Your search found 104 records
1 Hoque, S. F.; Hope, R. 2018. The water diary method - proof-of-concept and policy implications for monitoring water use behaviour in rural Kenya. Water Policy, 20(4):725-743. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.179]
Water use ; Behaviour ; Monitoring ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water security ; Water policy ; Water resources ; Drinking water ; Water costs ; Households ; Water supply ; Gender equality ; Rural areas / Kenya / Kitui
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048882)
(0.47 MB)
Africa is lagging behind global progress to meet the Sustainable Development Goal for ‘universal access to safe and affordable drinking water’ services. New knowledge needs to understand and respond to water service inequalities which are not revealed by high quality, but snapshot and infrequent, household surveys. We have designed and piloted a ‘water diary’ in Kenya to document the daily sources, uses, cost and sufficiency of water, along with weekly household expenditures. Water use behaviours vary across water supply alternatives, rainfall extremes and economic conditions to affect ‘sufficiency’ for competing drinking, bathing, laundry, hygiene, and productive uses. Findings reveal water for hygiene uses is reduced during drought, and while water expenditure is the lowest of seven categories, it spikes for a minority. We evaluate the diary method by measurement, internal and external validity criteria and conclude that the longitudinal approach offers complementary insights to address the gaps in current monitoring methods.
2 Mendum, R.; Paez, A. M.; Njenga, M. 2018. Challenges and solutions for gender mainstreaming and gender integration in research and development. In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.73-78. (Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
Gender mainstreaming ; Gender equality ; Research and development ; Development policies ; Role of women ; Women's participation ; Education ; Capacity building ; Social aspects ; Decision making
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049009)
(639 KB)
3 UN Women. 2014. World survey on the role of women in development 2014: gender equality and sustainable development. New York, NY, USA: UN Women. 129p.
Women in development ; Gender equality ; Sustainable development ; Surveys ; Food security ; Food insecurity ; Right to food ; Food systems ; Policy making ; Social policies ; Economic policies ; Water availability ; Population dynamics ; Demographic transition ; Family planning ; Sanitation ; Hunger ; Malnutrition ; Financing ; Investment ; Corporate culture ; Constraints ; Electricity
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049179)
http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2014/world-survey-on-the-role-of-women-in-development-2014-en.pdf?la=en&vs=3045
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049179.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049179.pdf
(2.30 MB) (2.30 MB)
4 International Social Science Council (ISSC); Institute of Development Studies (IDS); UNESCO. 2016. World social science report 2016: challenging inequalities: pathways to a just world. Paris, France: UNESCO; International Social Science Council (ISSC). 359p.
Social sciences ; Gender equality ; Equity ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Economic growth ; Income distribution ; Remuneration ; Labour market ; Taxes ; Legal rights ; Natural resources ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Social classes ; Middle classes ; Racial discrimination ; Refugees ; Indigenous peoples ; Socioeconomic environment ; Poverty ; Public health ; Ebolavirus ; Social policies ; Strategies ; Education ; Publications ; Political aspects ; Institutions ; Conflicts ; Corruption / Africa South of Sahara / Russian Federation / USA / Latin America / Europe / Arab countries / South Africa / China / India / Brazil / Peru / Lebanon / Syrian Arab Republic / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049212)
(7.50 MB) (7.50 MB)
5 Shrestha, Gitta; Joshi, Deepa; Clement, Floriane. 2019. Masculinities and hydropower in India: a feminist political ecology perspective. International Journal of the Commons, 13(1):130-152. (Special issue: Feminist Political Ecologies of the Commons and Commoning). [doi: https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.920]
Gender mainstreaming ; Women ; Political ecology ; Hydropower ; Gender equality ; Men ; Social aspects ; Human behaviour ; Risks ; Organizations ; Water institutions ; Public sector ; Private sector ; Case studies / India / Sikkim
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049290)
https://www.thecommonsjournal.org/articles/10.18352/ijc.920/galley/921/download/
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049290.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049290.pdf
(0.36 MB) (368 KB)
Mainstreaming gender in water governance through “how to do gender” toolkits has long been a development focus. It has been widely argued that such toolkits simplify the complex, nuanced realities of inequalities by gender in relation to water and fail to pay attention to the fact that the proposed users of such gender-water toolkits, i.e. mostly male water sector professionals, lack the skills, motivation and/or incentives to apply these toolkits in their everyday work. We adopt a feminist political ecology lens to analyse some of the barriers to reduce social inequalities in the management of global commons such as international rivers. Our findings highlight the leap of faith made in the belief that gender toolkits, as they exist, will filter through layers of a predominantly masculine institutional culture to enable change in ground realities of complex inequalities by gender. Analysing the everyday workings of two hydropower development organisations in India, we show how organisational structures demonstrate a blatant culture of masculinity. These two organisations, like many others, are sites where hierarchies and inequalities based on gender are produced, performed and reproduced. This performance of masculinity promotes and rewards a culture of technical pride in re-shaping nature, abiding by and maintaining hierarchy and demonstrating physical strength and emotional hardiness. In such a setting, paying attention to vulnerabilities, inequalities and disparities are incompatible objectives.
6 UN. 2019. The Sustainable Development Goals report 2019. New York, NY, USA: UN. 60p.
Sustainable Development Goals ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Gender equality ; Women ; Water management ; Food security ; Sustainable agriculture ; Climate change ; Economic growth ; Poverty ; Urbanization ; Living standards ; Human rights ; Employment ; Education for all ; Nutrition ; Renewable energy ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystems ; Marine resources ; Land degradation ; Industrialization ; Innovation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049229)
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049229.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049229.pdf
(16.50 MB) (16.5 MB)
7 Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Arulingam, Indika. 2019. Unpacking barriers to socially inclusive weather index insurance: towards a framework for inclusion. Water, 11(11):2235. (Special issue: Selected Papers from 2019 World Water Week) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112235]
Weather hazards ; Agricultural insurance ; Flooding ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Gender equity ; Gender equality ; Women ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Landlessness ; Strategies ; Microfinance ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Case studies ; Villages / India / Bangladesh / Bihar / Sirajganj
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049374)
(0.29 MB) (296 KB)
Floods account for a majority of disasters, especially in South Asia, where they affect 27 million people annually, causing economic losses of over US$1 billion. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these risks. Risk transfer mechanisms, such as weather index insurance (WII) may help buffer farmers against these hazards. However, WII programs struggle to attract the clients most in need of protection, including marginalized women and men. This risks re-enforcing existing inequalities and missing opportunities to promote pro-poor and gender-sensitive development. Key questions, therefore, include what factors constrain access to WIIs amongst heterogeneous communities, and how these can be addressed. This paper contributes to that end through primary data from two WII case studies (one in India, the other in Bangladesh) that identify contextual socio-economic and structural barriers to accessing WII, and strategies to overcome these. More significantly, this paper synthesizes the case study findings and those from a review of the literature on other WII initiatives into a framework to promote a systematic approach to address these challenges: an important step forward in moving from problem analysis to remedial action. The framework highlights actions across WII product design, implementation and post-implementation, to minimize risks of social exclusion in future WII schemes.
8 Shrestha, Gitta; Clement, Floriane. 2019. Unravelling gendered practices in the public water sector in Nepal. Water Policy, 21(5):1017-1033. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.238]
Water supply ; Public water ; Gender equality ; Gender equity ; Women's participation ; Water institutions ; Water user associations ; Corporate culture ; Water policy ; Decision making ; Attitudes ; Case studies / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049394)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/21/5/1017/614393/021051017.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049394.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049394.pdf
(0.22 MB) (228 KB)
Despite decades of gender mainstreaming in the water sector, a wide gap between policy commitments and outcomes remains. This study aims at offering a fresh perspective on such policy gaps, by analysing how gendered discourses, institutions and professional culture contribute to policy gaps. We rely on a conceptual framework originally developed for analysing strategic change, which is used to analyse gender in the public water sector in Nepal. Our analysis relies on a review of national water policies and a series of semi-structured interviews with male and female water professionals from several public agencies. Our findings evidence how dominant discourses, formal rules and professional culture intersect to support and reproduce hegemonic masculine attitudes and practices of water professionals. Such attitudes and practices in turn favour a technocratic implementation of policy measures. We argue that gender equality policy initiatives in the water sector have overly focused on local level formal institutions and have not adequately considered the effects of masculine discourses, norms and culture to be effective in making progress towards gender equity. We conclude with policy recommendations.
9 World Bank. 2019. Women in water utilities: breaking barriers. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 92p.
Women's participation ; Gender equality ; Diversity ; Women in development ; Water supply ; Policies ; Human resources management ; Attitudes ; Leadership ; Barriers ; Social aspects ; Training ; Sanitation ; Economic impact ; Organizations
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049480)
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32319/140993.pdf?sequence=9&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049480.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049480.pdf
(4.78 MB) (4.78 MB)
10 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2019. IWMI Strategy 2019-2023: innovative water solutions for sustainable development. Summary. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (Also in Arabic)
Strategy planning ; Research institutes ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Water security ; Water use ; Water policy ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Ecosystems ; Climate change adaptation ; Food security ; Nexus ; Resilience ; Digital technology ; Innovation ; Gender equality ; Research programmes ; Partnerships ; Economic growth ; Agriculture ; Data management / Middle East / North Africa / Asia / Latin America
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049498)
(1.27 MB)
11 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2019. IWMI Strategy 2019-2023: innovative water solutions for sustainable development. Summary. In Arabic. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p. (Also in English)
Strategy planning ; Research institutes ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Water security ; Water use ; Water policy ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Ecosystems ; Climate change adaptation ; Food security ; Nexus ; Resilience ; Digital technology ; Innovation ; Gender equality ; Research programmes ; Partnerships ; Economic growth ; Agriculture ; Data management / Middle East / North Africa / Asia / Latin America
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049499)
(252 KB)
12 Packett, E.; Grigg, N. J.; Wu, J.; Cuddy, S. M.; Wallbrink, P. J.; Jakeman, A. J. 2020. Mainstreaming gender into water management modelling processes. Environmental Modelling and Software, 127:104683 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104683]
Water management ; Modelling ; Gender mainstreaming ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Gender equality ; Equity ; Decision making ; Stakeholders ; Policies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049569)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815219306966/pdfft?md5=9bbd07f9dad094b7d69d4f78e41cc5ec&pid=1-s2.0-S1364815219306966-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049569.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049569.pdf
(0.51 MB) (524 KB)
Although the Dublin principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) are well-established, the third principle on gender is commonly missing in practice. We use gender mainstreaming to identify examples where gender-specific perspectives might influence water resource management modelling choices. We show how gender considerations could lead to different choices in all modelling phases, providing examples from three familiar components of modelling practice: (a) problem framing and conceptualization, (b) model construction, documentation and evaluation and (c) model interpretation and decision support. We suggest a future approach for integrating gender perspectives in modelling. Including gender dimensions could strengthen modelling results by engaging with a range of stakeholders and highlighting questions, knowledge, values and choices that may otherwise be overlooked. Such an approach won't always result in a different model and results. At the very least it's a mechanism to explore and reveal gendered assumptions knowingly, or unknowingly, embedded into the model.
13 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2020. IWMI Gender and Inclusion Strategy 2020-2023: new landscapes of water equality and inclusion. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 16p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.205]
Gender equality ; Inclusion ; Strategies ; Organizational change ; Water security ; Water systems ; Digital innovation ; Data management ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Social inequalities ; Equity ; Women ; Social development ; Empowerment ; Structural change ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Risk reduction ; Food systems ; Ecosystems ; Water use ; Multiple use ; Agricultural research for development ; Research programmes ; CGIAR ; Research institutions ; Intervention ; Stakeholders ; Policies ; Knowledge management ; Capacity building
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H049876)
(1.16 MB)
14 Neal, M. J. 2020. COVID-19 and water resources management: reframing our priorities as a water sector. Water International, 45(5):435-440. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1773648]
Water resources ; Water management ; Coronavirus disease ; Pandemics ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water governance ; Gender equality ; Inclusion ; Urban areas ; Communities
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049909)
(0.45 MB)
15 Mulema, A. A.; Boonabaana, B.; Debevec, L.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Alemu, M.; Kaaria, S. 2021. Spiraling up and down: mapping women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions using the community capitals framework in rural Ethiopia. Community Development, 52(1):113-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1838589]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Agriculture ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Cultural capital ; Collective action ; Social networks ; Livelihood diversification ; Off farm employment ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Households ; Decision making / Ethiopia / Adami Tulu / Yaya Gulele
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050056)
(2.09 MB)
The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds “power with”, “power within”, “power to” and “power over” in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women’s empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.
16 Dickin, S.; Bisung, E.; Nansi, J.; Charles, K. 2020. Empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene index. World Development, 137:105158. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105158]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Decision making ; Public health ; Indicators ; Households ; Policies / Burkina Faso / Banfora
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050082)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302850/pdfft?md5=ea32674a103d1fa634063642fd2cf387&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20302850-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
(0.79 MB) (804 KB)
Water, sanitation and hygiene services are often promoted as critical for women's empowerment and gender equality. Tools for monitoring water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) have focused largely on technical standards related to public health outcomes, overlooking those related to broader human wellbeing such as gender and social equality. The Empowerment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Index (EWI) is a novel survey-based index designed to measure agency, participation and empowerment in the water and sanitation sector. The EWI can be used to assess gender outcomes of a WASH intervention and to monitor changes over time. Drawing on a multi-level conceptualization of empowerment, the EWI is comprised of a suite of indicators at individual, household, and societal levels. The EWI uses responses collected from a male and female respondent at the same household, and represents the proportion of women and men who are empowered, as well as the level of empowerment. We report the methodological approach and data from this pilot study in Burkina Faso. The findings highlight the importance of better understanding household- and community-level power and gender relations, such as decision-making related to household water or sanitation spending. By enabling measurement of women’s empowerment, practitioners and policy-makers can identify and incorporate more targeted strategies that address gender disparities and promote empowerment, and also monitor and evaluate their effectiveness.
17 Karn, Sujeet; Sugden, Fraser; Sah, K. K.; Maharjan, J.; Shah, T. N.; Clement, F. 2020. Shifting gender relations in agriculture and irrigation in the Nepal Tarai-Madhesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 34p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 10) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.211]
Gender relations ; Agricultural sector ; Women’s participation ; Women’s empowerment ; Gender equality ; Vulnerability ; Groundwater irrigation ; Communities ; Migration ; Role of women ; Farmers ; Land ownership ; Land tenure ; Water availability ; Irrigation canals ; Tube wells ; Climate change ; Water user associations ; Capacity building ; Social change ; Caste systems ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Villages ; Constraints ; Labour ; Poverty ; Economic resources ; Microfinance ; Remittances ; Enterprises ; Institutions ; Decision making ; State intervention / Nepal / Eastern Gangetic Plains / Tarai-Madhesh Region / Sunsari / Siraha / Ekamba Village Development Committee / Amaduwa Village Development Committee / Lohani / Kharotole / Bhagwanpur / Fulkahakati
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050103)
(2.95 MB)
This report explores how women perceive participation and empowerment vis-a-vis access to water and other agricultural resources in the Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal. The report argues that gendered vulnerability is indeed intricately connected with other axes of difference, such as caste and economic status, despite women’s critical role in agricultural production and their active engagement in access to water and irrigation in agriculture. Overall, women’s well-being seems to have decreased as a consequence of male out-migration. However, there are women who have also become empowered in new ways, taking up enterprise opportunities.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
18 CGIAR System Organization. 2020. Responding to COVID-19: CGIAR's contribution to global response, recovery and resilience. Montpellier, France: CGIAR System Organization. 48p.
COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; CGIAR ; Research programmes ; Agricultural research ; Food security ; Nutrition security ; Resilience ; Food systems ; Value chains ; Water systems ; Livelihoods ; Poverty ; Gender equality ; Public health ; Environmental health ; Social protection ; Inclusion ; Sustainability ; Policies ; Investment ; Income ; Strategies ; Economic impact
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049854)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/108548/CGIAR-Responding-to-COVID-19.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049854.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049854.pdf
(2.81 MB) (2.81 MB)
The COVID-19 pandemic, itself likely the result of unsustainable food, land and water systems, is exposing weaknesses in food systems, societies and economies around the world. The health risks of the pandemic, combined with the social and economic impacts of measures to stop the spread of the disease (e.g. social isolation directives, travel bans, border closures) are posing threats to food, nutrition and water security, as well as continued progress on global goals to end poverty and hunger, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Without substantial emergency relief, 140 million people could fall into extreme poverty, potentially increasing hunger and malnutrition for millions. Women, youth, migrant workers and poor urban populations are among those most significantly impacted. The global response to the pandemic must be swift and science-based, harnessing new and existing knowledge. Solutions need to be coordinated across sectors to provide immediate response and assistance for those most in need, ongoing and inclusive support in recovery and, perhaps most importantly, future resilience to all shocks–including climate extremes. The COVID-19 crisis presents an unprecedented opportunity for humanity to “build back better,” particularly in the food systems at the root of the pandemic. The crisis has demonstrated how quickly society can fail – but also that collective positive change in human behavior is possible at scale and speed. CGIAR will join its network of partners to co-lead global debate and action on what “building back better” looks like for food, water and land systems.
19 Kosec, K.; Mo, C. H.; Schmidt, E.; Song, J. 2021. Perceptions of relative deprivation and women’s empowerment. World Development, 138:105218. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105218]
Women's empowerment ; Attitudes ; Gender equality ; Women's participation ; Work force ; Economic situation ; Decision making ; Household income ; Communities / Papua New Guinea
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050136)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20303454/pdfft?md5=eaf4139801e984e9cc294ff57525de70&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20303454-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050136.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050136.pdf
(0.45 MB) (464 KB)
How do perceptions of one’s relative economic status affect gender attitudes, including support for women’s economic participation and involvement in decision-making in their community and household? We conducted a 2018 survey experiment with female and male adults in approximately 1000 households in Papua New Guinea. Employing an established survey treatment to subtly alter respondents’ perception of their relative economic wellbeing, we find that increased feelings of relative deprivation make both men and women significantly more likely to support girls’ schooling and women’s paid employment, suggesting that relative economic insecurity can actually prompt support for women’s economic participation. However, increased feelings of relative deprivation may trigger greater intra-household tension. While increased perceptions of relative deprivation cause women to want more household decision-making authority, men’s attitudes toward women’s proper roles in decision-making are unchanged. In other words, increased support for women’s economic participation among men appears to stem mainly from a desire to raise household income, and not to alter the general role of women in society. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of gender attitudes, and how support for women’s economic participation may rise without simultaneous increases in women’s agency in decision-making.
20 Lawless, S.; Cohen, P. J.; Mangubhai, S.; Kleiber, D.; Morrison, T. H. 2021. Gender equality is diluted in commitments made to small-scale fisheries. World Development, 140:105348. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105348]
Gender equality ; Small-scale fisheries ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 5 Gender equality ; Gender equity ; Women ; Strategies ; Environmental management ; Governance ; Policies ; Livelihoods ; Communities ; Nongovernmental organizations / Pacific Islands / Fiji / Solomon Islands / Vanuatu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050221)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20304769/pdfft?md5=14344cbecec1db5a72e7f6356159a53e&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20304769-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050221.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050221.pdf
(1.42 MB) (1.42 MB)
Gender equality is a mainstream principle of good environmental governance and sustainable development. Progress toward gender equality in the fisheries sector is critical for effective and equitable development outcomes in coastal countries. However, while commitments to gender equality have surged at global, regional and national levels, little is known about how this principle is constructed, and implemented across different geographies and contexts. Consequently, progress toward gender equality is difficult to assess and navigate. To identify influential policy instruments (n = 76), we conducted key-informant interviews with governance actors engaged in small-scale fisheries (n = 26) and gender and development (n = 9) sectors across the Pacific Islands region. We systematically analysed these instruments according to (1) representations of gender and gender equality, (2) rationales for pursing gender, and (3) gender strategies and actions. We found that fisheries policy instruments frequently narrowed the concept of gender to a focus on women, whereas gender and development policy instruments considered gender as diverse social identities, norms and relations. In fisheries policy instruments, rationales for pursuing gender equality diverged substantially yet, overall the principle was predominantly pursued for instrumental (i.e., improved environmental outcomes) rather than intrinsic (i.e., an inherent value in fairness) reasons. Over two-thirds of gender equality strategies focused on an organization’s own human resourcing and project assessments, rather than on direct action within communities, or for women and men reliant on fisheries. Our findings illustrate gender equality commitments and investments to be narrow and outdated. Critical shifts in dominant gender equality narratives and objectives, and an embrace of multi-level strategies, provide opportunities for fisheries governance and development agendas to rise to current best practice, and ultimately make meaningful (opposed to rhetorical) progress toward gender equality. The methodological approach we develop holds value for other development sectors to critically examine, and subsequently enhance, commitment toward gender equality.
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