Your search found 13 records
1 Smith, S. 2003. Ten things to know before buying a filter. Irrigation Australia, 18(1):14-15.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H031636)
2 Ferraresi, M.; Todini, E.; Vignoli, R. 1996. A solution to the inverse problem in groundwater hydrology based on Kalman filtering. Journal of Hydrology, 175:567-581.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037883)
3 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, F.; Vreugdenhil, R. C. 2008. Potential of simple filters to improve microbial quality of irrigation water used in urban vegetable farming in Ghana. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A43: 749–755.
Urban agriculture ; Vegetables ; Filtration ; Filters ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.1 G200 KER Record No: H041142)
Irrigation water used for growing vegetables in urban areas in many low- income countries is contaminated with untreated wastewater. Many wastewater treatment methods are economically prohibitive and continued use of such irrigation water pose health risks for vegetable consumers and farmers. As part of a larger study on possible interventions for health risk reduction, the potential of simple interventions was explored. Column slow sand filters with three levels of sand depths (0.5 m, 0.75mand 1m) and fabric filters made of nylon, cotton and netting were assessed. More than 600 water samples were analyzed for helminth eggs and thermotolerant coliforms. Flow rates were also measured. From slow sand filters, 71–96% of helminths and 2 log units (from 7 to 5 log units) of thermotolerant coliforms were removed. Sand depths had no significant influence in the removal. Lower removal rates were achieved by fabric filters, with an average removal of 12–62% for helminth eggs and 1 log unit for thermotolerant coliforms. Nylon filters had higher removal rates especially for helminth eggs (58%). Average flow rates for sand filters were 3 m per day and abric filters had steady flows of about 1.5 liters per second, but flow reduced with time in cotton filters. The simple filters tested improved the microbial quality of irrigation water and could easily be used in combination with other interventions to further reduce health risks. The unit cost of the filters tested also appear acceptable to farmers and some incentives like better prices will motivate many farmers to invest in such simple interventions.
4 Assayed, M.; Suleiman, W.; Hayek, B.; Dalahmeh, S. 2008. Meeting the Dublin principles in graywater management in rural communities in the northeastern Badia of Jordan. In Qadir, Manzoor (Ed.) 2008. Sustainable management of wastewater for agriculture: proceedings of the First Bridging Workshop, Aleppo, Syria, 11-15 November 2007. Aleppo, Syria: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) pp.32-43.
Water resource management ; Rural communities ; Community involvement ; Research projects ; Wastewater management ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Filters ; Wastewater treatment ; Women / Jordan / Northeastern Badia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 GG30 QAD Record No: H042140)
http://www.icarda.org/Announcement/2009/Int_Workshop_on_Saline_Water/2008ProcFirstBridgingWorkshop.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041867.pdf
5 Ridderstolpe, P. 2004. Introduction to greywater management. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute; Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Research and Development project EcoSanRes. 19p. (EcoSanRes Publications Series Report 2004-4)
Wastewater management ; Households ; Water quality ; Pollution control ; Storage structures ; Tanks ; Wastewater treatment ; Filters ; Construction ; Infiltration ; Pipes ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation systems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042305)
http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/ESR_Publications_2004/ESR4web.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042305.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042305.pdf
(2.20 MB)
The aim of the report is to give a comprehensive description of the main components in successful greywater management. The system perspective is emphasized, i.e. to prevent pollution by measures at the point of origin as well as using appropriate techniques for purifying water with the endeavour to reuse it or return it to nature in a responsible way. Examples as well as recommendations are given for designing and dimensioning treatment systems. It should be stressed that there is still little knowledge and experience of greywater treatment in urban areas and in different climates. Most experiences are from cold climate regions, but the rapid ongoing development in ecosan throughout the world will probably bring about a lot of new insights in the field in the coming years.
6 Kuffour, A. R.; Awuah, E.; Anyemedu, F. O. K.; Strauss, M.; Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2009. Effect of using different particle sizes of sand as filter media for dewatering faecal sludge. Desalination, 248(1-3):308-314. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.0000.00.000]
Sewage sludge ; Dewatering ; Filtration ; Filters ; Sand ; Nutrients ; Effluents ; Pollution control
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042720)
This research is aimed at investigating the effect of different particle sizes of sand for the dewatering of faecal sludge with respect to the dewatering time, contaminant load in the percolate, rate of clogging and quantity of biosolids produced. Three filter media FM1, FM2 and FM3 were used to dewater the faecal sludge. The experiment was conducted on bench scale consisting of miniature drying beds. Six cycles of dewatering were run where FM1, FM2, and FM3 showed average dewatering times of 10, 10 and 9 days respectively without significant differences (p > 0.05). However the percolate quality showed significant differences between them in the removal of TS, TVS, SS, COD, DCOD and NH3-N with FM1 having the highest removal for each parameter. Accumulation of organic matter in the top 10 cm of the filter bed indicated that FM1 was least likely to clog and it also generated the highest quantity of biosolids.
7 Whittington, D.; Hanemann, W. M.; Sadoff, C.; Jeuland, M. 2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Hanover, MA, USA: Now Publishers. 142p.
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Networks ; Infrastructure ; Costs ; Cost benefit analysis ; Simulation models ; Filters ; Filtration ; Water purification ; Dams ; Rural areas / Africa / South Asia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.61 G000 WHI Record No: H042734)
(0.06 MB)
8 Wakelin, S. A.; Page, D. W.; Pavelic, Paul; Gregg, A. L.; Dillon, P. 2010. Rich microbial communities inhabit water treatment biofilters and are differentially affected by filter type and sampling depth. Water Science and Technology, 10(2):145-156. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.570]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043329)
(1.40 MB)
Factors affecting microbial diversity (richness) and community structure in biofilter columns were investigated. At a pilot filtration plant, granular activated carbon (GAC), anthracite and sand-based filters were used to treat stormwater from an urban catchment. After 12 weeks operation, sand media filters clogged (hydraulic conductivity declining by 90%) and all filters were destructively sampled. All biofilters had similar levels of polysaccharide in the surface layer, however only the sand columns clogged. This clogging may have been due to a combination of polysaccharide and small particle size, the development of a sand-specific microbial community, or other biogeochemical interactions. DNA fingerprinting was used to show that bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities were present in all filter types and at all sampling depths (to 45 cm). The bacterial community was far richer (Margalefs index, d, 1.5–2) than the other groups. This was consistent across filter types and sampling depths. The structure of the bacteria and archaea communities in sand filters differed to those in GAC and anthracite filters (P<0.05). In contrast, eukaryotic communities were similar in surface biofilm layers, irrespective of filter type. As such, physicochemical properties of filters differentially influence the microbial community. Furthermore, we have established that archaea are distributed throughout biofilters; the role of these microorganisms in water treatment and filter function, particularly clogging, requires attention.
9 Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 2010. 11th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 27-29 October 2010. IWRM for national and regional integration: where science, policy and practice meet: water for people. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD). 763p.
Wastewater treatment ; Filters ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Rural areas ; Households ; Drinking water ; Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Cholera ; Poverty ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Groundwater ; Climate change ; Water harvesting / Africa / Malawi / Zimbabwe / Uganda / Tanzania / Rwanda / South Africa / Lesotho / Swaziland / Ghana / Nigeria / Gihira Water Treatment Plant / Mutshedzi Water Treatment Plant / Kwazulu-Natal Province / Ugu District / Chegutu District / Mpumalanga Province / Dar es Salaam / Temeke / Lilongwe / Maputo / Accra / Katsina State / Blantyre City / Chilobwe / Chatha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043409)
http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/11thSymposium/WaterSupplyandSanitationFullPapers2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043409.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043409.pdf
(16.26 MB) (20.13 MB)
10 Clark, J. W.; Viessman. W.; Hammer, M. J. 1977. Water supply and pollution control. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Harper and Row. 857p.
Water supply ; History ; Water pollution ; Chemical treatment ; Biological treatment ; Pollutants ; Air pollution ; Solid wastes ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water distribution ; Water users ; Water use ; Water budget ; Water quality ; Models ; Water requirements ; Runoff ; Yields ; Reservoirs ; Pumping ; Sludges ; Processing ; Waste treatment ; Industrial wastes ; Wastewater treatment ; Filters ; Filtration ; Chemicals ; Water reuse ; Legal aspects ; Water rights ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 CLA Record No: H043923)
(0.18 MB)
11 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2012. Safer irrigation practices for reducing vegetable contamination in urban Sub-Saharan Africa: an illustrated guide for farmers and extension officers. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 30p.
Farmers ; Guidelines ; Vegetables ; Irrigation practices ; Irrigation water ; Furrow irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Water pollution ; Filters ; Watering ; Organic fertilizers / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045102)
(4.27MB)
12 Aheeyar, Mohamed M. M.; Ariyananda, T. 2014. Domestic rainwater harvesting interventions in Sri Lanka: some lessons learnt. In Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Mainstreaming Rainwater Harvesting as a Water Supply Option, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 5 September 2014. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum. pp.64-70.
Rain ; Water harvesting ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Filters ; Tanks ; Sanitation / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046646)
(0.44 MB)
The lack of accessibility to safe drinking water is one of the primary constraints affecting rural livelihoods, especially in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. This situation affects the poor more than the rich people in the community. Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) were implemented using the roof as the catchment at household level under subsidized schemes, which was a measure to minimize water and sanitation issues. The harvested rainwater was intended to be used for drinking and other domestic purposes with or without treatment. Assessment of the current status of RWHS in the country shows that there is a high correlation between the lack of some of the essential components of RWHS and non-use of the system. All the systems that were not being used lacked one or more of the essential components of a typical RWHS, such as gutters, tank lid, filter and first flush device. Due to the subsidized scheme, part of the system was provided by the beneficiaries in order to get ownership. Economic reasons and the willingness to use rainwater delayed providing the expected contribution to the beneficiary. With time, the system never became fully functional. There were some who made use of the system and maintained it fully, but this was around 50% of the original number of beneficiaries. Awareness also plays an important role in adoption of the system. As expected, almost all the beneficiaries who had undertaken routine maintenance of RWHS used the harvested rainwater for drinking purposes. Abandonment of systems takes place when the system provided is incomplete or if it lacks one or more of the essential components.
13 Kundu, D. K.; Gupta, A.; Mol, A. P. J.; Nasreen, M. 2016. Understanding social acceptability of arsenic-safe technologies in rural Bangladesh: a user-oriented analysis. Water Policy, 18(2):318-334. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.026]
Arsenic ; Contamination ; Groundwater ; Deep tube wells ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Filters ; Water users ; Social aspects ; Acceptability ; Technology assessment ; Consumer behaviour ; Health hazards ; Rural communities ; Households / Bangladesh / Chandpur / Kushtia / Manikganj
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047664)
(0.28 MB)
Contamination of shallow tube well drinking water by naturally occurring arsenic is a severe societal and human health challenge in Bangladesh. Multiple technological interventions seeking to ameliorate the problem face hurdles in securing social acceptance, i.e. the willingness of users to receive and use a technology. While most papers focus on expert understanding of social acceptability, this paper analyzes how users themselves understand the factors shaping the social acceptability of safe drinking water options in rural Bangladesh. We then deploy such understanding to comparatively assess which factors users see as most important in securing social acceptance for three safe drinking water options in rural Bangladesh: the arsenic removal household (Sono) filter; the deep tube well; and an improved dug well. We draw on focus groups and semi-structured interviews with technology users in six villages across three districts to analyze how users assess the social acceptability of specific arsenic-safe technologies. Our findings highlight that factors such as availability, affordability and compatibility with existing water use practices, as understood by users, are key to securing users’ acceptance of a specific arsenic-safe option. In concluding, we point to a future research agenda to analyze user-oriented social acceptability of arsenic-safe technologies in developing country contexts.
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