Your search found 22 records
1 Pender, J.; Fafchamps, M. 2001. Land lease markets and agricultural efficiency: Theory and evidence from Ethiopia. IFPRI discussion paper - Environment and production Technology Division. iii, 54p. (EPTD discussion paper no.81)
Land tenure ; Marketing ; Sharecropping ; Villages ; Land ownership ; Tenancy ; Contracts ; Costs ; Models ; Households ; Economic aspects / Ethiopia / Arsi / Oromia
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: P 5937 Record No: H029411)
2 Edossa, D. C.; Babel, M. S.; Das Gupta, A.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2005. Indigenous systems of conflict resolution in Oromia, Ethiopia. In van Koppen, Barbara; Butterworth, J.; Juma, I. (Eds.). African Water Laws: Plural Legislative Frameworks for Rural Water Management in Africa: An International Workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26-28 January 2005. pp.29-1/29-13.
River basins ; Water allocation ; Conflict ; Water management ; Common property ; Natural resources / Ethiopia / Oromia / Awash River Basin
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G100 VAN Record No: H038765)
(0.25 MB)
3 Edossa, D. C.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Namara, Regassa E.; Babel, M. S.; Das Gupta, A. 2007. Indigenous systems of conflict resolution in Oromia, Ethiopia. In van Koppen, Barbara; Giordano, Mark; Butterworth, J. (Eds.). Community-based water law and water resource management reform in developing countries. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.146-157. (Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 5)
Water resource management ; Institutions ; Conflict ; Legal aspects / Ethiopia / Oromia / Awash River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 346.04691 G000 VAN Record No: H040692)
4 Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Lambisso, R.; Asfaw, G.; Denekew, Aster; Ayalew, S. 2010. Characterization, assessment of the performance and causes of underperformance of irrigation in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Development Research, 32(1):55-80 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors).
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: PER Record No: H043255)
(0.34 MB)
This paper provides study results of irrigation in Ethiopia. Broad performances criteria for national and regional levels of irrigation are established. The national performance according to functioning schemes, command area size and number of beneficiaries as compared to design targets are 87%, 74% and 47%, respectively. These values vary among regions, where Oromia has the best overall performance, with 95% of schemes functioning, 83% of planned area irrigated and 71% of planned beneficiaries seeing benefit. Factors of underperformance related to technical, institutional and support services are identified, and frequency and importance are evaluated for cases of Oromia and Southern Regions.
5 Loulseged, Makonnen; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Hagos, Fitsum; Erkossa, Teklu. 2011. Inventory, sustainability assessment, and upscaling of best agricultural water management practices. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.153-183.
Water management ; Irrigated farming ; Rain ; Water harvesting ; Technology ; Runoff ; Income ; Case studies ; Irrigation systems ; Small scale systems ; Spate irrigation ; Farmers ; Dams ; Resource depletion ; Groundwater ; Wells ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects ; Health / Ethiopia / Atsbi / Tigray / Tsebayina Micro Dam / Oromia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044262)
(0.66 MB)
It is the belief of many analysts that agrarian countries like Ethiopia that depend on rain-fed agriculture are significantly vulnerable to rainfall variability, the risk which tends to aggravate with global climate change. Consequently, it is believed that future increases in food supplies and economic prosperity depend heavily on effective agricultural water management. It is with this in mind that the use of low-cost technologies for rainwater and runoff control, storage, water lifting, conveyance and application have become more widespread in Ethiopia since the recent drought of 2002/2003. A range of technologies are currently used with varying levels of impacts. This paper outlines an inventory, characterization, suitability and upscaling aspects of Agricultural Water Management Technologies (AWMT) in Ethiopia. Particular characteristics of each of the technologies, their suitability for a given environment, and the necessary conditions for their successful adoption and scaling up are identified. Furthermore, a variety of combinations of technologies used for control or storage, lifting, conveyance and application of rainwater are documented. Suitability of a technology in a particular environment depends on many factors, such as, the nature of technical complexity, the existing institutional and individual capacity to implement, the costs and benefits, etc. Technical considerations include implementation (set up), operation and maintenance, affordability and environmental impact. The results of a ranking exercise of the technical complexity of a given technology are presented. Concerns related to waterborne and water-related diseases due to stagnation, water quality and possibility of mosquito breeding are discussed. Households in some parts of Ethiopia, who have practiced improved agricultural water management suitable to their local conditions, have managed to diversify their incomes through beekeeping, livestock, intercropping cash crops with food crops and setting up shops, hotels and flour mills in the nearby towns or villages. Therefore, AWMT at smallholder level meet the intended purpose, provided that they are suitable and adaptable to the local circumstances. The question is which of the technologies are suitable to which area under what socioeconomic conditions?
6 Hagos, Fitsum; Jayasinghe, Gayathree; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew. 2011. Poverty impacts of agricultural water management technologies in Ethiopia. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa, Teklu; Balcha, Y. (Comps.). Irrigation and water for sustainable development: proceedings of the Second Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 December 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.184-212.
Rural poverty ; Analysis ; Investment ; Water management ; Irrigation water ; Rainfed farming ; Technology ; Farmers ; Households ; Income ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water harvesting ; Wells ; Dams ; Ponds / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia / SNNPR / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044263)
(0.27 MB)
Farmers in rural Ethiopia live in a climate-related shock-prone environment. The major source of climate shock is the persistent variation in the amount and distribution of rainfall. The dependence on unreliable rainfall increases farmers’ vulnerability to shocks while also constraining farmers’ decisions to use yieldenhancing modern inputs, exacerbating the vulnerability of households to poverty and food insecurity. As a response, the Government of Ethiopia has embarked on massive investment in low-cost agricultural water management technologies (AWMTs). Despite these huge investments, their impact remains hardly understood. The main focus of this paper was to explore whether access to selected AWMTs, such as deep and shallow wells, ponds, river diversions and small dams, has led to a significant reduction in poverty and, if they did so, to identify which technologies have higher impacts. The study also calculated the net present value of the selected AWMT, to assess which of the AWMTs are worth investing in given that they have the promise of reducing poverty. In measuring impact we followed different approaches: mean separation tests, propensity score matching and poverty analysis. The study used a unique dataset from a representative sample of 1,517 households from 29 Peasant Associations (Kebeles) in four regions of Ethiopia. Findings indicated that the estimated average treatment effect on per capita income was significant and amounted to USD 82. Moreover, there was 22% less poverty incidence among users of AWMTs compared to nonusers. The poverty impact of AWMT was also found to differ by technology type. Accordingly, deep wells, river diversions and micro-dams have led to 50, 32 and 25%, respectively, reduction in poverty incidence compared to the reference, i.e., rain-fed systems. Although, the selected AWMTs were found to contribute to poverty reduction, we found that ponds, deep wells and small dams were not attractive from a social cost-benefit analysis perspective, implying that choices need to be made considering their relative financial viability and poverty reduction impacts compared to other available options that could improve rain-fed agriculture. Finally, our study identified the most important determinants of poverty, on the basis of which we made policy recommendations: i) build assets (AWMT, livestock, etc.); ii) human resources development; and iii) improve the functioning of labor markets and access to these (input or output) markets for enhanced impact of AWMT on poverty.
7 Woldewahid, G.; Biazin, B.; Haileslassie, Amare. 2019. Enabling frontline water lifting service providers to reduce risks of crop failure and increase producer confidence in adopting irrigation: LIVES [Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders] experiences. In Mekonnen, K.; Yasabu, S.; Gebremedhin, B.; Woldemeskel, E.; Tegegne, A.; Thorne, P. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8-9 December 2016. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). pp.9-12.
Water lifting ; Crop losses ; Yield losses ; Risk reduction ; Irrigated farming ; Pumps ; Water supply ; Technology ; Farmers / Ethiopia / Tigray / Oromia / Amhara / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049334)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/102356/AR_proceedings_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049334.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049334.pdf
(0.07 MB) (6.23 MB)
8 Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Haileslassie, Amare; Biazin, B.; Schmitter, Petra; Chali, A.; Otoo, Miriam; Lefore, Nicole; Barron, Jennie; Tegegne, Desalegn; Dubale, T. 2019. Solar-powered water pumping can boost smallholder income: a business model based on action research from LIVES [Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders] and Africa RISING [Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation] sites. In Mekonnen, K.; Yasabu, S.; Gebremedhin, B.; Woldemeskel, E.; Tegegne, A.; Thorne, P. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8-9 December 2016. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). pp.78-80.
Water supply ; Solar energy ; Pumping ; Irrigation water ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Farm income ; Business models ; Costs ; Projects / Ethiopia / Oromia / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049338)
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/102356/AR_proceedings_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049338.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049338.pdf
(0.61 MB) (6.23 MB)
9 Hagos, Fitsum; Haileslassie, Amare. 2019. Institutional issues and arrangements in irrigation management (Water Users Association - WUA). [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Ethiopia Water and Energy Week, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17-20 June 2019. 2p.
Irrigation management ; Water user associations ; Water institutions ; Corporate culture ; Water distribution ; Irrigation schemes ; Maintenance / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049467)
(600 KB)
10 Tesfaye, A.; Hansen, J.; Kassie, G. T.; Radeny, M.; Solomon, D. 2019. Estimating the economic value of climate services for strengthening resilience of smallholder farmers to climate risks in Ethiopia: a choice experiment approach. Ecological Economics, 162:157-168. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.04.019]
Climate change ; Resilience ; Extreme weather events ; Risk coping strategies ; Economic value ; Agricultural extension ; Agricultural warning services ; Estimation ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Willingness to pay ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Models / Ethiopia / Oromia / Malima / Ada'a / Dodota
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049488)
(1.40 MB)
This study estimated the economic value of agricultural climate services for strengthening the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate variability and risks in Ethiopia. Using a choice experiment approach, the study introduced a hypothetical package of improved climate services to 600 randomly selected smallholder farmers in three districts across three different agro-ecological zones in the Oromia Regional State. A generalized multinomial logit (G-MNL) model was used to estimate preferred attributes of climate services and willingness-to-pay (WTP) values. The results show that the preferred bundle of improved climate services among smallholder farmers was one that could be communicated in short text message system, provided along with credit facility, and market information and one that favors participatory decision making by smallholders. The results further reveal that the WTP value exhibited high implicit price for participatory decision-making. The study sheds light on important characteristics of agricultural climate services that may improve their acceptability and usability among smallholders. It also highlights the importance of packaging additional services including digital and ICT-based solutions, financial and market information along with climate services to promote demand-driven last mile delivery systems. Engaging smallholder farmers in a participatory manner in the decision-making process can help them make informed decision.
11 Etana, D.; Snelder, D. J. R. M.; van Wesenbeeck, C. F. A.; De Cock Buning, T. 2020. Climate change, in-situ adaptation, and migration decisions of smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. Migration and Development, 26p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1827538]
Climate change adaptation ; Migration ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Decision making ; Rain ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Food security ; Diversification ; Risk ; Strategies ; Temperature ; Households ; Living standards ; Models / Ethiopia / Oromia / Kimbibit / Kuyu / Boset
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050026)
(1.55 MB)
Despite a surge of literature on migration and climate change, evidence on the impact of climate change and variability on migration is inconclusive and the roles of in-situ adaptation strategies in migration decisions are unclear. Focusing on smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia, this study investigates the effects of climate variables and the use of in-situ adaptation strategies on households’ migration decisions. The data were analysed using a multi-level discrete-time event-history model. The results show that rainfall increase during the short rainy season [March–May] reduces migration and that of the long rainy season [June–September] increases migration. Early onset of rain during both seasons reduces migration whereas late onset increases migration. The propensity to migrate was low for households using crop diversification but high for those changing crop type and engaging in non-farm activities. The findings suggest that rainfall amount and variability instigate migration for survival among vulnerable farmers through its adverse effect on crop production and food availability. Rainfall-related livelihood problems can be addressed and distress migration can be reduced through agro-technical supports of in-situ adaptation, promoting gainful employment in rural areas, increasing income-earning capacities of potential migrants, and widening pro-poor employment opportunities in urban areas.
12 Bryan, E.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mekonnen, D.; Gemeda, D. A.; Yimam, S. 2020. The diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia: stakeholder analysis using Net-Map. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 42p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01950) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133847]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology ; Stakeholders ; Participatory approaches ; Institutions ; Government agencies ; Private sector ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Donors ; International organizations ; Funding ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Financing ; Policies / Ethiopia / Oromia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050169)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133847/filename/134058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Small-scale irrigation (SSI) provides great benefits to farmers in terms of increased yields and profits, better food and nutrition security and greater resilience to climate shocks. Ethiopia has high potential for expanding SSI and has invested considerably in this area in recent years. Despite these investments, several challenges to further expansion of irrigation technologies remain. Different stakeholders in the country play important roles in overcoming these barriers to further scale technologies for SSI. This paper explores institutional arrangements for the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies by mapping the landscape of key actors involved, their interconnections, and their influence. This paper draws on an analysis of stakeholder data collected through two participatory workshops in Ethiopia, one at the national level and one at the Oromia regional level, using the Net-Map approach. Results show the dominance of government actors in the diffusion of SSI at both the national and regional levels, while most private sector and NGO actors remain in the periphery. Participants in both workshops highlighted the need for increased financing services to support the adoption of SSI and measures aimed at increasing the supply of high-quality irrigation equipment, such as modern water lifting technologies. One notable difference between the national and regional results was that at the regional level, farmers, and to some extent traders and input suppliers, were considered to be more influential in the diffusion of irrigation technologies, while they were considered marginal actors at the national level.
13 Gebreyes, M.; Mekonnen, K.; Thorne, P.; Derseh, M.; Adie, A.; Mulema, A.; Kemal, S. A.; Tamene, L.; Amede, T.; Haileslassie, Amare; Gebrekirstos, A.; Mupangwa, W. T.; Ebrahim, M.; Alene, T.; Asfaw, A.; Dubale, W.; Yasabu, S. 2021. Overcoming constraints of scaling: critical and empirical perspectives on agricultural innovation scaling. PLoS ONE, 16(5):e0251958. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251958]
Agricultural innovation systems ; Scaling ; Strategies ; Agricultural research ; Development projects ; CGIAR ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Constraints ; Social aspects / Africa / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia / Tigray / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050439)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251958&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050439.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050439.pdf
(0.76 MB) (778 KB)
Scaling is a ubiquitous concept in agricultural research in the global south as donors require their research grantees to prove that their results can be scaled to impact upon the livelihoods of a large number of beneficiaries. Recent studies on scaling have brought critical perspectives to the rather technocratic tendencies in the agricultural innovations scaling literature. Drawing on theoretical debates on spatial strategies and practical experience of agricultural innovation scaling in Ethiopia, this paper adds to the current debate on what constitutes scaling and how to overcome critical scaling constraints. The data for the paper came from a qualitative assessment using focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and document analysis on scaling work done in Ethiopia by a USAID-funded research for development project. The paper concludes with four broad lessons for the current understating of agricultural innovation scaling. First, scaling of agricultural innovations requires a balanced focus on technical requirements and associated social dynamics surrounding scaling targets, actors involved and their social relations. Second, appreciating the social dynamics of scaling emphasizes the fact that scaling is more complex than a linear rolling out of innovations towards diffusion. Third, scaling may not be strictly planned; instead, it might be an extension of the innovation generation process that relies heavily on both new and long-term relationships with key partners, trust, and continuous reflection and learning. Fourth, the overall implication of the above three conclusions is that scaling strategies need to be flexible, stepwise, and reflective. Despite the promises of flourishing scaling frameworks, scaling strategies it would appear from the Africa RISING experience that, if real impact is to be achieved, approaches will be required to be flexible enough to manage the social, processual and emergent nature of the practice of scaling.
14 Jambo, Y.; Alemu, A.; Tasew, W. 2021. Impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security: evidence from Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 10:21. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00294-w]
Irrigation schemes ; Small scale systems ; Household food security ; Crop production ; Irrigation water ; Livelihoods ; Participation ; Farm income ; Econometric models ; Sensitivity analysis / Ethiopia / Oromia / Adamitulu Jido Komoblcha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050562)
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40066-021-00294-w.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050562.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050562.pdf
(1.12 MB) (1.12 MB)
Background: Adamitulu Jido Komoblcha is one of the districts located in lowland areas of the Oromia region with irrigation potentials of 14,000 hectares out of which only 2568 hectares are under small-scale irrigation practices. Though there are a lot of households using irrigation in the study area, the impact that it has brought on the food security of the household is not yet well studied in the area. Several related studies reviewed lack appropriate impact evaluation methods in studying the impact of small-scale irrigation on food security that may result in overestimation or underestimation of the impact. To this end, the main motivation behind this study was to examine whether small-scale irrigation in the study area is creating positive change on household food security or not using the propensity score matching approach.
Methodology: Both primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. The primary data were collected from randomly selected 94 irrigation users and 100 non-user households from February to March 2018. Secondary data were collected from a review of different works of literature. Both descriptive statistics and econometric models were applied to analyze the data using Stata software version 13. The study applied the propensity score matching (PSM) model to analyze the impact of small-scale irrigation on food security. In analyzing the impact of small scale irrigation on food security, we have used calorie intake, crop harvest and consumption both from own production and bought from the sale of the crop harvest produced through irrigation as an indicator of food security.
Result: The study has found that participation in irrigation is positively determined by age, education, land size, access to extension service, and participation in off or non-farm activities. In contrast to this, participation in irrigation is negatively determined by distance from farm plot to water source and distance from the main market. The results of the nearest neighbor and caliper matching estimators show that participation in small-scale irrigation increased the daily calorie intake of the small-scale irrigation users by 643.76 kcal over non-user households. Similarly, it increased their daily calorie intake to 596.43 kcal and 591.74 kcal, respectively, with radius and kernel matching estimators. The result further indicted that irrigation had positive impact on crop production, consumption and revenue generation which all together indicated improvement in food security. The sensitivity analysis test shows that impact results estimated by this study were insensitive to unobserved selection bias which shows it is a real impact of the irrigation.
Conclusion: It was concluded that irrigation has a positive and significant impact on household food security. Concerned bodies that working on small-scale irrigation development therefore should continue investment in irrigation activities for poverty reduction strategies and scale-up irrigation interventions to the other areas where there is potentially irrigable land.
Methodology: Both primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. The primary data were collected from randomly selected 94 irrigation users and 100 non-user households from February to March 2018. Secondary data were collected from a review of different works of literature. Both descriptive statistics and econometric models were applied to analyze the data using Stata software version 13. The study applied the propensity score matching (PSM) model to analyze the impact of small-scale irrigation on food security. In analyzing the impact of small scale irrigation on food security, we have used calorie intake, crop harvest and consumption both from own production and bought from the sale of the crop harvest produced through irrigation as an indicator of food security.
Result: The study has found that participation in irrigation is positively determined by age, education, land size, access to extension service, and participation in off or non-farm activities. In contrast to this, participation in irrigation is negatively determined by distance from farm plot to water source and distance from the main market. The results of the nearest neighbor and caliper matching estimators show that participation in small-scale irrigation increased the daily calorie intake of the small-scale irrigation users by 643.76 kcal over non-user households. Similarly, it increased their daily calorie intake to 596.43 kcal and 591.74 kcal, respectively, with radius and kernel matching estimators. The result further indicted that irrigation had positive impact on crop production, consumption and revenue generation which all together indicated improvement in food security. The sensitivity analysis test shows that impact results estimated by this study were insensitive to unobserved selection bias which shows it is a real impact of the irrigation.
Conclusion: It was concluded that irrigation has a positive and significant impact on household food security. Concerned bodies that working on small-scale irrigation development therefore should continue investment in irrigation activities for poverty reduction strategies and scale-up irrigation interventions to the other areas where there is potentially irrigable land.
15 Mekonen, A. A.; Berlie, A. B. 2021. Rural households’ livelihood vulnerability to climate variability and extremes: a livelihood zone-based approach in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 10:55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00313-5]
Climate variability ; Climate change ; Households ; Livelihoods ; Vulnerability ; Extreme weather events ; Rural areas ; Highlands ; Land degradation ; Erodibility ; Land use ; Land cover ; Indicators ; Soil types ; Farmland ; Socioeconomic aspects / Ethiopia / Abay-Beshilo Basin / South Wollo / Oromia / Chefa Valley / Meher-Belg
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050684)
https://ecologicalprocesses.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13717-021-00313-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050684.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050684.pdf
(6.74 MB) (6.74 MB)
Background: The adverse effects of climate variability and extremes exert increasing pressure on rural farm households whose livelihoods are dependent on nature. However, integrated and area-specific vulnerability assessments in Ethiopia in general and the study area, in particular, are scarce and insufficient for policy implications. Therefore, this study aims to quantify, map, classify, and prioritize the level of vulnerability in terms of the components of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study area is divided into six livelihood zones, namely, Abay-Beshilo Basin (ABB), South Wollo and Oromia eastern lowland sorghum and cattle (SWS), Chefa Valley (CHV), Meher-Belg, Belg, and Meher. A total of 361 sample households were selected using proportional probability sampling techniques. Survey questionnaire, key informant interview, and focus group discussions were used to collect the necessary data. Rainfall and temperature data were also used. Following the IPCC’s climate change vulnerability assessment approach, the climate vulnerability index (CVI) framework of Sullivan and Meigh’s model was used to assess the relative vulnerability of livelihoods of rural households. Twenty-four vulnerability indicators were identified for exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. In this regard, Iyengar and Sudarshan’s unequal weighting system was applied to assign a weight to indicators.
Results: The results revealed that Belg and Meher were found to be the highest exposure livelihood zones to vulnerability with an aggregated value of 0.71. Equally, SWS, ABB, Belg, and CHV livelihood zones showed moderate level of sensitivity to vulnerability with an aggregated value between 0.45 and 0.60. The study noted that livelihood zone of Belg (0.75) was found to be at high level of livelihood vulnerability. ABB (0.57) and CHV (0.45) were at a moderate level of livelihood vulnerability while Meher-Belg (0.22) was the least vulnerable livelihood zone due to a high level of adaptive capacity such as infrastructure, asset accumulation, and social networks.
Conclusion: It was identified that disparities of livelihood vulnerability levels of rural households were detected across the study livelihood zones due to differences in the interaction of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. The highest levels of exposure and sensitivity combined with low level of adaptive capacity have increased households’ livelihood vulnerability. More importantly, the biophysical and socioeconomic sensitivity to livelihood vulnerability were exacerbated by slope/topography, soil erodibility, and population pressure. Therefore, designing livelihood zone-based identifiable adaptation strategies are essential to reduce the exposure and sensitivity of crop-livestock mixed agricultural systems to climate calamity.
Results: The results revealed that Belg and Meher were found to be the highest exposure livelihood zones to vulnerability with an aggregated value of 0.71. Equally, SWS, ABB, Belg, and CHV livelihood zones showed moderate level of sensitivity to vulnerability with an aggregated value between 0.45 and 0.60. The study noted that livelihood zone of Belg (0.75) was found to be at high level of livelihood vulnerability. ABB (0.57) and CHV (0.45) were at a moderate level of livelihood vulnerability while Meher-Belg (0.22) was the least vulnerable livelihood zone due to a high level of adaptive capacity such as infrastructure, asset accumulation, and social networks.
Conclusion: It was identified that disparities of livelihood vulnerability levels of rural households were detected across the study livelihood zones due to differences in the interaction of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. The highest levels of exposure and sensitivity combined with low level of adaptive capacity have increased households’ livelihood vulnerability. More importantly, the biophysical and socioeconomic sensitivity to livelihood vulnerability were exacerbated by slope/topography, soil erodibility, and population pressure. Therefore, designing livelihood zone-based identifiable adaptation strategies are essential to reduce the exposure and sensitivity of crop-livestock mixed agricultural systems to climate calamity.
16 Koroso, N. H.; Lengoiboni, M.; Zevenbergen, J. A. 2021. Urbanization and urban land use efficiency: evidence from regional and Addis Ababa satellite cities, Ethiopia. Habitat International, 117:102437. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102437]
Urbanization ; Urban land ; Land-use planning ; Towns ; Remote sensing ; Satellite imagery ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities ; Land management ; Urban planning ; Population growth ; Farmland ; Infrastructure ; Policies / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Oromia / Amhara / Tigray
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050751)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397521001260/pdfft?md5=aec658ae67b9990ce292a9d521cd6662&pid=1-s2.0-S0197397521001260-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050751.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050751.pdf
(14.90 MB) (14.9 MB)
Ethiopia has experienced rapid urbanization over the past three decades. Several cities expanded rapidly and many satellite towns sprung up around the major cities. The high rate of urbanization and urban growth resulted in high demand for urban land, mainly for industrial, commercial, and residential purposes. In order to meet the demand, an enormous amount of land has been made available for urban use, mainly through land conversion. However, we know very little about how efficiently cities use urban land. This paper investigated the urban land use efficiency (ULUE) of sixteen cities in Ethiopia. Remote sensing data (Landsat 7/8) was analysed with ArcGIS to assess spatiotemporal land use changes between 2007 and 2019. Built-up environment footprints were computed from Google Earth imagery. The ratio of land consumption to population growth rate, and the rate of urban infill were assessed. The findings revealed a prevalence of urban land use inefficiencies in all cities. In most cities, the rate of land consumption far exceeds the population growth rate. Densification (urban infill) is low and slow. A considerable part of the converted agricultural land sits idle within the built-up area for many years. Low ULUE is what fuels urban sprawl, fragmentation and informal settlements. This study emphasised the need to implement urban policies and practices aimed at improving ULUE. Improving ULUE is imperative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals; ensuring sustainable urban land use; addressing land prices and housing shortages; protecting farmland and ecosystems; tackling land hoarding, urban sprawl and informal settlements.
17 Eticha, M.; Geremew, A.; Dirirsa, G.; Bayu, K.; Girma, H.; Mengistu, D. A. 2022. Household water treatment practice and associated factors among households dependent on unimproved water sources in Ameya District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 12(5):432-442. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.034]
Water treatment ; Households ; Rural areas ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Health ; Socioeconomic environment ; Access to information ; Non-governmental organizations / Ethiopia / Oromia / Ameya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051206)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/12/5/432/1052095/washdev0120432.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051206.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051206.pdf
(0.40 MB) (408 KB)
Globally, about 435 million people depend on unimproved drinking water sources, and 144 million people still rely on surface water. Specifically, a significant part of the population in Ethiopia depends on unimproved water sources. Studies have examined household water treatment practices in the country, but there is limited research regarding the population that depends on unimproved water sources. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate household water treatment practices and related factors for the households that depend on unimproved water sources in the Ameya district of the Oromia Regional State in Southwest Ethiopia. A community-based, cross-sectional study was used to assess the water treatment practices and related factors for the households that use an unimproved water source in the Ameya district of the Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. The study used a multistage sampling technique and included a total of 413 households. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 26 statistical package. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify the factors related to household water treatment practices at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable regression were considered to be significantly related to the water treatment practice. The current study showed that 125 (30.3%) of the households that used unimproved water sources practiced household water treatment at the household level. These water treatment methods include boiling (60.8%) the water or using cloth filters (23.2%) or chlorine-based products (13.6%). When considering the training and formal education of the respondents, the water treatment practices were significantly related to the respondents’ water treatment training (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.99; 95% CI 1.97–4.94) and educational status, specifically secondary education (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.02–2.93). Less than one-third of the households that depend on unimproved water sources treated their water prior to drinking. Providing training to teach individuals how to treat household water is essential to improving water treatment practices.
18 Diro, S.; Tesfaye, A.; Erko, B. 2022. Determinants of adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies and practices in the coffee-based farming system of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 11:42. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00385-2]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Technology ; Agricultural practices ; Farming systems ; Coffee ; Intercropping ; Minimum tillage ; Water management ; Water conservation ; Crop production ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Forage ; Households ; Multivariate analysis ; Econometrics ; Models / Ethiopia / Oromia / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) / Gedeo / Sidama / Kafa / Sheka / Ilubabor / Jimma / West Wollega / Kellem Wollega
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051226)
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40066-022-00385-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051226.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051226.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Objectives: This study explored the adoption status of different Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices and factors that influence their adoption for sustainable soil resource utilization in the changing climate.
Methodology: We used quantitative and qualitative primary data collected from smallholder farmers and other stakeholders from major coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia: Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP). We used the multivariate probit (MVP) model to study factors that influence the adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies, namely, manure application, minimum tillage, intercropping, use of improved forage, and physical soil and water management practices.
Results: The study result shows that 35% of farmers apply manure on their farm plots. Minimum tillage is also applied to 36% of farms. Intercropping improved forages and physical soil and water management structures are adopted by 45, 19, and 47% of farmers, respectively. The finding of the study indicates the positive and significant effect of education, extension (access to extension services and participation on field days), and ownership of communication devices specifically radio on the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices.
Recommendations: Concerning bodies must pay due attention to problems affecting effective farmers-extension linkage. The positive effect of radio ownership on technology adoption also suggests the need for increased accessibility of FM radio channels to farmers to be aware of climate change and innovative agricultural technologies, practices, and information that mitigate the problem.
Methodology: We used quantitative and qualitative primary data collected from smallholder farmers and other stakeholders from major coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia: Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP). We used the multivariate probit (MVP) model to study factors that influence the adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies, namely, manure application, minimum tillage, intercropping, use of improved forage, and physical soil and water management practices.
Results: The study result shows that 35% of farmers apply manure on their farm plots. Minimum tillage is also applied to 36% of farms. Intercropping improved forages and physical soil and water management structures are adopted by 45, 19, and 47% of farmers, respectively. The finding of the study indicates the positive and significant effect of education, extension (access to extension services and participation on field days), and ownership of communication devices specifically radio on the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices.
Recommendations: Concerning bodies must pay due attention to problems affecting effective farmers-extension linkage. The positive effect of radio ownership on technology adoption also suggests the need for increased accessibility of FM radio channels to farmers to be aware of climate change and innovative agricultural technologies, practices, and information that mitigate the problem.
19 Dabesa, B.; Mansingh, J. P.; Haile, F.; Nisha, A.; Lagese, W. 2022. Challenges and opportunities in the adoption of climate smart agriculture practices by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Agricultural Science Digest, 42(6):703-709. [doi: https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.DF-443]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Villages ; Livestock ; Tillage ; Soil management ; Soil fertility ; Food security ; Diversification ; Water conservation ; Agroforestry ; Agricultural productivity ; Acid soils ; Policies / Ethiopia / Oromia / Ambo / Amaro / Gosu Qoraand / Uko Qorke
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051603)
https://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/PublishedArticle/Final-attachment-published-DF-443-6089603e9087340b9bdcbbb1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051603.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051603.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Background: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach to increase farmers’ income and agricultural production by adapting to the changing climatic conditions. Ethiopian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature. Adoption of CSA practices and technologies among smallholder farmers remains low.
Methods: This study was carried out in Ambo district, Oromia region, Ethiopia to assess the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the adoption of CSA. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 156 respondents from 3 rural villages.
Result: Crop residue management and mulching faced stiff competition with livestock feeding since crop residues are allowed for grazing by livestock. Hence, it is suggested to promote the cultivation of fodder grasses. Minimum tillage was practiced by only a few farmers in the study area. The farmers’ belief on minimum tillage should be changed through proper education, training and result demonstration on the advantages of minimum tillage. The awareness of integrated nutrient and soil management should be enhanced by creating awareness of the benefits of soil testing.
Methods: This study was carried out in Ambo district, Oromia region, Ethiopia to assess the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the adoption of CSA. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 156 respondents from 3 rural villages.
Result: Crop residue management and mulching faced stiff competition with livestock feeding since crop residues are allowed for grazing by livestock. Hence, it is suggested to promote the cultivation of fodder grasses. Minimum tillage was practiced by only a few farmers in the study area. The farmers’ belief on minimum tillage should be changed through proper education, training and result demonstration on the advantages of minimum tillage. The awareness of integrated nutrient and soil management should be enhanced by creating awareness of the benefits of soil testing.
20 Aryal, J. P.; Sapkota, T. B.; Rahut, D. B.; Gartaula, H. N.; Stirling, C. 2022. Gender and climate change adaptation: a case of Ethiopian farmers. Natural Resources Forum, 46(3):263-288. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12259]
Climate change adaptation ; Gender equality ; Farmers ; Households ; Risk ; Vulnerability ; Models ; Policies ; Smallholders ; Women ; Food security ; Participation ; Livestock ; Farm income ; agricultural technology / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051606)
(2.75 MB)
The adverse impacts of climate change, in many cases, aggravate existing gender inequalities and hinder developing countries from achieving the targets set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is, therefore, crucial to understand whether there exists a gender gap in climate change adaptation and investigate the factors explaining the gap to reduce the vulnerability of the farming households to surging climatic risks. Using data from 2279 farm households in Ethiopia and applying a multivariate probit model and exogenous switching treatment effect regression method, this study examines the existing gender gap in climate change adaptations among farmers in Ethiopia and factors contributing to this relationship. The results show a significant gender gap in climate change adaptation in farming households due to the differences in both observable and unobservable characteristics of male- and female-headed households. It indicates that reducing the gap can enhance climate change adaptation by female-headed households by almost 19%. Women's workload in household chores significantly reduces their likelihood to adopt climate change adaptation measures. Therefore, unless policies proposed target institutional factors, including social and cultural barriers, traditional gender norms and division of labor, and other intrinsic behavioral issues, addressing only observed characteristics may not fully address the gender gap. To bring about transformational changes in the existing gender norms and social attitudes, long-term gender-informed policies are essential, along with short-term projects, to address the gender gap in climate change adaptation through the provision of equitable opportunities for all.
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