Your search found 14 records
1 Dixit, S.; Tewari, J. C.; Wani, S. P.; Vineela, C.; Chaurasia, A. K.; Panchal, H. B. 2005. Participatory biodiversity assessment: enabling rural poor for better natural resource management. Mumbai, India: Sir Dorabji Tata Trust; Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). iii, 16p. (Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report 18)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.9516 G635 DIX Record No: H037363)
2 WHO. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 2 – Wastewater use in agriculture. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 196p.
Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Guidelines ; Health hazards ; Risk analysis ; Excreta ; Diseases ; Waterborne diseases ; Bacteria ; Soils ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Monitoring ; Assessment ; Risk management ; Water quality ; Cost benefit analysis ; Policy ; Planning
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 WHO Record No: H040279)
(15.48 MB)
3 Dumont, H. J. (Ed.) 2009. The Nile: origin, environments, limnology and human use. New York, NY, USA: Springer. 818p. (Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 89)
River basins ; History ; Ecology ; Ecosystems ; Hydrology ; Natural resources ; Climate ; Limnology ; Biodiversity ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Bacteria ; Viruses ; Lakes ; Plankton ; Zooplankton ; Phytoplankton ; Fish ; Fisheries ; Benthos ; Crustacea ; Mollusca ; Aquatic plants ; Aquatic insects ; Birds ; Water law / Africa / Ethiopia / Egypt / Sudan / Uyganda / Kenya / Nile River Basin / Rift Valley / Lake Tana / Blue Nile / White Nile / Lake Nasser / Lake Nubia / Lake Kyoga / Lake Victoria / Lake Albert / Lake Turkana / Lake Manzala / Chad Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 577.64 G100 DUM Record No: H042456)
4 Wakelin, S. A.; Page, D. W.; Pavelic, Paul; Gregg, A. L.; Dillon, P. 2010. Rich microbial communities inhabit water treatment biofilters and are differentially affected by filter type and sampling depth. Water Science and Technology, 10(2):145-156. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.570]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043329)
(1.40 MB)
Factors affecting microbial diversity (richness) and community structure in biofilter columns were investigated. At a pilot filtration plant, granular activated carbon (GAC), anthracite and sand-based filters were used to treat stormwater from an urban catchment. After 12 weeks operation, sand media filters clogged (hydraulic conductivity declining by 90%) and all filters were destructively sampled. All biofilters had similar levels of polysaccharide in the surface layer, however only the sand columns clogged. This clogging may have been due to a combination of polysaccharide and small particle size, the development of a sand-specific microbial community, or other biogeochemical interactions. DNA fingerprinting was used to show that bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities were present in all filter types and at all sampling depths (to 45 cm). The bacterial community was far richer (Margalefs index, d, 1.5–2) than the other groups. This was consistent across filter types and sampling depths. The structure of the bacteria and archaea communities in sand filters differed to those in GAC and anthracite filters (P<0.05). In contrast, eukaryotic communities were similar in surface biofilm layers, irrespective of filter type. As such, physicochemical properties of filters differentially influence the microbial community. Furthermore, we have established that archaea are distributed throughout biofilters; the role of these microorganisms in water treatment and filter function, particularly clogging, requires attention.
5 Amponsah-Doku, F.; Obiri-Danso, K.; Abaidoo, R. C.; Andoh, L. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Kondrasen, F. 2010. Bacterial contamination of lettuce and associated risk factors at production sites, markets and street food restaurants in urban and peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2):217-223.
Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Salmonella ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Microbiological analysis ; Indicators ; Social aspects ; Farmers / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044754)
(107.32KB)
There is increasing evidence that urban grown vegetables in developing countries can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly true when wastewater is used in irrigation. The microbiological quality of wastewater grown lettuce on farms, markets and at street food vendor sites were evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella using standard methods. Farm irrigation water and market refreshing water (water used in keeping the lettuce fresh) samples were also analysed. Thermotolerant coliforms on lettuce varied from 2.3 × 103 to 9.3 × 108 on farm, 6.0 ×101 to 2.3 × 108 on market and 2.3 × 106 to 2.4 × 109 at street food vendor sites. Indicator bacterial numbers on farm lettuce were higher compared to the irrigation water (1.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 106) used on the farms. Thermotolerant coliform numbers in market refreshing water (9.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 1010) were higher compared to that on the market lettuce. Enterococci numbers on lettuce were lower and ranged from 3.9 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 on farm, 6.0 × 101 to 9.0 × 104 on market and 5.1 × 103 to 2.5 × 106 at street food vendor sites. Salmonella numbers recorded at food vendor sites ranged from 1.5 × 101 to 9.3 × 102. In general, thermotolerant coliforms numbers increased by 18% while enterococci numbers reduced by 64% from the farms to the street foods. Bacterial counts on farm lettuce and irrigation water, market lettuce and refreshing water and street foods all exceeded the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) standards of 103. Wastewater use on farms and refreshing water in markets could be the main contributors to lettuce contamination and that education on use of effective de-contamination or washing methods before eating will contribute to reducing the risk associated with the consumption of such contaminated foods.
6 De Keuckelaere, A.; Jacxsens, L.; Amoah, Philip; Medema, G.; McClure, P.; Jaykus, L.-A.; Uyttendaele, M. 2015. Zero risk does not exist: lessons learned from microbial risk assessment related to use of water and safety of fresh produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(4):387-410. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12140]
Risk assessment ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Rotavirus ; Bacteria ; Helminths ; Water quality ; Water use ; Fresh products ; Fruits ; Vegetables ; Wastewater treatment ; Food poisoning ; Food quality ; Consumer behaviour
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047014)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12140/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047014.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047014.pdf
(0.50 MB) (514 KB)
Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set-up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site-specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence-based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.
7 Manivanh, L.; Pierret, A.; Rattanavong, S.; Kounnavongsa, O.; Buisson, Y.; Elliott, I; Maeght, J. -L.; Xayyathip, K.; Silisouk, J.; Vongsouvath, M.; Phetsouvanh, R.; Newton, P. N.; Lacombe, Guillaume; Ribolzi, O.; Rochelle-Newall, E.; Dance, D. A. B. 2017. Burkholderia pseudomallei in a lowland rice paddy: seasonal changes and influence of soil depth and physico-chemical properties. Scientific Reports, 7:1-11. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02946-z]
Pseudomonas pseudomallei ; Rice ; Soil properties ; Soil sampling ; Soil water characteristics ; Soil depth ; Chemicophysical properties ; Bacteria ; Melioidosis / Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048174)
(1.85 MB)
Melioidosis, a severe infection with the environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is being recognised increasingly frequently. What determines its uneven distribution within endemic areas is poorly understood. We cultured soil from a rice field in Laos for B. pseudomallei at different depths on 4 occasions over a 13-month period. We also measured physical and chemical parameters in order to identify associated characteristics. Overall, 195 of 653 samples (29.7%) yielded B. pseudomallei. A higher prevalence of B. pseudomallei was found at soil depths greater than the 30 cm currently recommended for B. pseudomallei environmental sampling. B. pseudomallei was associated with a high soil water content and low total nitrogen, carbon and organic matter content. Our results suggested that a sampling grid of 25 five metre square quadrats (i.e. 25 × 25 m) should be sufficient to detect B. pseudomallei at a given location if samples are taken at a soil depth of at least 60 cm. However, culture of B. pseudomallei in environmental samples is difficult and liable to variation. Future studies should both rely on molecular approaches and address the micro-heterogeneity of soil when investigating physico-chemical associations with the presence of B. pseudomallei.
8 Taylor, D. D. J.; Khush, R.; Peletz, R.; Kumpel, E. 2018. Efficacy of microbial sampling recommendations and practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Water Research, 134:115-125. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.054]
Biological contamination ; Water quality ; Sampling ; Guidelines ; Regulations ; Monitoring ; Bacteria ; Water supply ; Pipes ; Strategies ; Statistical uncertainty ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048834)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313541830068X/pdfft?md5=05a7a2182a8a59839319f38eb068402b&pid=1-s2.0-S004313541830068X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048834.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048834.pdf
(0.86 MB) (884 KB)
Current guidelines for testing drinking water quality recommend that the sampling rate, which is the number of samples tested for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) per year, increases as the population served by the drinking water system increases. However, in low-resource settings, prevalence of contamination tends to be higher, potentially requiring higher sampling rates and different statistical methods not addressed by current sampling recommendations. We analyzed 27,930 tests for FIB collected from 351 piped water systems in eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa to assess current sampling rates, observed contamination prevalences, and the ability of monitoring agencies to complete two common objectives of sampling programs: determine regulatory compliance and detect a change over time. Although FIB were never detected in samples from 75% of piped water systems, only 14% were sampled often enough to conclude with 90% confidence that the true contamination prevalence met an example guideline ( 5% chance of any sample positive for FIB). Similarly, after observing a ten percentage point increase in contaminated samples, 43% of PWS would still require more than a year before their monitoring agency could be confident that contamination had actually increased. We conclude that current sampling practices in these settings may provide insufficient information because they collect too few samples. We also conclude that current guidelines could be improved by specifying how to increase sampling after contamination has been detected. Our results suggest that future recommendations should explicitly consider the regulatory limit and desired confidence in results, and adapt when FIB is detected.
9 Brindha, K.; Pavelic, Paul; Sotoukee, T. 2019. Environmental assessment of water and soil quality in the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 8: 24-30. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.08.005]
Environmental impact assessment ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water levels ; Groundwater ; Faecal coliforms ; Bacteria ; Biological contamination ; Chlorides ; Nitrates ; Soil quality ; Soil sampling ; pH ; Sewage ; Land resources ; Filtration / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Vientiane Plain
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048891)
A water and soil quality baseline study was carried out across the ~ 4500 km2 Vientiane Plain in Lao PDR. Eight water quality and nine soil parameters were analysed using field kits at 95 sites in March 2015. Elevated electrical conductivity and chloride were apparent at two sites due to geogenic leaching from the marine rock-salt present in some areas. Groundwater was acidic in most locations. Nitrate and faecal contamination were also observed from nitrogenous fertilizers (diffuse) and from leaky sewage pits (localised) respectively. Soil quality is neither nutrient deficient nor does it pose a threat to plant growth. Where groundwater is used for drinking, removal of bacterial contamination by simple filtration or boiling is sufficient. In the absence of a functional monitoring network in the Vientiane Plain, periodic surveys of this kind should be performed. The results should be made widely available to the relevant government departments and other stakeholders for better management of the land and water resources.
10 FAO; WHO. 2019. Meeting report on the joint FAO/WHO expert meeting in collaboration with OIE on foodborne antimicrobial resistance: role of the environment, crops and biocides. Rome, Italy: FAO; Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 62p. (Microbiological Risk Assessment Series 34)
Antimicrobial resistance ; Bacteria ; Risk assessment ; Biological contamination ; Biocides ; Crop production ; Horticulture ; Food production ; Vegetables ; Food consumption ; Irrigation water ; Aquaculture ; Soils ; Environmental effects ; Public health ; FAO ; WHO
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049458)
(1.05 MB) (1.05 MB)
11 Hiruy, A. M.; Mohammed, J.; Haileselassie, M. M.; Acharya, K.; Butte, G.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Walsh, C.; Werner, D. 2022. Spatiotemporal variation in urban wastewater pollution impacts on river microbiomes and associated hazards in the Akaki Catchment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 826:153912. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153912]
Municipal wastewater ; Water pollution ; River water ; Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Faecal pollution ; Faecal coliforms ; Water quality standards ; Antimicrobial resistance ; Microbiological risk assessment ; Extended spectrum beta-lactamases ; Real time PCR ; Surface water ; Catchment areas ; Irrigation ; Effluents ; Health hazards / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki River / Akaki Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051034)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972201004X/pdfft?md5=e4136acb70d545e2d44e8f9069c0a381&pid=1-s2.0-S004896972201004X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051034.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051034.pdf
(2.34 MB) (2.34 MB)
In Addis Ababa and its environs, most urban wastewater is discharged into rivers without treatment. This study related urban wastewater characteristics to the prevalence of faecal, antibiotic resistant, and potentially pathogenic bacteria in rivers of the Akaki catchment across six locations, for the dry and wet season. Spatiotemporal variation in bacterial hazards across the catchment was up to 6 log10 units. Cooccurrence of sewage pollution marker gene HF183 in all river samples testing positive for the Vibrio cholerae marker gene ompW, and high levels of these two genes in untreated wastewater, identified human sewage as the likely source of Vibrio cholerae hazards in the catchment. Levels of the marker genes rodA for E. coli, HF183 for human host associated Bacteroides, ciaB for Arcobacter, and ompW for Vibrio cholerae were all higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Marker gene gyrB for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not detected in the samples. From the sequencing data, notable bacterial genera in the dry season included wastewater pollution indicators Arcobacter and Aeromonas, whereas soil erosion may explain the greater prominence of Legionella, Vicinamibacter, and Sphingomonas during the wet season. Except for the most upstream location, all faecal coliform (FC) counts exceeded WHO standards of 1000 CFU/100 mL for unrestricted irrigation. Concerningly, 0.6–20% of FC had ESBL producing antimicrobial resistance traits. In conclusion, multiple bacterial hazards were of concern for river water users in the Akaki catchment, and elevated in the dry season, when the river water is being used for irrigation of vegetable fields that supply the markets of Addis Ababa. This reflects inadequate treatment and limited dilution of urban wastewater by the natural river flows during periods of low rainfall.
12 Jampani, Mahesh; Gothwal, Ritu; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Langan, Simon. 2022. Water quality modelling framework for evaluating antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments. Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters, 3:100056. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100056]
Water quality ; Modelling ; Frameworks ; Antibiotic resistance ; Aquatic environment ; Bacteria ; Risk assessment ; Watersheds
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051164)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666911022000090/pdfft?md5=e212c2526459913c8690a64f3856fb06&pid=1-s2.0-S2666911022000090-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051164.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051164.pdf
(3.75 MB) (3.75 MB)
In recent decades, antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a public health concern fuelled by increasing antibiotic consumption in many societies. Aquatic environments play a crucial role in AR development and spread where they receive antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from a number of sources such as agriculture, aquaculture and wastewater treatment plants. Modelling is an increasingly important approach to understanding AR in aquatic environments and helps identify resistance patterns of emerging concern, evaluate fate and transport, and assess infection risks as well as look into their management in the future. However, current water quality models need to be improved to deal with the development and spread of AR. Prioritising the development of fate and transport models for AR could provide insights into bacterial evolution and help manage environmental pollution. This article provides a conceptual water quality modelling framework through a concise review of methods and approaches that can be used to model and evaluate AR in aquatic environments at the watershed scale. The key steps that need to build a framework include identifying sources and loadings, modelling the fate and transport of ARB and quantifying associated risks to humans and animals. Developing modelling scenarios and management strategies based on the framework could also contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
13 Jampani, Mahesh; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Chandrasekar, A.; Fatta-Kassinos, D.; Graham, D. W.; Gothwal, Ritu; Moodley, A.; Chadag, V. M.; Wiberg, David; Langan, Simon. 2024. Fate and transport modelling for evaluating antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments: current knowledge and research priorities. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 461:132527. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132527]
Antibiotic resistance ; Aquatic environment ; Gene transfer ; Water quality ; Modelling ; Environmental factors ; Health hazards ; Sediment ; Groundwater ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Microbial communities ; Bacteria ; Risk assessment ; Climate change
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052253)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389423018101/pdfft?md5=6e8e888c620eebe6a5b9d2696e368c04&pid=1-s2.0-S0304389423018101-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052253.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052253.pdf
(7.70 MB) (7.70 MB)
Antibiotics have revolutionised medicine in the last century and enabled the prevention of bacterial infections that were previously deemed untreatable. However, in parallel, bacteria have increasingly developed resistance to antibiotics through various mechanisms. When resistant bacteria find their way into terrestrial and aquatic environments, animal and human exposures increase, e.g., via polluted soil, food, and water, and health risks multiply. Understanding the fate and transport of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments is critical for evaluating and mitigating the risks of resistant-induced infections. The conceptual understanding of sources and pathways of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs from society to the water environments is essential for setting the scene and developing an appropriate framework for modelling. Various factors and processes associated with hydrology, ecology, and climate change can significantly affect the fate and transport of ARB and ARGs in natural environments. This article reviews current knowledge, research gaps, and priorities for developing water quality models to assess the fate and transport of ARB and ARGs. The paper also provides inputs on future research needs, especially the need for new predictive models to guide risk assessment on AR transmission and spread in aquatic environments.
14 Jampani, Mahesh; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Langan, Simon. 2023. Antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments: priorities and knowledge for water quality modelling [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the 3rd UNESCO-International Water Resources Association (IWRA) Online Conference on Emerging Pollutants: Protecting Water Quality for the Health of People and the Environment, Online, 17-19 January 2023. 3p.
Resistance to antibiotics ; Antibiotic resistance genes ; Bacteria ; Water quality ; Modelling ; Frameworks ; Aquatic environment ; Public health ; Health hazards
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052351)
(0.33 MB)
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