Your search found 3 records
1 Kurukulasuriya, P.; Mendelsohn, R.; Hassan, R.; Benhin, J.; Deressa, T.; Diop, M.; Eid, H. M.; Fosu, K. Y.; Gbetibouo, G.; Jain, S.; Mahamadou, A.; Mano, R.; Kabubo-Mariara, J.; El-Marsafawy, S.; Molua, E.; Ouda, S.; Ouedraogo, M.; Sene, I.; Maddison, D.; Seo, S. N.; Dinar, A. 2006. Will African agriculture survive climate change? The World Bank Economic Review, 20(3):367-388.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044896)
http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/3/367.full.pdf+html
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044896.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044896.pdf
(0.28 MB)
Measurement of the likely magnitude of the economic impact of climate change on African agriculture has been a challenge. Using data from a survey of more than 9,000 farmers across 11 African countries, a cross-sectional approach estimates how farm net revenues are affected by climate change compared with current mean temperature. Revenues fall with warming for dryland crops (temperature elasticity of –1.9) and livestock (–5.4), whereas revenues rise for irrigated crops (elasticity of 0.5), which are located in relatively cool parts of Africa and are buffered by irrigation from the effects of warming. At first, warming has little net aggregate effect as the gains for irrigated crops offset the losses for dryland crops and livestock. Warming, however, will likely reduce dryland farm income immediately. The final effects will also depend on changes in precipitation, because revenues from all farmtypes increase with precipitation. Because irrigated farms are less sensitive to climate, where water is available, irrigation is a practical adaptation to climate change in Africa.
2 Fuente, D.; Gatua, J. G.; Ikiara, M.; Kabubo-Mariara, J.; Mwaura, M.; Whittington, D. 2016. Water and sanitation service delivery, pricing, and the poor: an empirical estimate of subsidy incidence in Nairobi, Kenya. Water Resources Research, 52(6):4845-4862. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018375]
Water supply ; Water rates ; Pricing ; Sanitation ; Subsidies ; Water users ; Household expenditure ; Poverty ; Income ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cost analysis / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047759)
(1.42 MB)
The increasing block tariff (IBT) is among the most widely used tariffs by water utilities, particularly in developing countries. This is due in part to the perception that the IBT can effectively target subsidies to low-income households. Combining data on households’ socioeconomic status and metered water use, this paper examines the distributional incidence of subsidies delivered through the IBT in Nairobi, Kenya. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that high-income residential and nonresidential customers receive a disproportionate share of subsidies and that subsidy targeting is poor even among households with a private metered connection. We also find that stated expenditure on water, a commonly used means of estimating water use, is a poor proxy for metered use and that previous studies on subsidy incidence underestimate the magnitude of the subsidy delivered through water tariffs. These findings have implications for both the design and evaluation of water tariffs in developing countries.
3 Fuente, D.; Kabubo-Mariara, J.; Kimuyu, P.; Mwaura, M.; Whittington, D. 2021. Assessing the performance of water and sanitation tariffs: the case of Nairobi, Kenya. Water Resources Research, 58p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025791]
Water use ; Sanitation ; Water pricing ; Tariffs ; Wastewater ; Water conservation ; Policy making ; Cost recovery ; Water rates ; Developing countries ; Households / Africa / Kenya / Nairobi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050582)
(0.96 MB)
Policymakers and utility managers can use a variety of tariff structures to calculate customers’ bills for water and sanitation services, ranging from a simple fixed monthly fee to complicated multi-part tariffs with seasonal pricing based on metered water use. This paper examines the performance of several alternative tariff structures for water and wastewater services in Nairobi, Kenya using a dynamic tariff simulation model applied to a complete set of billing records from Nairobi City Water and Sewer Company. Simulations show that a uniform volumetric price tariff structure performs as well as or better than several increasing block tariff structures across the six performance metrics considered (customer welfare, social welfare, cost recovery, the subsidy delivered through the tariff, subsidy incidence, and water conservation). These findings are robust to changes in the level of cost recovery. This finding challenges the wisdom of the widespread use of increasing block tariffs (IBTs) in low- and middle-income countries and current perceptions of best practice in tariff design.
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