Your search found 26 records
1 Yapi, Y. G.; Briet, Olivier; Vounatsou, P. 2006. Prevalence of geohelminths in savanna and forest areas of Cote d’Ivoire. West African Journal of Medicine, 25(2):124-125.
Public health ; Diseases ; Soils ; Villages ; Savannas ; Forests ; Helminths ; Ascariasis ; Children / Ivory Coast
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 616.96 G204 YAP Record No: H038173)
2 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Ntow, W. J. 2006. Pesticide and pathogen contamination of vegetables in Ghana’s urban markets. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 50:1-6.
Public health ; Helminths ; Diseases ; Risks ; Vegetables ; Commodity markets ; Irrigation water ; Water quality ; Pesticide residues / Ghana / Accra, Gulf of Guinea / Kumasi / Ashanti
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 362.1 G200 AMO Record No: H038625)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7575km06652224q3/fulltext.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038625.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H038625.pdf
(248.40KB)
3 Trang, D. T.; van der Hoek, Wim; Cam, P. D.; Vinh, K. T.; Van Hoa, N.; Dalsgaard, A. 2006. Low risk for helminth infection in wastewater-fed rice cultivation in Vietnam. In Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Jayakody, Priyantha (Eds.). Proceedings of Workshop on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in Vietnam: Water Management, Environment and Human Health Aspects, Hanoi, Vietnam, 4 May 2006. In English and Vietnamese. Hanoi, Vietnam: Agriculture Publishing House; Hanoi, Vietnam: Center for Participatory Irrigation Management (CPIM) of Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Research; Hanoi, Vietnam: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.171-179.
Rice ; Wastewater ; Water reuse ; Irrigation water ; Public health ; Risks ; Helminths ; Drinking water ; Sanitation / Vietnam / Nam Dinh City
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G784 RAS Record No: H038719)
4 Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Jayakody, Priyantha. (Eds.) 2006. Proceedings of Workshop on Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in Vietnam: Water Management, Environment and Human Health Aspects, Hanoi, Vietnam, 4 May 2006. In English and Vietnamese. Hanoi, Vietnam: Agriculture Publishing House; Hanoi, Vietnam: Center for Participatory Irrigation Management (CPIM) of Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Research; Hanoi, Vietnam: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 199p.
Water reuse ; Wastewater ; Irrigated farming ; Water quality ; Rice ; Water balance ; Paddy fields ; Public health ; Risks ; Helminths ; Farmers / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G784 RAS Record No: H039982)
(13.61 MB)
5 Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Henseler, M. 2007. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. Journal of Water and Health, 5(3):455-466. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041]
Irrigated farming ; Wastewater ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Public health ; Risks ; Helminths / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H040133)
(0.24 MB) (243.14 KB)
6 Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C. 2007. Effect of low-cost irrigation methods on microbial contamination of lettuce irrigated with untreated wastewater. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl. 2):15-22.
Irrigation practices ; Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban agriculture ; Helminths ; Laboratory techniques ; Furrow irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 KER Record No: H040534)
7 Ensink, Jeroen H. J.; Mahmood, Tariq; Dalsgaard, A. 2007. Wastewater-irrigated vegetables: Market handling versus irrigation water quality. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(Suppl.2):1-6.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetables ; Escherichia coli ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Risks ; Urban agriculture ; Water quality ; Surveys / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 ENS Record No: H040599)
Objective and methods: Vegetables irrigated with untreated domestic wastewater were, at the time of harvest, analysed for the presence of the faecal indicator, Escherichia coli, and helminth eggs in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Vegetables from the same harvested batch were collected approximately 12 h later from the local market. Results: The survey found relatively low concentrations of E. coli (1.9 E. coli per gram), but relatively high concentrations of helminths (0.7 eggs per gram) on vegetables collected from agricultural fields. Higher concentration of both E. coli (14.3 E. coli per gram) and helminths (2.1 eggs per gram) were recovered from the vegetables collected from the market. Conclusions: The results of the survey suggest that unhygienic post harvest handling was the major source of produce contamination. Interventions at the market, such as the provision of clean water to wash produce in, are better ways to protect public health and more cost effective than wastewater treatment.
8 Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke; Zurbrugg, C.; Gallizzi, K.; Moser, D.; Drescher, S.; Strauss, M. 2007. Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. Water Research, 41: 4397 – 4402.
Ascaris ; Composting ; Helminths ; Trichuris ; Diseases ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risks / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H040972)
(0.22 MB)
This study investigates helminth eggs removal and inactivation efficiency in a treatment process combining faecal sludge (FS) dewatering and subsequent co-composting with organic solid waste as a function of windrow turning frequency. Fresh public toilet sludge and septage mixed at a 1:2 ratio were dewatered on a drying bed. Biosolids with initial loads of 25–83 helminth eggs/g total solids (TS) were mixed with solid waste as bulking material for co-composting at a 1:2 volume ratio. Two replicate sets of compost heaps were mounted in parallel and turned at different frequencies during the active composting period: (i) once every 3 days and (ii) once every 10 days. Turning frequency had no effect on helminth eggs removal efficiency. In both setups, helminth eggs were reduced to o1 viable egg/g TS, thereby complying with the WHO guidelines 2006 for the safe reuse of FS.
9 Ayalew, D.; Boelee, Eline; Endeshaw, T.; Petros, B. 2008. Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection and drinking water sources among children in Lege Dini, Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(4): 472–475.
Waterborne diseases ; Diarrhoea ; Water pollution ; Drinking water ; Public health ; Helminths ; Protozoa ; Water resources ; Villages / Ethiopia / Lege Dini watershed
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 362.1963 G136 AYA Record No: H041103)
We assessed the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections among children using protected and unprotected water sources in the Lege Dini watershed, Eastern Ethiopia, in November 2005 and May 2006. Of 655 children examined, 80 (12.2%) were infected with Cryptosporidium and 231 (35.3%) with Giardia. No difference was observed in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis (P > 0.05) between children drinking water from protected and unprotected sources.
10 Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, Flemming. 2008. Using on-farm sedimentation ponds to improve microbial quality of irrigation water in urban vegetable farming in Ghana. Water Science and Technology, 57(4): 519-525.
Irrigated farming ; Vegetables ; Water quality ; Farm ponds ; Sedimentation ; Irrigation water ; Helminths ; Coliform bacteria ; Assessment / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.6.2 G200 KER Record No: H041186)
This paper presents an assessment of the potential of using on-farm ponds to reduce levels of microbial contamination in wastewater -contaminated irrigation water. The study involved observations on the use of ponds in urban agriculture in Kumasi, Ghana, and more than 300 irrigation water samples were taken for physico-chemical and microbial laboratory analysis. The study shows that while on-farm ponds are commonly used, their potential to remove pathogens through sedimentation has not been fully optimized. Two-thirds of helminth eggs were in the sediments and careful collection of irrigation water without disturbing sediments reduced helminth eggs in irrigation water by about 70%. Helminth eggs reduced from about 5 to less than 1 egg per litre in three days in both dry and wet seasons while thermotolerant coliforms took six days in the dry season to reduce from about 8 to 4 log units per 100 ml, to meet the WHO guidelines. For optimal pathogen removal, better pond designs, farmers’ training on collection of water with minimal disturbance and any other means to enhance sedimentation and pathogen die-off can be essential components of a multiple- barrier approach complementing farm-based measures like simple filtration techniques, better irrigation methods and post-harvest contamination.
11 Amoah, Philip. 2008. Wastewater irrigated vegetable production: contamination pathway for health risk reduction in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Science. 202p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Contamination ; Risks ; Pathogens ; Public health ; Agricultural workers ; Diseases ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Biological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Helminths ; Soils ; Analytical methods ; Pesticides ; Irrigation practices / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 AMO Record No: H041491)
12 Drechsel, Pay; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Abaidoo, R. 2009. Reducing risk from wastewater use in urban farming: a case study of Accra, Ghana. In Jimenez, B; Rose, J. (Eds.). Urban water security: managing risks. Paris, France: UNESCO; Leiden, Netherlands: Taylor & Francis. pp.237-253. (UNESCO-IHP Urban Water Series 5)
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Risk evaluation ; Irrigation methods ; Vegetables ; Contamination ; Control methods ; Urban agriculture ; Farmers ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Urbanization ; Case studies / Africa / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042200)
(1.72 MB)
13 Navarro, I.; Teunis, P.; Moe, C.; Jimenez, B. 2010. Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.63-88. (Also in French).
Standards ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Ascaris ; Giardia duodenalis ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042604)
(0.36 MB)
Information on the dose-response relationship of waterborne and foodborne enteric pathogens is an important component in any consideration of the health risks that may be associated with wastewater, sludge or excreta reuse for food-crop production. The three main sources of information on dose-response relationships are: human challenge studies, animal studies and outbreak investigations. Doseresponse information on four representative enteric pathogens (Norwalk virus, E. coli O157:H7, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides) is presented as examples. In addition to dose-response information, the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to examine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of food crops irrigated with wastewater or fertilized with biosolids requires information on several factors. These are transmission pathways, occurrence (frequency and concentration) of pathogens in wastewater and biosolids, persistence of pathogen viability or infectivity in the environment and on the food crops, and crop consumption (amount and frequency). Assessments of the risks of Giardia and Ascaris infection associated with food crops in several scenarios are presented and illustrate how WHO Guidelines and pathogen reduction measures (such as produce-washing) may have a significant or negligible impact on reducing the risks of infection associated with food crops irrigated or fertilized with wastewater and biosolids.
14 Jimenez, B.; Mara, D.; Carr, R.; Brissaud, F. 2010. Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.149-169. (Also in French).
Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Control methods ; Filtration ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Nutrients ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042608)
(0.17 MB)
This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection.
15 Amoah, Philip. 2009. An analysis of the quality of wastewater used to irrigate vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. In Redwood, M. (Ed.). Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihood and food security. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.105-124.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042596)
(1.71 MB)
16 Navarro, I.; Teunis, P.; Moe, C.; Jimenez, B. 2011. Approches pour evaluer et etablir des normes fondees sur les risques sanitaires a partir des donnees disponibles. In French. [Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.67-89. (Also in English).
Standards ; Wastewater irrigation ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Ascaris ; Giardia duodenalis ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044461)
(5.96MB)
Information on the dose-response relationship of waterborne and foodborne enteric pathogens is an important component in any consideration of the health risks that may be associated with wastewater, sludge or excreta reuse for food-crop production. The three main sources of information on dose-response relationships are: human challenge studies, animal studies and outbreak investigations. Doseresponse information on four representative enteric pathogens (Norwalk virus, E. coli O157:H7, Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides) is presented as examples. In addition to dose-response information, the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to examine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of food crops irrigated with wastewater or fertilized with biosolids requires information on several factors. These are transmission pathways, occurrence (frequency and concentration) of pathogens in wastewater and biosolids, persistence of pathogen viability or infectivity in the environment and on the food crops, and crop consumption (amount and frequency). Assessments of the risks of Giardia and Ascaris infection associated with food crops in several scenarios are presented and illustrate how WHO Guidelines and pathogen reduction measures (such as produce-washing) may have a significant or negligible impact on reducing the risks of infection associated with food crops irrigated or fertilized with wastewater and biosolids.
17 Jimenez, B.; Mara, D.; Carr, R.; Brissaud, F. 2011. Traitement des eaux usees pour l’elimination des agents pathogenes et la conservation des elements: nutritifs Des systemes adaptes aux pays en developpement. In French. [Wastewater treatment for pathogen removal and nutrient conservation: suitable systems for use in developing countries]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.161-184. (Also in English).
Wastewater treatment ; Ponds ; Control methods ; Filtration ; Pathogens ; Helminths ; Nutrients ; Wastewater irrigation ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044465)
(5.96MB)
This chapter summarizes the main characteristics of wastewater treatment processes, especially those suitable for use in developing countries, from the perspective of their potential to produce an effluent suitable for safe agricultural irrigation; it thus concentrates on pathogen removal and nutrient conservation. Wastewater treatment processes are divided into two principal categories: ‘natural’ systems which do not rely on the consumption of large amounts of electrical energy and which are therefore more suitable for use in developing countries; and conventional electromechanical systems which are wholly energy-dependent and which, if used in low income regions, require high levels of financial investment for their construction and skilled manpower for their successful operation and maintenance. The removal of viral, bacterial, protozoan and helminthic pathogens achieved by the most commonly used natural and conventional treatment processes are detailed, and recommendations are made for process selection.
18 Sengupta, M. E.; Keraita, Bernard; Olsen, A.; Boateng, Osei K.; Thamsborg, S. M.; Palsdottir, G. R.; Dalsgaard, A. 2012. Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Research, 46(11):3646-3656. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011]
Irrigation water ; Wastewater ; Moringa oleifera ; Helminths ; Turbidity ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Statistical methods / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044902)
(0.85 MB)
Water from wastewater-polluted streams and dug-outs is the most commonly used water source for irrigation in urban farming in Ghana, but helminth parasite eggs in the water represent health risks when used for crop production. Conventional water treatment is expensive, requires advanced technology and often breaks down in less developed countries so low cost interventions are needed. Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminh eggs and turbidity in irrigation water, turbid water, wastewater and tap water. In medium to high turbid water MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94e99.5% to 1e2 eggs per litre and the turbidity to 7e11 NTU which is an 85e96% reduction. MO is readily available in many tropical countries and can be used by farmers to treat high turbid water for irrigation, however, additional improvements of water quality, e.g. by sand filtration, is suggested to meet the guideline value of 1 helminth egg per litre and a turbidity of 2 NTU as recommended by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water intended for irrigation. A positive correlation was established between reduction in turbidity and helminth eggs in irrigation water, turbid water and wastewater treated with MO. This indicates that helminth eggs attach to suspended particles and/or flocs facilitated by MO in the water, and that turbidity and helminth eggs are reduced with the settling flocs. However, more experiments with water samples containing naturally occurring helminth eggs are needed to establish whether turbidity can be used as a proxy for helminth eggs.
19 Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Klutse, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014. On-farm treatment options for wastewater, greywater and fecal sludge with special reference to West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 36p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 01) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.203]
On-farm research ; Wastewater treatment ; Water quality ; Water storage ; Irrigation water ; Faecal coliforms ; Sewage sludge ; Contamination ; Reservoirs ; Filtration ; Weirs ; Ponds ; Wells ; Wetlands ; Health hazards ; Farmers ; Sedimentation ; Helminths ; Moringa / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046382)
(2.20 MB)
20 Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) 2014. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 247p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2014.219]
Irrigated farming ; Urban agriculture ; Suburban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Risk management ; Wastewater irrigation ; Cropping systems ; Food security ; Food supply ; Sanitation ; Water quality ; Water use ; Water policy ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Households ; Income ; Marketing ; Gender ; Women farmers ; Land tenure ; Soil fertility ; Biological contamination ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Heavy metals ; Faecal coliforms ; Environmental health ; Sustainability ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Malaria ; Stakeholders / Ghana / West Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046597)
(3.76 MB)
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