Your search found 18 records
1 McCornick, P. G.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2004. Water use rights in Ethiopia: an overview. Paper presented at the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) Water Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 October 2004. 9p.
Water use ; Water rights ; Water resource management ; Water supply ; Domestic water ; Irrigation systems / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.3 G136 MCC Record No: H036415)
2 Rijsberman, Frank. 2006. The changing ‘figure’ of irrigation in the Godino Irrigation System, Ethiopia. Water Figures: quarterly newsletter of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 1:3.
Irrigation programs ; Reservoirs ; Dams ; Irrigated farming ; Farmers / Ethiopia / Awash Basin / Godino Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 630.7 G000 IWM Record No: H038630)
3 Van-Rooijen, Daniel J.; Taddesse, G. 2009. Urban sanitation and wastewater treatment in Addis Ababa in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Paper presented at the 34th WEDC International Conference, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18-22 May 2009. 6p.
Water management ; Urbanization ; Sanitation ; Irrigation water ; Drinking water ; Wastewater treatment ; River basins ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Health hazards ; Pollution control / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042261)
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Van_Rooijen_D_-_95.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042261.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042261.pdf
(0.38 MB) (682KB)
Improvement of sanitation facilities and subsequent practices is considered to contribute to overall human development with far reaching benefits for the welfare of people. It can reduce wastewater flows when treatment capacities are upgraded, but it can also create a higher load of wastewater flowing into the environment downstream. Additional sanitary water requirements in a water scarce city may be difficult to meet. In this paper we explore the scale of impact of improving sanitation in Addis Ababa in terms of water quality and quantity of water flows in and out of the city. Conventional approaches to sanitary improvement at the city level, like extension of the sewage coverage and upgrading of wastewater treatment capacities will require additional water in a city that is already water scarce. Also, it will change the characteristics of irrigation water that is used by farmers in and around the city.
4 Karimi, Poolad. 2014. Water accounting plus for water resources reporting and river planning. [PhD thesis funded by IWMI through the CGIAR Research Programme on Water Land and Ecosystems] Delft, Netherlands: Delf University of Technology. 158p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:3e51a4d9-bfd8-49c0-8100-73fb46bdebc2]
Water accounting ; Water resources ; Water use ; River basins ; Evapotranspiration ; Indicators ; Precipitation ; Remote sensing ; Rain ; Spatial distribution ; Data ; Land use ; Land cover ; Biomass ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Hydrology ; Satellite observation ; Measurement ; Case studies / Pakistan / Ethiopia / Indus Basin / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046456)
http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:3e51a4d9-bfd8-49c0-8100-73fb46bdebc2/Poolad_KARIMI_PhD_Thesis.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046456.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046456.pdf
(11.93 MB) (11.93 MB)
5 Karimi, Poolad. 2014. Water accounting plus for water resources reporting and river planning. [PhD thesis funded by IWMI through the CGIAR Research Programme on Water Land and Ecosystems] Delft, Netherlands: Delf University of Technology. 158p.
Water accounting ; Water resources ; Water use ; River basins ; Evapotranspiration ; Indicators ; Precipitation ; Remote sensing ; Rain ; Spatial distribution ; Data ; Land use ; Land cover ; Biomass ; Groundwater ; Water storage ; Hydrology ; Satellite observation ; Measurement ; Case studies / Pakistan / Ethiopia / Indus Basin / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI c2 Record No: H046457)
(11.93 MB)
6 Karimi, P.; Bastiaanssen, Wim G. M.; Sood, Aditya; Hoogeveen, J.; Peiser, L.; Bastidas-Obando, E.; Dost, R. J. 2015. Spatial evapotranspiration, rainfall and land use data in water accounting - Part 2: reliability of water acounting results for policy decisions in the Awash Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19:533-550. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-533-2015]
Water accounting ; Land use ; Rain ; Evapotranspiration ; Policy making ; Decision making ; River basins ; Remote sensing ; Satellite surveys ; Indicators ; Hydrology ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046821)
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/19/533/2015/hess-19-533-2015.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046821.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046821.pdf
(6.95 MB) (6.95 MB)
Water Accounting Plus (WA+) is a framework that summarizes complex hydrological processes and water management issues in river basins. The framework is designed to use satellite-based measurements of land and water variables and processes as input data. A general concern associated with the use of satellite measurements is their accuracy. This study focuses on the impact of the error in remote sensing measurements on water accounting and information provided to policy makers. The Awash Basin in the central Rift Valley in Ethiopia is used as a case study to explore the reliability of WA+ outputs, in the light of input data errors. The Monte Carlo technique was used for stochastic simulation of WA+ outputs over a period of 3 yr. The results show that the stochastic mean of the majority of WA+ parameters and performance indicators are within 5 % deviation from the original WA+ values based on one single calculation. Stochastic computation is proposed as a standard procedure for WA+ water accounting because it provides the uncertainty bandwidth for every WA+ output, which is essential information for sound decision-making processes. The majority of WA+ parameters and performance indicators have a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 20 %, which implies that they are reliable and provide consistent information on the functioning of the basin. The results of the Awash Basin also indicate that the utilized flow and basin closure fraction (the degree to which available water in a basin is utilized) have a high margin of error and thus a low reliability. As such, the usefulness of them in formulating important policy decisions for the Awash Basin is limited. Other river basins will usually have a more accurate assessment of the discharge in the river mouth.
7 Adeba, D.; Kansal, M. L.; Sen, S. 2015. Assessment of water scarcity and its impacts on sustainable development in Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1(1):71-87. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0006-7]
Water scarcity ; Water availability ; Water balance ; Water resources ; Water demand ; Water requirements ; Sustainable development ; Assessment ; Surface water ; Domestic water ; Industrial uses ; Livestock ; Models ; Soil chemicophysical properties ; Land use ; River basins ; Environmental effects ; Calibration / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047902)
(3.02 MB)
Equitable access and rational use of water resources is important to cope with water scarcity. The optimal allocation of limited water resources for various purposes is required for sustainable development. Awash river basin is one of the most utilized river basins in Ethiopia. There is increasing demand for water due to recent population growth in the basin because of Urbanization. Excessive water abstraction without properly assessing the available water resources in the basin contributes to water scarcity. The basin exhibits two extreme hydrological events, flooding and drought at different seasons of the year. This paper mainly focuses on surface water resources assessment of the Awash basin, and the temporal gap between water supply and demand. The paper also discusses the impacts of these gaps on sustainable development and suggested few recommendations to minimize it. Using SWAT model, the annual average surface water available is estimated around 4.64 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) as compared to the estimated demand of about 4.67 BCM in the basin for 1980–2012. This shows that on an average, the demand exceeds the availability by 0.03 BCM during the study period. Seasonal water deficit is even serious. A detailed seasonal analysis for the last 2 years (2011–2012) shows that the demand exceeds supply by 1.27 and 2.82 BCM during December–April of 2011 and 2012, respectively. However, there is a surplus supply of 1.67 and 3.16 BCM during June–September months of the same year.
8 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Pavelic, Paul; Sikka, Alok; Sharma, Navneet. 2019. Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): global to field scale assessments. [Abstract only]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR 10) on Managed Aquifer Recharge: Local Solutions to the Global Water Crisis, Madrid, Spain, 20-24 May 2019. pp.440-442.
Flood irrigation ; Drought ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Assessment ; River basins ; Economic analysis / Ethiopia / India / Thailand / Awash Basin / Ramganga Basin / Chao Phraya Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049474)
https://www.ismar10.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ISMAR10-procs-book_EF.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049474.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049474.pdf
(0.07 MB) (37.0 MB)
9 Dyer, E.; Washington, R.; Taye, Meron Teferi. 2020. Evaluating the CMIP5 [Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5] ensemble in Ethiopia: creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash Basin. International Journal of Climatology, 40(6):2964-2985. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6377]
Climate change ; Models ; Evaluation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Climatic data ; Trends ; Observation ; Seasonality ; Simulation ; Forecasting ; River basins ; Policies / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049591)
https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/joc.6377
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049591.pdf
(8.09 MB) (8.09 MB)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the historical skill of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in two regions of Ethiopia: northwestern Ethiopia and the Awash, one of the main Ethiopian river basins. An ensemble of CMIP5 models was first selected so that atmosphere-only (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, AMIP) and fully coupled simulations could be directly compared, assessing the effects of coupled model sea surface temperature (SST) biases. The annual cycle, seasonal biases, trends, and variability were used as metrics of model skill. In the Awash basin, both coupled and AMIP simulations had late Belg or March-May (MAM) rainy seasons. In connection to this, most models also missed the June rainfall minimum entirely. Northwest Ethiopia, which has a unimodal rainfall cycle in observations, is shown to have bimodal seasonality in models, even in the AMIP simulations. Significant AMIP biases in these regions show that model biases are not related to SST biases alone. Similarly, a clear connection between model resolution and skill was not found. Models simulated temperature with more skill than rainfall, but trends showed an underestimation in Belg (MAM/April-May (AM)) trends, and an overestimation in Kiremt or July-September (JAS/June-September (JJAS)) trends. The models which were shown to have the most skill in a range of categories were HadGEM2-AO, GFDL-CM3, and MPI-ESM-MR. The biases and discrepancies in model skill for different metrics of rainfall and temperature found in this study provide a useful basis for a process-based analysis of the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia.
10 Yadeta, D.; Kebede, A.; Tessema, N. 2020. Climate change posed agricultural drought and potential of rainy season for effective agricultural water management, Kesem Sub-Basin, Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 140(1-2):653-666. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03113-7]
Climate change ; Drought ; Agriculture ; Water management ; Wet season ; Rain ; Evapotranspiration ; Estimation ; Crops ; River basins / Ethiopia / Awash Basin / Kesem Sub-Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049623)
(0.98 MB)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that climate has changed over the past century and the trend is anticipated to continue in the future. This study examines climate change posed drought and potential of rainy season rainfall in Kesem sub-basin. Rainfall variability is examined using statistical descriptors. Also, the onset and cessation dates, length of growing season, and probability of dry and wet spell are analyzed using INSTAT Plus software. On the other hand, long-term drought is analyzed using reconnaissance drought index. Rainfall variability result showed high coefficient of variance (CV) of 46.8 to 179.2% on monthly and 39.1% on annual basis. The mean duration of the main rainy season is 91 days with standard deviation of 18.5 days and CV of 20.4%. The probability of dry decade in the main rainy season is more than 50% for the 16th to 18th and 25th to 27th decades. Whereas probability occurrences of dry decades preceded by dry decades were more than 50% for decades 16th to 18th and 23th to 27th. Potential evapotranspiration showed increment of 25.9 mm from the base period for RCP 4.5 (2020) and 26.7 mm for RCP 8.5 (2020), and 55 mm for RCP4.5 (2050) and 56.8 mm for RCP8.5 (2050). Regarding the long-term drought, there were 9.7% extreme, 6.5% severe, 3.2% moderate, and 48.4% mild drought on the basis of observed data. The inter-annual variability of growing seasons, probability occurrence of dry decade, and drought during growing season are revealed. So, policymakers need to consider supplementary irrigation for crops in the area because there are high probability occurrences of dry decades.
11 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Pavelic, Paul. 2020. Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): exploring potential at the global scale. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 58p. (IWMI Research Report 176) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.204]
Flood irrigation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Drought ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Flood control ; Disaster risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Ecosystem services ; Watershed management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Surface water ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Water security ; Food security ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Groundwater irrigation ; Infrastructure ; Wells ; Pumps ; Crop production ; Land use ; Rain ; Monsoon climate ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Models / South Asia / South East Asia / Central Asia / South America / North America / Central America / Europe / Africa South of Sahara / North Africa / India / Ethiopia / Thailand / Uttar Pradesh / Awash Basin / Ramganga Basin / Chao Phraya Basin / Ganges River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050008)
(6.21 MB)
This report presents a spatial analysis conducted at global scale to identify areas of high suitability for implementing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach. The study used multiple global spatial datasets, and the related data were arranged under three categories – water supply, water demand and water storage – to assess global UTFI suitability. Among the river basins with high suitability, the Awash in Ethiopia, Ramganga in India (one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River Basin) and Chao Phraya in Thailand were selected for the economic analysis in this study. The results from this study are intended to provide a first step towards identifying the broad areas (at the river basin or country scale) where more detailed investigation would be worthwhile to ascertain the technical and economic feasibility of UTFI, with greater confidence.
12 Hailu, R.; Tolossa, D. 2020. Multi-stakeholder platforms: institutional options to achieve water security in the Awash Basin of Ethiopia. World Development Perspectives, 19:100213. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100213]
Water security ; Institutions ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; River basins ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Policies ; Water user associations ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Community organizations ; Water supply ; Irrigation ; Decision making ; Case studies / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049978)
(3.11 MB)
Securing water resources under common pool resources regime is becoming a challenge without proper collective actions. This paper explores Multi-stakeholder Platforms (MSPs) as a ‘soft path’ to realize water security using a case study of Awash River Basin. The data for this study were collected from various sources at multi-scale using a survey of key experts, in-depth interviews, focussed group discussions, participant observations, and document reviews. The data were systematically analysed using actors network analysis employing Ventism PLE for Windows Version 7.2, UCINET 6 for Windows, and Visualzyer 2.2 software. Moreover, descriptive statistics and content analyses were used. The result revealed that water resources involve Multi-stakeholder with various interests, priorities, sectors, and actors in the basin. Albeit, the vertical and horizontal linkages and interaction of the key actors are either loose or completely missed that affected the coordination mechanism. We argued that it is possible to negotiate the needs of all actors without endangering the water security of the others. MSPs- as an instrument to actualize collective actions- potentially realize this goal. To this end, we proposed three levels of MSPs based on the functions, mandates, and homogeneity of actors: (i) macro level, (ii) Meso level, and (iii) micro level. We believe that MSPs can be used as an institutional framework and pragmatically drive Integrated Water Resources Management in the basin. Thus, a successful platform requires reconciling various actors, sectors and uses, encouraging the water stewardship, as well as promoting Public-Private-Partnership in water resources management and development.
13 Maru, H.; Haileslassie, Amare; Zeleke, T.; Esayas, B. 2022. Agroecology-based analysis of meteorological drought and mapping its hotspot areas in Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 8(1):339-360. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01101-y]
Drought ; Mapping ; Agroecological zones ; Meteorological factors ; Precipitation ; Evapotranspiration ; Rain ; Temperature ; Risk management ; Disaster preparedness ; Adaptation ; Arid zones ; Highlands ; Lowland / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050179)
(11.30 MB)
Drought-related risk is among the major global challenges of our time. It negatively impacts food security and ecosystem health. It is becoming a persistent problem in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and specifically in Ethiopia. Information on its intensity and spatiotemporal distribution is critical to contextualize interventions and build agroecosystem and community resilience. This study aims at analyzing spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological drought over eight Agroecological Zones (AEZs) of the Awash Basin, Ethiopia. Annual gridded temperature and precipitation dataset obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia for the period 1983–2016, covering 1655 grid points, were used. The study applied the Standard Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) methods to characterize the meteorological droughts. The study applied Arc GIS 10.5 to map the drought hotspots. From the result, the value of SPEI and SPI methods was divergent in characterizing the magnitude and spatial occurrence of drought episodes. SPEI has more advantages in detecting dry months and a small advantage in detecting dry seasons compared to the SPI. Temporally, wet and dry years dominated the 1990s and 2010s, respectively. Drought dominated 1980s and normal years dominated the 2000s. The spatial context of drought hotspot showed that AEZs in the upper and lower parts of the Awash Basin were hit by severe to extreme drought while the escarpments and middle parts of the basin experienced mild to moderate drought. This contrasts with the common perception that the hot to warm arid lowlands AEZs are the only hotspot areas to drought. Moreover, previously none frequent drought AEZs, such as tepid to cool humid mid-highlands were identified as drought hotspots in the basin. This information could help policymakers to target AEZs and implement context-specific and informed drought risk management decisions and adaptation measures.
14 Bellwood-Howard, I.; Thompson, J.; Shamsudduha, M.; Taylor, R. G.; Mosha, D. B.; Gebrezgi, Gebrehaweria; Tarimo, A. K. P. R.; Kashaigili, J. J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Tiekoura, O. 2022. A multicriteria analysis of groundwater development pathways in three river basins in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Policy, 138:26-43. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.09.010]
Groundwater management ; River basins ; Water policies ; Water governance ; Water availability ; Large-scale farming ; Small-scale farming ; Water use ; Water users ; Multiple use ; Water quality ; Environmental sustainability ; Groundwater extraction ; Stakeholders ; Communities ; Modelling ; Uncertainty / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Niger / United Republic of Tanzania / Great Ruaha Sub-Catchment / Iullemmeden Basin / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051559)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290112200288X/pdfft?md5=4e23255036c0e457072d97d30d062c6e&pid=1-s2.0-S146290112200288X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051559.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051559.pdf
(10.10 MB) (10.1 MB)
Reliance on groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa is growing and expected to rise as surface water resource variability increases under climate change. Major questions remain about how groundwater will be used, and who informs these decisions. We represent different visions of groundwater use by ‘pathways’: politically and environmentally embedded socio-technological regimes for governing and managing groundwater systems. We presented policy actors (9 sets), development and research stakeholders (4 sets), and water users (6 sets) in three river basins in Ethiopia, Niger and Tanzania with information on the social and environmental impacts of six ‘Groundwater Development Pathways’, before gathering their opinions on each, through Multicriteria Mapping (MCM). Participants preferred pathways of low-intensity use, incorporating multiple agricultural, pastoral and domestic purposes, to high-intensity single-use pathways. Water availability and environmental sustainability, including water quality, were central concerns. Participants recognised that all groundwater uses potentially impinge upon one another affecting both the quantity and quality of abstracted water. Across participant groups there was ambiguity about what the most important water use was; each expressed demands for more detailed, certain modelling data. Water users preferred community or municipal-scale management regimes, perceiving that water quality was more likely to be safeguarded by institutions at these levels, whereas policy and development actors preferred individual-scale management, viewed as more efficient in terms of operation and maintenance. We conclude that MCM, combined with more detailed modelling, can provide an effective framework for policy actors to understand other stakeholders’ perspectives on groundwater development futures, enabling equitable, inclusive decision-making and governance.
15 Tefera, G. W.; Dile, Y. T.; Srinivasan, R.; Baker, T.; Ray, R. L. 2023. Hydrological modeling and scenario analysis for water supply and water demand assessment of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 46:101341. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101341]
Water supply ; Hydrological modelling ; Water demand ; Water reservoirs ; Water management ; Sedimentation ; Surface water ; Ecosystem services ; Infrastructure ; Population growth ; Nature-based solutions ; Urbanization ; Urban areas ; Land cover ; Land use ; Water quality ; Groundwater recharge ; Water treatment ; Evaporation ; Towns ; Stream flow ; Land management ; Uncertainty ; Domestic water ; Water requirements ; Soil erosion ; Water availability / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki Watershed / Awash Basin / Gefersa Reservoir / Dire Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051793)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823000289/pdfft?md5=2fcae8ae99650612b75d6c87c10a2599&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581823000289-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051793.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051793.pdf
(6.19 MB) (6.19 MB)
Study region: Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa’s surface water reservoirs and groundwater infrastructures are in the Akaki watershed of the Awash Basin.
Study focus: This study integrates a hydrological model, socioeconomic data, and different water management scenarios to investigate the current and future water supply and demand. Baseline water supply and water demand data are obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate reservoir sedimentation and water quantity in the Akaki watershed. The city’s water demand projection is based on the standard public water demand requirement and projected population. The study considered five scenarios to assess the gaps between water supply and demand.
New hydrological insights for the region: Simulation results showed that the area upstream of the existing reservoirs has the potential to supply 651,452 m3 /day of surface water; however, currently, the reservoirs are supplying only 224,658 m3 /day of water. With an optimistic scenario of planned reservoirs and groundwater boreholes becoming operational by 2029, water supply will only meet demands through 2035. Afterwards, the gap between water supply and demand will increase, due to an increase in population. Therefore, additional water supply projects, effective water use, and maintaining critical hydrological ecosystem services are required to bridge the gap between water supply and demand.
Study focus: This study integrates a hydrological model, socioeconomic data, and different water management scenarios to investigate the current and future water supply and demand. Baseline water supply and water demand data are obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate reservoir sedimentation and water quantity in the Akaki watershed. The city’s water demand projection is based on the standard public water demand requirement and projected population. The study considered five scenarios to assess the gaps between water supply and demand.
New hydrological insights for the region: Simulation results showed that the area upstream of the existing reservoirs has the potential to supply 651,452 m3 /day of surface water; however, currently, the reservoirs are supplying only 224,658 m3 /day of water. With an optimistic scenario of planned reservoirs and groundwater boreholes becoming operational by 2029, water supply will only meet demands through 2035. Afterwards, the gap between water supply and demand will increase, due to an increase in population. Therefore, additional water supply projects, effective water use, and maintaining critical hydrological ecosystem services are required to bridge the gap between water supply and demand.
16 Abebe, Y.; Gashaw, M.; Kefale, A.; Brewer, T. 2023. Wastewater governance in the upstream catchment of the Awash Basin, Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities for better accountability. Water Reuse, jwrd2023077. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2023.077]
Wastewater treatment ; Waste management ; Governance ; Watersheds ; Institutions ; Freshwater ; Environmental protection ; Environmental degradation ; Legal aspects ; Urban agriculture ; Urban areas ; Food security ; Human health ; Stakeholders ; Water reuse ; Water quality / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052360)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/wrd.2023.077/1315397/jwrd2023077.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052360.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052360.pdf
(0.91 MB) (936 KB)
With the growing competition for water, demand for food, and the decline of freshwater resources, wastewater and polluted river waters have been increasingly used for agriculture in Ethiopia. The findings of this study show that untreated wastewater discharged from industries into the environment has been polluting rivers and the surrounding environment. Regulatory bodies did little to enforce rules, regulations, and directives provided for the regulation of wastewater. This paper examines the factors that explain weaknesses with respect to the accountability of institutions meant for wastewater governance. In doing so, it discusses task overlaps, corruption, and the absence of environmental courts that significantly affect environmental protection activities. The study found that due to poor implementation of laws and regulations, and lack of relevant information, including poor evidence of the pollution load, enforcement activities are under a great challenge. The paper concludes that urban agriculture has been expanding without concern for its negative health and socioeconomic impacts. The positive economic impacts of wastewater agriculture also need to be reassessed and improved as one livelihood option for the farming communities and calls for awareness creation and other measures to fully understand the existing benefits and impacts of wastewater on human health and the environment.
17 Besha, K. Z.; Demissie, T. A.; Feyessa, F. F. 2024. Effects of land use/land cover change on hydrological responses of a watershed in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Hydrology Research, 55(2):83-111. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2024.042]
Watersheds ; Hydrological modelling ; Land cover change ; Land use change ; Water balance ; Farmland ; Grasslands ; Runoff ; Water yield ; Evapotranspiration ; Vegetation
/ Ethiopia / Central Rift Valley / Awash Basin
/ Ethiopia / Central Rift Valley / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052725)
https://iwaponline.com/hr/article-pdf/55/2/83/1376526/nh0550083.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052725.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052725.pdf
(0.93 MB) (948 KB)
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes on the hydrological components of a watershed using multivariate statistics, and hydrological modeling approaches. The study analyzed the LULC distributions, and changes corresponding to the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. The SWAT model was then applied to assess the hydrological impacts of these changes in the studied watershed. Finally, changes in LULC types were correlated with the water balance components using a Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method. The result showed a continuous expansion of barren, built-up, and cropland areas, while forests, shrubs, and grassland decreased by about 67.12, 41, and 36.88%, respectively. The modeling result showed that surface runoff, water yield, and evapotranspiration decreased by 16.1, 2.9, and 9.3%, respectively. In contrast, base flow, soil water storage, and lateral flow of the watershed increased by up to 19.1%, 55.9%, and 150.4%, respectively, due to LULC changes. The PLSR model identified the cropland, forest, and shrub LULC types as the major factors affecting the water resource components. The study results provide useful information for policymakers and planners in the implementation of sustainable water resource planning and management in the context of environmental change.
18 Taye, Meron Teferi; Seid, Abdulkarim H.; Tilaye, R.; Tekleab, S.; Mohammed, M.; Berhanu, B. 2024. Improving water and climate data and decision support tools for climate-smart water management in Ethiopia. Synthesis report prepared by the Prioritization of Climate-smart Water Management Practices project. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 28p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2024.205]
Water management ; Climatic data ; Decision-support systems ; Climate change ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water use ; Monitoring ; Groundwater ; Climate services ; Databases ; Early warning systems ; Weather forecasting ; Institutions / Ethiopia / Awash Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052695)
(15.4 MB)
Water is the medium through which most impacts of climate change on people’s livelihoods and ecosystems are transmitted. Climate change can lead to increasing scarcity of water, intensify variability in rainfall and, thereby, river discharge; and exacerbate the severity of flood, drought and heatwave extremes. Reducing climate-induced water scarcity and enhancing climate resilience to water-related hazards requires well-thought-out actions that include water infrastructure development, putting in place adaptive institutional frameworks, and increasingly developing and employing innovations and future-oriented climate and water data and decision support systems. This report is one of the outputs of the study conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) as part of the project Prioritization of Climate-smart Water Management Practices. The aim of the study has been to develop recommendations for addressing two of the critical gaps identified for improving climate resilience of water resources management in Ethiopia, namely, (1) inadequate data and information on key hydrological variables that have led to a lack of recent knowledge on water availability, actual water use, water source types and potentials; and (2) a lack of decision support tools that would provide strategic and operational level information and capacity for risk-based planning and management of water resources. The report is based on an analysis of collected data, information gleaned through stakeholder consultations and a review of existing literature on climate and water data, and decision support tools in use in the Awash River Basin and at national level in Ethiopia. This synthesis report focuses on the technical aspects of climate and water data and decision support tools, while the institutional aspects are presented in Sanchez Ramirez et al. 2024.
This study conceptualizes climate-smart water management as having three reinforcing objectives: maximize the goods and services that can be produced from the limited water resources; minimize the impact of climate extremes — floods and droughts at multiple scales; curtail the impact of rainfall variability across scales, including small-scale agricultural producers, and enhance water resources planning and management at the basin scale.
Key challenges that have been identified include inadequate spatial coverage of hydrometeorological networks; short and, very often, intermittent river discharge data; almost nonexistent water use monitoring; fragmentation of data and inadequate capacity of skilled personnel. There are a number of ongoing efforts by the Ministry of Water and Energy with the aim of addressing these challenges. Weather forecasts are made regularly by the Ethiopian Meteorology Institute (EMI) with attempts to translate these forecasts into their potential impacts on agriculture, water and health. These forecasts and their translation into sector-specific implications need to be improved to make them actionable at lower spatial scales. There is also a need to improve the interoperability of databases and systems to minimize data fragmentation and ensure timely sharing of data.
This report presents a conceptual architecture of improved water and climate data and decision support tools, together with specific recommendations for improving hydrometeorological data collection networks, monitoring of agricultural water use, communication of information across scales and decision support tools. The recommendations are intended to provide input for ongoing discussions on improving climate and water data and decision support tools for climateresilient water resources management in Ethiopia.
This study conceptualizes climate-smart water management as having three reinforcing objectives: maximize the goods and services that can be produced from the limited water resources; minimize the impact of climate extremes — floods and droughts at multiple scales; curtail the impact of rainfall variability across scales, including small-scale agricultural producers, and enhance water resources planning and management at the basin scale.
Key challenges that have been identified include inadequate spatial coverage of hydrometeorological networks; short and, very often, intermittent river discharge data; almost nonexistent water use monitoring; fragmentation of data and inadequate capacity of skilled personnel. There are a number of ongoing efforts by the Ministry of Water and Energy with the aim of addressing these challenges. Weather forecasts are made regularly by the Ethiopian Meteorology Institute (EMI) with attempts to translate these forecasts into their potential impacts on agriculture, water and health. These forecasts and their translation into sector-specific implications need to be improved to make them actionable at lower spatial scales. There is also a need to improve the interoperability of databases and systems to minimize data fragmentation and ensure timely sharing of data.
This report presents a conceptual architecture of improved water and climate data and decision support tools, together with specific recommendations for improving hydrometeorological data collection networks, monitoring of agricultural water use, communication of information across scales and decision support tools. The recommendations are intended to provide input for ongoing discussions on improving climate and water data and decision support tools for climateresilient water resources management in Ethiopia.
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