize the hydrologic processes of the Upper Bhima River Basin and assess crop water productivity using the distributed hydrologic model, SWAT. Rainfall within the basin varies from 450 to 5000 mm in a period of 3–4 months. The basin has an average rainfall of 711 mm (32 400 Mm 3 (million cubic metres)) in a normal year, of which 12.8% (4150 Mm 3 ) and 21% (6800 Mm 3) are captured by the reservoirs and groundwater reserves, respectively, 7% (2260 Mm 3 (exported as runoff out of the basin and the rest (63%) used in evapotranspiration. Agricultural water productivity for sugarcane, sorghum and millet were estimated as 2.90, 0.51 and 0.30 kg m¯3, respectively, which were signi cantly lower than the potential and global maximum in the basin and warrant further improvement. Various scenarios involving different cropping patterns were tested with the goal of increasing economic water productivity values in the Ujjani Irrigation Scheme. Analysis suggests that maximization of the area by provision of supplemental irrigation to rainfed areas as well as better on-farm water management practices can provide opportunities for improving water productivity.
2 Garg, K. K.; Karlberg, L.; Wani, S. P.; Berndes, G. 2011. Jatropha production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade-offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5(4):410-430. [doi: https://doi.org/ 0.1002/bbb.312]
Waste land ; Jatropha ; Water management ; Water balance ; Soil management ; Watersheds ; Biofuels ; Evapotranspiration ; Sedimentation ; Sediment transport ; Runoff ; Models ; Erosion ; Income ; Farmers ; Water users ; Ecosystems / India / Andhra Pradesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044739)
(1.14 MB)
Biofuel production from feedstocks grown on wastelands is considered a means of addressing concerns about climate change and improving energy security while at the same time providing an additional source of income for the land users. The establishment of biomass plantations on wastelands is likely to affect local livelihoods and can affect surrounding ecosystems by infl uencing hydrologic fl ows and processes such as erosion. We present an assessment of Jatropha plantation establishment on wastelands, using the ArcSWAT modeling tool. The assessment was made for a wasteland located in the Velchal watershed, Andhra Pradesh, India, which recently was converted to a biofuel plantation with Jatropha. The previous land use, in this case grazing, could continue in the Jatropha plantations. Several desirable effects occurred as a result of the land-use conversion: non-productive soil evaporation was reduced as a larger share of the rainfall was channeled to productive plant transpiration and groundwater recharge, and at the same time a more stable (less erosive) runoff resulted in reduced soil erosion and improved downstream water conditions. A win-win situation between improved land productivity and soil carbon content was observed for the Jatropha plantations. On the other hand, the results indicate that at the sub-basin scale, reductions in runoff generation as a result of large-scale conversion of wastelands to Jatropha cropping may pose problems to downstream water users and ecosystems. From a livelihoods perspective, Jatropha production was generally positive, creating a complementary source of income to the farmers, thus strengthening the resilience of the local community. In the future, the potential gain from Jatropha cropping is expected to increase as cropping systems improve and growing biofuel markets result in better conditions for biofuel producers.
3 Karlberg, L.; Garg, K. K.; Barron, J.; Wani, S. P. 2015. Impacts of agricultural water interventions on farm income: an example from the Kothapally Watershed, India. Agricultural Systems, 136:30-38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.02.002]
Agriculture ; Water management ; Farm income ; Watersheds ; Hydrology ; Models ; Supplemental irrigation ; Cropping systems ; Cotton ; Sorghum ; Onions ; Soil depth ; Soil management ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Rain / India / Andhra Pradesh / Kothapally Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047009)
(2.52 MB)
Agricultural water interventions (AWI), e.g. in-situ soil and water conservation strategies, irrigation, and damming of rivers to increase groundwater recharge, have been suggested as important strategies to improve yields in tropical agriculture. Although the biophysical implications of AWIs have been well investigated, the coupling between the biophysical changes and the economic implications thereof is less well understood. In this study we translate the results from a hydrological model, SWAT, on crop yields for different cropping systems with and without agricultural water interventions, to hypothetical farm incomes for a watershed, Kothapally, located in Andhra Pradesh, India. It was found that on average, AWI signifi- cantly improved farm incomes by enabling the cultivation of a high value crop during the monsoon season (cotton), supplementary irrigated to bridge dry spells and replacing a traditional crop (sorghum), and also by enhancing the capacity to produce dry season, fully irrigated vegetable crops, in this case exemplified by onion. AWI combined with cotton resulted in more than a doubling of farm incomes compared to traditional sorghum-based systems without AWI during normal and wet years (i.e. for 75% of the years). Interestingly, we observed that the difference between the AWI system and the no intervention system was larger during years of high average rainfall compared to dry years. It was also found that access to irrigation was more important for farm income than crop choice and AWI per se, and thus farms with access irrigation benefitted more from AWI compared to farmers lacking access to irrigation. In conclusion, we suggest that in order to assess equity aspects in terms of farm income generation following the implementation of an AWI project, there is a need for income analyses at the farm level, since income estimates at the watershed level may mask important differences in economic benefits between farms.
4 Garg, K. K.; Singh, R.; Anantha, K. H.; Singh, A. K.; Akuraju, V. R.; Barron, J.; Dev, I.; Tewari, R. K.; Wani, S. P.; Dhyani, S. K.; Dixit, S. 2020. Building climate resilience in degraded agricultural landscapes through water management: a case study of Bundelkhand Region, Central India. Journal of Hydrology, 591:125592. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125592]
Climate change ; Resilience ; Agricultural landscape ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater recharge ; Living standards ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water balance ; Water availability ; Watersheds ; Rainfed agriculture ; Agricultural productivity ; Intensification ; Crop yield ; Monitoring ; Household income ; Semiarid zones ; Case studies / India / Uttar Pradesh / Bundelkhand / Jhansi / Parasai-Sindh Watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050132)
(6.72 MB)
Rainfall variability and water scarcity continue to hamper the food and income security of smallholder farming systems in poverty-affected regions. Innovations in soil and water management, especially in the drylands, are critical for meeting food security and water productivity targets of Agenda 2030. This study analyzes how rainfed agriculture can be intensified with marginal impact on the landscape water balance. The impact of rainwater harvesting structures on landscape hydrology and associated agricultural services was analyzed in the semi-arid Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region in central India. The Parasai-Sindh pilot watershed was subjected to a 5-year (2012–2016) monitoring of rainfed system improvements in water availability and crop intensification due to surface water storage (haveli system), check dams, and field infiltration structures. Hydrological processes were monitored intensively to analyze the landscape’s water balance components. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures altered the landscape’s hydrology, limiting average surface runoff from 250 mm/year to 150 mm/year over the study period. Groundwater levels increased by 2–5 m (m), alleviating water scarcity issues of the communities in recurring dry years. Nearly 20% of fallow lands were brought under cultivation. Crop yields increased by 10–70% and average household income increased from US$ 960/year to US$ 2700/year compared to that in the non-intervention landscape. The combined soil–water–vegetation efforts strengthened water resilience and environmental systems in agricultural landscape.
5 Wable, P. S.; Garg, K. K.; Nune, R; Venkataradha, A.; Anantha, K. H.; Srinivasan, V.; Ragab, R.; Rowan, J.; Keller, V.; Majumdar, P.; Rees, G.; Singh, R.; Dixit, S. 2022. Impact of agricultural water management interventions on upstream-downstream trade-offs in the Upper Cauvery Catchment, southern India: a modelling study. Irrigation and Drainage, 71(2):472-494. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2662]
Agriculture ; Water management ; Catchment areas ; Upstream ; Downstream ; Water balance ; Water reservoirs ; Runoff ; Land use ; Land cover ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Rain ; Models / India / Karnataka / Upper Cauvery Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051055)
(89.40 MB)
The Cauvery basin in southern India is experiencing transboundary issues due to increasing water demand. This study analysed water balance components and the impact of agricultural water management (AWM) interventions in the upper Cauvery catchment of the Cauvery basin. Results showed that the study catchment receives an average of 1280 mm of annual rainfall. Of this, 29% (370 mm) flows downstream, 54% (700 mm) contributes to evapotranspiration (ET) and 17% (215 mm) contributes to groundwater recharge and surface storage. Rainfall varies from 700 to 5400 mm and the Western Ghats (mountain pass) are the main source of freshwater generation. The estimated ET in different catchments ranged from 500 to 900 mm per annum. An increase in the allocation of fresh water supplied by all three reservoirs (Hemavathi, Harangi and KRS) was observed in the canal command areas, from 1450 million cubic metres (MCM) yr ¹ in 1971–1980 to 3800 MCM yr ¹ in 2001–2010. AWM interventions harvested 140–160 MCM (13–20 mm) of surface runoff upstream of the upper Cauvery and reduced inflow into the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir by 2–6%. The study findings are useful for designing and planning suitable water management interventions at basin scale.
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