Your search found 32 records
1 Ringer, C.; Dias, P.; United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN). 2020. Water and nutrition: harmonizing actions for the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition and the United Nations Water Action Decade. Rome, Italy: United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN). 56p.
Water resources ; Nutrition security ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water security ; Water insecurity ; Malnutrition ; Food systems ; Food security ; Diet ; Climate change ; Agricultural production ; Water management ; Irrigation water ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Households ; Domestic water ; Women's empowerment ; Fisheries ; Social aspects ; Human rights ; Environmental sustainability ; Ecosystems ; UN ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049549)
https://www.unscn.org/uploads/web/news/document/Water-Paper-EN-WEB-12feb.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049549.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049549.pdf
(2.21 MB) (2.21 MB)
2 Arulingam, Indika; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Debevec, Liza. 2019. Youth participation in small-scale fisheries, aquaculture and value chains in Africa and the Asia-Pacific. Penang, Malaysia: CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems. 66p. (CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems Program Report: FISH-2019-14)
Small-scale fisheries ; Youth employment ; Participation ; Aquaculture ; Value chains ; Fishers ; Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Access to information ; Education ; Land access ; Financing ; Income generation ; Policies ; Strategies ; Technology ; Living standards ; Decision making ; Social status ; Working conditions ; State intervention ; Stakeholders ; International organizations ; Economic aspects ; Political aspects ; Agricultural sector ; Ecosystems / Africa / Asia and the Pacific / Egypt / Nigeria / United Republic of Tanzania / Zambia / Bangladesh / Cambodia / Myanmar / Solomon Islands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049615)
https://digitalarchive.worldfishcenter.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12348/3937/5872a0e98fae8e846953753d08558376.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049615.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049615.pdf
(10.00 MB) (10.0 MB)
IWMI, a managing partner of FISH, conducted an assessment of youth participation in SSF, aquaculture and value chains between November 2017 and May 2018. The assessment was conducted in Africa and the Asia-Pacific, with a particular focus on the FISH focal countries of Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia in Africa and Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar and Solomon Islands in the Asia-Pacific. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the participation of youth in fisheries and aquaculture, including opportunities and challenges for participation, (ii) understand what WorldFish and key partners (government organizations, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs] and others) are doing in the focal countries in relation to youth participation, and (iii) (based on the former two points) provide potential areas for further research that could support improved youth participation in aquaculture, SSF and value chains. In this report, definitions of SSF and aquaculture are adopted from WorldFish.
3 Laszlo, S.; Grantham, K.; Oskay, E.; Zhang, T. 2020. Grappling with the challenges of measuring women's economic empowerment in intrahousehold settings. World Development, 132:104959. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104959]
Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Economic aspects ; Households ; Income ; Developing countries ; Decision making ; Policies ; Labour market ; Cash transfers ; Social aspects ; Marriage ; Fertility ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049726)
(0.43 MB)
Defining and measuring women's economic empowerment (WEE) has been at the centre of the current debates among international development scholars and practitioners. The lack of clear consensus on both may limit widespread efforts to design and evaluate programs and policies aimed at improving women's well-being. Building on intra-household allocation models and on Sen (1989) and Kabeer (1999), this paper proposes a conceptual framework of intrahousehold decision-making which can accommodate many classes of WEE measures. It proposes a typology of WEE measures which combines proximity of concept to measurability. Findings from a review of the scholarly literature between 2005 and 2020 are then presented to demonstrate the diversity of published approaches that exist to measure WEE.
4 Theis, S.; Lefore, Nicole; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Bryan, E. 2018. What happens after technology adoption?: gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania. Agriculture and Human Values, 35(3):671-684. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-018-9862-8]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology transfer ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Use rights ; Women's participation ; Decision making ; Households ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Communities / Ethiopia / Ghana / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049870)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-018-9862-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049870.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049870.pdf
(1.01 MB) (1.01 MB)
Diverse agricultural technologies are promoted to increase yields and incomes, save time, improve food and nutritional security, and even empower women. Yet a gender gap in technology adoption remains for many agricultural technologies, even for those that are promoted for women. This paper complements the literature on gender and technology adoption, which largely focuses on reasons for low rates of female technology adoption, by shifting attention to what happens within a household after it adopts a technology. Understanding the expected benefits and costs of adoption, from the perspective of women users in households with adult males, can help explain observed technology adoption rates and why technology adoption is often not sustained in the longer term. Drawing on qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper develops a framework for examining the intrahousehold distribution of benefits from technology adoption, focusing on small-scale irrigation technologies. The framework contributes to the conceptual and empirical exploration of joint control over technology by men and women in the same household. Efforts to promote technology adoption for agricultural development and women’s empowerment would benefit from an understanding of intrahousehold control over technology to avoid interpreting technology adoption as an end in and of itself.
5 Mulema, A. A.; Boonabaana, B.; Debevec, L.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Alemu, M.; Kaaria, S. 2021. Spiraling up and down: mapping women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions using the community capitals framework in rural Ethiopia. Community Development, 52(1):113-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1838589]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Agriculture ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Cultural capital ; Collective action ; Social networks ; Livelihood diversification ; Off farm employment ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Households ; Decision making / Ethiopia / Adami Tulu / Yaya Gulele
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050056)
(2.09 MB)
The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds “power with”, “power within”, “power to” and “power over” in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women’s empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.
6 Dickin, S.; Bisung, E.; Nansi, J.; Charles, K. 2020. Empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene index. World Development, 137:105158. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105158]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Decision making ; Public health ; Indicators ; Households ; Policies / Burkina Faso / Banfora
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050082)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302850/pdfft?md5=ea32674a103d1fa634063642fd2cf387&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20302850-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
(0.79 MB) (804 KB)
Water, sanitation and hygiene services are often promoted as critical for women's empowerment and gender equality. Tools for monitoring water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) have focused largely on technical standards related to public health outcomes, overlooking those related to broader human wellbeing such as gender and social equality. The Empowerment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Index (EWI) is a novel survey-based index designed to measure agency, participation and empowerment in the water and sanitation sector. The EWI can be used to assess gender outcomes of a WASH intervention and to monitor changes over time. Drawing on a multi-level conceptualization of empowerment, the EWI is comprised of a suite of indicators at individual, household, and societal levels. The EWI uses responses collected from a male and female respondent at the same household, and represents the proportion of women and men who are empowered, as well as the level of empowerment. We report the methodological approach and data from this pilot study in Burkina Faso. The findings highlight the importance of better understanding household- and community-level power and gender relations, such as decision-making related to household water or sanitation spending. By enabling measurement of women’s empowerment, practitioners and policy-makers can identify and incorporate more targeted strategies that address gender disparities and promote empowerment, and also monitor and evaluate their effectiveness.
7 Karn, Sujeet; Sugden, Fraser; Sah, K. K.; Maharjan, J.; Shah, T. N.; Clement, F. 2020. Shifting gender relations in agriculture and irrigation in the Nepal Tarai-Madhesh. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 34p. (WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 10) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.211]
Gender relations ; Agricultural sector ; Women’s participation ; Women’s empowerment ; Gender equality ; Vulnerability ; Groundwater irrigation ; Communities ; Migration ; Role of women ; Farmers ; Land ownership ; Land tenure ; Water availability ; Irrigation canals ; Tube wells ; Climate change ; Water user associations ; Capacity building ; Social change ; Caste systems ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Villages ; Constraints ; Labour ; Poverty ; Economic resources ; Microfinance ; Remittances ; Enterprises ; Institutions ; Decision making ; State intervention / Nepal / Eastern Gangetic Plains / Tarai-Madhesh Region / Sunsari / Siraha / Ekamba Village Development Committee / Amaduwa Village Development Committee / Lohani / Kharotole / Bhagwanpur / Fulkahakati
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050103)
(2.95 MB)
This report explores how women perceive participation and empowerment vis-a-vis access to water and other agricultural resources in the Tarai/Madhesh of Nepal. The report argues that gendered vulnerability is indeed intricately connected with other axes of difference, such as caste and economic status, despite women’s critical role in agricultural production and their active engagement in access to water and irrigation in agriculture. Overall, women’s well-being seems to have decreased as a consequence of male out-migration. However, there are women who have also become empowered in new ways, taking up enterprise opportunities.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
The authors point out that at the level of policy and external development interventions, a dominating narrative on women’s limited participation in agriculture being a result of ‘social norms’ exists. Public irrigation agencies have used this myth to absolve themselves of the responsibility for ensuring gender equality in program implementation.
The report concludes that strengthening equitable irrigation user groups alongside capacity building for farmers and program implementers are critical measures for improving women’s access to irrigation and overall well-being. Women should be ensured meaningful participation, including leadership roles.
Finally, this report recommends linking irrigation user groups to other income-generation schemes, and facilitating access to better credit, finance and agricultural inputs.
8 Kosec, K.; Mo, C. H.; Schmidt, E.; Song, J. 2021. Perceptions of relative deprivation and women’s empowerment. World Development, 138:105218. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105218]
Women's empowerment ; Attitudes ; Gender equality ; Women's participation ; Work force ; Economic situation ; Decision making ; Household income ; Communities / Papua New Guinea
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050136)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20303454/pdfft?md5=eaf4139801e984e9cc294ff57525de70&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20303454-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050136.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050136.pdf
(0.45 MB) (464 KB)
How do perceptions of one’s relative economic status affect gender attitudes, including support for women’s economic participation and involvement in decision-making in their community and household? We conducted a 2018 survey experiment with female and male adults in approximately 1000 households in Papua New Guinea. Employing an established survey treatment to subtly alter respondents’ perception of their relative economic wellbeing, we find that increased feelings of relative deprivation make both men and women significantly more likely to support girls’ schooling and women’s paid employment, suggesting that relative economic insecurity can actually prompt support for women’s economic participation. However, increased feelings of relative deprivation may trigger greater intra-household tension. While increased perceptions of relative deprivation cause women to want more household decision-making authority, men’s attitudes toward women’s proper roles in decision-making are unchanged. In other words, increased support for women’s economic participation among men appears to stem mainly from a desire to raise household income, and not to alter the general role of women in society. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of gender attitudes, and how support for women’s economic participation may rise without simultaneous increases in women’s agency in decision-making.
9 Harris, G. D.; Barron, J.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Hussein, H.; Choi, G. (Eds.) 2021. Special issue on selected papers from 2019 World Water Week. Water, (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors)
Water policy ; Water governance ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Hygiene ; Gender ; Women's empowerment ; Water supply ; Rural areas ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Wastewater treatment ; Water scarcity ; Climate change ; Disaster risk reduction ; Flooding ; Drought ; Vulnerability ; Agricultural insurance ; International law ; Water law ; Water rights ; Conflicts ; Political aspects ; Displacement ; Refugees ; Water user associations ; Enterprises ; Financing / Middle East / North Africa / Latin America / Caribbean / Syrian Arab Republic / Lebanon / Jordan / Cambodia / India / Bangladesh / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050271)
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/2019_WWW
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050271_TOC.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050271_TOC.pdf
(0.50 MB)
10 Annan, J.; Donald, A.; Goldstein, M.; Martinez, P. G.; Koolwal, G. 2021. Taking power: women’s empowerment and household well-being in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 140:105292. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105292]
Women's empowerment ; Households ; Decision making ; Gender ; Children ; Health ; Education ; Family planning ; Role of women ; Domestic violence / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050244)
(0.34 MB)
This paper examines women’s power relative to that of their husbands in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries to determine how it affects women’s health, reproductive outcomes, children’s health and children’s education. The analysis uses a novel measure of women’s empowerment that is closely linked to classical theories of power, built from spouses’ often-conflicting reports of intrahousehold decision-making. We find, as in previous literature, that well-being outcomes for women and children are often best in scenarios where the woman’s power is recognized by her husband. We also find that women taking power—assigning themselves more decision-making power than their husbands do to them—is better for her reproductive health and children’s health, but is worse for emotional violence, compared to being given power by their husbands. The results show the conceptual and analytical value of intrahousehold contention over decision-making and expand the breadth of evidence on the importance of women’s power for economic development.
11 Imburgia, L.; Osbahr, H.; Cardey, S.; Momsen, J. 2021. Irrigation in agriculture: a driver of social differentiation and an empowering livelihood option for rural women. wH2O: The Journal of Gender and Water, 8:4.
Irrigated farming ; Gender analysis ; Women's empowerment ; Rural women ; Livelihoods ; Social differentiation ; Communal irrigation systems ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation water ; Water user associations ; Water rights ; Land tenure ; Farmers ; Households ; Income / Ethiopia / Argentina / Mendoza / Tigray / Raya Valley
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050284)
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=wh2ojournal
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050284.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050284.pdf
(1.15 MB) (1.15 MB)
This paper presents empirical evidence on issues of gender roles, agricultural livelihoods, and social differentiation in communal small-scale irrigation studied in Ethiopia and Argentina. Findings revealed that irrespective of the cultural setting, many women in irrigation remain constrained by structural inequalities regarding access to secure, reliable and affordable irrigation water. These constraints are driven by entrenched power dynamics, social relations and wealth handicaps. These findings contrast with long-standing efforts to devise agricultural policies aimed at reducing gender asymmetries and improving conditions for women in agriculture. In this paper, the case for strengthening irrigation as an empowering livelihood option for rural women is presented.
12 Joshi, Deepa; Monterroso, I.; Gallant, B.; Perera, Kokila; Peveri, V. 2021. A gender–natural resources tango: water, land, and forest research. In Pyburn, R.; van Eerdewijk, A. (Eds.). Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: past, present, and future. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). pp.221-258. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293915_06]
Gender equality ; Natural resources management ; Women's empowerment ; Forest governance ; Water management ; Water governance ; Legal pluralism ; Land rights
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050805)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/134681/filename/134894.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050805.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050805.pdf
(1.33 MB) (1.33 MB)
13 Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Clement, F.; Leder, S. 2022. Women’s empowerment and the will to change: evidence from Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 94:128-139. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.06.005]
Women's empowerment ; Gender ; Social consciousness ; Leadership ; Political aspects ; Indicators ; Agriculture ; Households ; Decision making ; Villages / Nepal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051236)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722001498/pdfft?md5=d8010caebe53df6079c705ea5234f45d&pid=1-s2.0-S0743016722001498-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051236.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051236.pdf
(0.57 MB) (587 KB)
A static and apolitical framing of women’s empowerment has dominated the development sector. In contrast, we assess the pertinence of considering a new variable, the will to change, to reintroduce dynamic and political processes into the way empowerment is framed and measured. This article uses a household survey based on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and qualitative data collected in Nepal to analyze how critical consciousness influences women’s will to change the status quo and the role of visible agency, social structures, and individual determinants in those processes. A circular process emerges: women with higher visible agency and higher critical consciousness are more willing to gain agency in some, but not all, of the WEAI empowerment domains. This analysis advances current conceptualizations of empowerment processes: the will to change offers valuable insights into the dynamic, relational and political nature of women’s empowerment. These findings support the design of development programs aiming at increasing visible agency and raising gender critical consciousness and argue for improving the internal validity of women’s empowerment measurement tools.
14 Bryan, E.; Garner, E. 2022. Understanding the pathways to women’s empowerment in northern Ghana and the relationship with small-scale irrigation. Agriculture and Human Values, 39(3):905-920. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1]
Women’s empowerment ; Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Farmers ; Irrigated farming ; Technology ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Decision making ; Participation ; Dry season / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051275)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051275.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051275.pdf
(1.56 MB) (1.56 MB)
Women’s empowerment is often an important goal of development interventions. This paper explores local perceptions of empowerment in the Upper East Region of Ghana and the pathways through which small-scale irrigation intervention targeted to men and women farmers contributes to women’s empowerment. Using qualitative data collected with 144 farmers and traders through 28 individual interviews and 16 focus group discussions, this paper innovates a framework to integrate the linkages between small-scale irrigation and three dimensions of women’s empowerment: resources, agency, and achievements. The relationship between the components of empowerment and small-scale irrigation are placed within a larger context of social change underlying these relationships. This shows that many women face serious constraints to participating in and benefitting from small-scale irrigation, including difficulties accessing land and water and gender norms that limit women’s ability to control farm assets. Despite these constraints, many women do benefit from participating in irrigated farming activities leading to an increase in their agency and well-being achievements. For some women, these benefits are indirect—these women allocate their time to more preferred activities when the household gains access to modern irrigation technology. The result is a new approach to understanding women’s empowerment in relation to irrigation technology.
15 Gonzalez, D.; Sattar, R. A.; Budhathoki, R.; Carrard, N.; Chase, R. P.; Crawford, J.; Halcrow, G.; Kozole, T.; MacArthur, J.; Nicoletti, C.; Toeur, V.; Basnet, M. P.; Chhetri, A.; Gurung, H.; Yadav, A.; Vourchnea, P.; Willetts, J. 2022. A partnership approach to the design and use of a quantitative measure: co-producing and piloting the WASH gender equality measure in Cambodia and Nepal. Development Studies Research, 9(1):142-158. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2073248]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Gender equality ; Partnerships ; Collaboration ; Women’s empowerment ; Decision making ; Communities ; Social aspects ; Households / Cambodia / Nepal / Kampong Thom / Kandal / Prey Veng / Dailekh / Sarlahi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051410)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21665095.2022.2073248
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051410.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051410.pdf
(3.67 MB) (3.67 MB)
The connections between WASH and gender equality have been extensively explored and documented using qualitative approaches, but not yet through quantitative means in ways that can strengthen WASH programming. The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Gender Equality Measure (WASH-GEM) is a novel quantitative multidimensional tool co-produced in partnership between researchers and practitioners. This article explores three dimensions of the WASH-GEM co-production and implementation: (i) the role of partnerships in co-production processes for bringing contextual and practitioner knowledge into measure development; (ii) selected results from the validation pilot in Cambodia and Nepal (n = 3,056) that demonstrate ways in which the measure can inform WASH programming through analysis at different levels and with different co-variants; and (iii) the collaborative process of translating research into programming. The study illustrates that strong partnership and co-production processes were foundational for the development of a conceptually rigorous quantitative measure that has practical relevance. The findings presented in this article have implications for future measure development and WASH programming that aims to influence gender equality in rural communities.
16 Njuki, J.; Eissler, S.; Malapit, H.; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Bryan, E.; Quisumbing, A. 2022. A review of evidence on gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food systems. Global Food Security, 33:100622. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100622]
Gender equality ; Women’s empowerment ; Food systems ; Women’s participation ; Gender norms ; Food security ; Dietary diversity ; Nutrition ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Value chains ; Sustainability ; Decision making ; Households
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051480)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221191242200013X/pdfft?md5=d7edf467e75f2e53a633d24f3ae50e78&pid=1-s2.0-S221191242200013X-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051480.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051480.pdf
(1.66 MB) (1.66 MB)
Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition, and in more just, resilient, and sustainable food systems for all. This paper uses a scoping review to assess the current evidence on pathways between gender equality, women’s empowerment, and food systems. The paper uses an adaptation of the food systems framework to organize the evidence and identify where evidence is strong, and where gaps remain. Results show strong evidence on women’s differing access to resources, shaped and reinforced by contextual social gender norms, and on links between women’s empowerment and maternal education and important outcomes, such as nutrition and dietary diversity. However, evidence is limited on issues such as gender considerations in food systems for women in urban areas and in aquaculture value chains, best practices and effective pathways for engaging men in the process of women’s empowerment in food systems, and for addressing issues related to migration, crises, and whether local food systems food systems are more empowering to women. And while there are gender informed evaluation studies that examine the effectiveness of gender- and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, evidence to indicate the long-term sustainability of such impacts remains limited. The paper recommends keys areas for investment: improving women’s leadership and decision-making in food systems, promoting equal and positive gender norms, improving access to resources, and building cross-contextual research evidence on gender and food systems.
17 Laderach, P.; Merrey, D. J.; Schapendonk, F.; Dhehibi, B.; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Mapedza, Everisto; Najjar, D.; Dessalegn, B.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Nangia, V.; Al-Zu'bi, Maha; Biradar, C.; Pacillo, G.; Govind, A.; Hakhu, A.; Yigezu, Y. A.; Gupta, T. D.; Madurga-Lopez, I.; Lahham, Nisreen; Cosgrove, B.; Joshi, Deepa; Grosjean, G.; Hugh, B.; Elmahdi, Amgad; Frija, A.; Udalagama, Upandha; Nicol, Alan. 2022. Strengthening climate security in the Middle East and North Africa Region. CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security. 80p. (Position Paper No. 2022/3)
Climate change ; Risk ; Agriculture ; Livelihoods ; Migration ; Food prices ; Transboundary waters ; Water management ; Water security ; Water scarcity ; Financing ; Monitoring ; Governance ; Gender equality ; Women's empowerment ; Capacity development / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Iran (Islamic Republic of) / Egypt / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051658)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/117616/MENA%20Position%20Paper.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051658.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051658.pdf
(5.27 MB) (5.27 MB)
18 Bryan, E.; Mekonnen, D. 2023. Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Lessons from northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 97:474-484. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035]
Small-scale irrigation ; Gender ; Women’s empowerment ; Farmers ; Villages ; Pumps ; Households ; Food security ; Policies ; Dry season ; Participation ; Decision making ; Indicators ; Water resources ; Infrastructure / Ghana / Garu-Tempane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051690)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016722003345/pdfft?md5=0bd2bc96eb0194fd674848b207afd25f&pid=1-s2.0-S0743016722003345-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051690.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051690.pdf
(0.86 MB) (880 KB)
Given persistent gender inequalities that influence how the benefits of technologies are distributed, the expansion of small-scale irrigation technologies requires the consideration of important gender dynamics and impacts. Women's lack of agency and access to resources relative to men, and other social constraints, often limit their ability to adopt and benefit from agricultural technologies. At the same time, expanding access to agricultural technology to women may provide a pathway for empowerment. This paper explores the potential for small-scale irrigation technologies to increase women's empowerment by evaluating the impacts of an intervention that distributed motor pumps to small groups of farmers in Northern Ghana. The paper draws on two rounds of survey data that included the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index, before and after the motor pump intervention was implemented. To control for possible selection bias at the baseline, the difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the impact of the program on indicators of women's empowerment. Spillover effects are estimated by comparing outcomes of farmers in treatment villages that did not receive the pumps with farmers in control villages, where no motor pumps were distributed. The results show no significant impact of the program on measures of women's empowerment. However, there are potential negative impacts, including among households that did not benefit from the intervention. The results highlight the need to pair interventions that distribute agricultural technologies with complementary investments in infrastructure that increase access to water for irrigation, as well as other activities and approaches that ensure women can reap the benefits.
19 Timu, A. G.; Kramer, B. 2023. Gender-inclusive, -responsive, and -transformative agricultural insurance: a literature review. Global Food Security, 36:100672. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100672]
Gender equity ; Women’s empowerment ; Agricultural insurance ; Crop insurance ; Investment ; Risk management ; Food security ; Decision making ; Institutions ; Households ; Livestock ; Case studies / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051777)
(1.58 MB)
In many low-income countries, agricultural producers face significant climate-related risks that undermine the resilience of their production and food supply systems. Agricultural insurance can help mitigate some of these risks, enabling farmers to increase farm investments, incomes, and food and nutritional security. This paper conducts a literature review to evaluate the extent to which agricultural insurance is gender-inclusive and gender-responsive (i.e., reaches and benefits both women and men), and whether there is potential for such insurance to empower women or even become gender-transformative. We find that existing agricultural insurance products are designed and delivered in ways that limit reach and benefits of insurance for women. Empirical research has focused less on the question whether insurance empowers women, let alone whether it has a transformative effect by changing institutional norms that perpetuate gender inequities. We present a case study of a crop insurance program in Kenya to discuss how agricultural insurance, if adequately designed, can have stronger impacts on gender-related outcomes. Empirically testing these approaches to agricultural insurance design is a key priority for future research.
20 Dyer, J.; Shapiro, J. 2023. Pumps, prosperity and household power: experimental evidence on irrigation pumps and smallholder farmers in Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 163:103034. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.103034]
Irrigation ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Women's empowerment ; Households ; Small-scale irrigation ; Pumps ; Decision making ; Rainfed farming ; Agricultural production ; Food security / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051857)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387822001766/pdfft?md5=694abddd53664565dc334a479860eb7a&pid=1-s2.0-S0304387822001766-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051857.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051857.pdf
(0.72 MB) (740 KB)
Irrigation is a potentially effective technology to improve agricultural incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa, and hand powered irrigation pumps have received significant interest and investment as a solution appropriate to small-scale farmers in this context. This paper describes the results of an RCT impact evaluation of household irrigation pumps in Kenya, where we randomly allocated free pumps to the female head of household via public lotteries. After two years farmers are still making significant use of their pumps and allocating increased time to irrigated agriculture. We find that pumps increase net farm revenue by approximately 13% of the control mean, and pay for themselves within three years. In addition, we find that farmers with irrigation pumps spent less time on off-farm economic activity. Finally, we find that female decisionmaking power increased and domestic violence decreased among treatment households.
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