Your search found 32 records
1 Wijesekara, R. S.; Kudahetty, .C. 2010. Preliminary groundwater assessment and water quality study in the shallow aquifer system in the Attanagalu Oya Basin. In Evans, Alexandra; Jinapala, K. (Eds). Proceedings of the National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Sri Lanka, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9-11 June 2009. Vol. 2. Water quality, environment and climate change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.77-86.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042861)
The Attanagalu Oya basin is situated between two major river basins, Kelani and Maha Oya in the Western Province of Sri Lanka, with an extent of 727 km2. It contains four streams: Diyaeli Oya, Attanagalu Oya, Uruwala Oya and Kimbulapitiya Oya, which discharge into the Negombo Lagoon as Dandagamuwa Oya. A study was conducted in the Attanagalu Oya basin in order to assess the groundwater potential of the area and to identify the water quality of the shallow aquifer system of the basin. The available qualitative and quantitative data on groundwater were collected and compiled, and a groundwater database was developed for the basin. The total basin area was divided into five major divisions and shallow groundwater monitoring networks were designed for each. Representative shallow dug wells were selected for the monitoring network and 100 water samples were collected from each division. Samples were analyzed for 17 physical and chemical parameters. In addition, 10 water samples were collected from surface and groundwater bodies in the paddy cultivated areas and analyzed for pesticides. Another 10 water samples from the industrialized area were analyzed for lead and 10 from urban areas were analyzed for bacteria. Based on the data collected, geochemical maps were prepared for the entire basin. These indicated that the pH values of the shallow groundwater in some parts of the Attanagalu Oya basin were very low, varying from 4 to 8.5. High electrical conductivity (EC) values were reported in the coastal area. Bacterial contamination was reported in groundwater sources in the urban areas. No pesticide contamination was detected in any of the water samples collected in paddy cultivated areas. The occurrence of lead in shallow groundwater was reported within the range of 0.01-0.02 ppm. The major aquifer types in the basin are river alluvium, coastal sand and fractured basement hard rocks. The existing northeast-southwest trending lineaments were identified as promising areas for groundwater development.
2 MacAlister, Charlotte; Pavelic, Paul; Tindimugaya, C.; Ayenew, T.; Ibrahim, M. E.; Meguid, M. A. 2012. Overview of groundwater in the Nile River Basin. In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Molden, David; Peden D. (Eds.). The Nile River Basin: water, agriculture, governance and livelihoods. Abingdon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.186-211.
River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater assessment ; Monitoring ; Water quality ; Water use ; Hydrogeology / Africa / Uganda / Ethiopia / Sudan / Uganda / Egypt / Nile River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H045317)
(2.02MB)
3 De Silva, R. P. (Ed.) 2004. Geo-informatics research and applications: proceedings of the First Symposium on Geo-informatics, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 30 July 2004. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Geo-Informatics Society of Sri Lanka (GISSL). 202p.
GIS ; Hydrology ; Technology ; Radar ; Models ; River basins ; Lakes ; Urbanization ; Climatology ; Temperature ; Rain ; Runoff ; Flooding ; Erosion ; Watersheds ; Catchment areas ; Groundwater development ; Groundwater assessment ; Water pollution ; Land use ; Land cover ; Case study ; Developing countries / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Kenya / Walawe River Basin / Lake Naivasha Basin / Kukule Watershed / Moneragala District / Hambantota / Deduru Oya Upper Watershed / Kndy Lake
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 621.3678 G000 DES Record No: H045953)
(0.30 MB)
4 Pavelic, Paul; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Johnston, Robyn; McCartney, Matthew; Sotoukee, Touleelor; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Suhardiman, Diana; Lacombe, Guillaume; Douangsavanh, Somphasith; Joffre, O.; Latt, K.; Zan, A. K.; Thein, K.; Myint, A.; Cho, C.; Htut, Y. T. 2015. Integrated assessment of groundwater use for improving livelihoods in the dry zone of Myanmar. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 47p. (IWMI Research Report 164) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.216]
Irrigation systems ; Groundwater irrigation ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater management ; Water use ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Water market ; Domestic water ; Living standards ; Arid zones ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Social aspects ; Economic aspects ; Cost benefit analysis ; Investment ; Geology ; Hydrology ; Arsenic compounds ; Agriculture ; Sustainability ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Case studies / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047229)
(3 MB)
In the Dry Zone of Myanmar, improved access to water is widely acknowledged as being vital for livelihood enhancement and the general well-being of around 10 million people, most of whom depend on agriculture. Thus, expanding the sustainable use of groundwater is of great importance for socioeconomic development. According to this study, opportunities for accessing groundwater are generally good, and development of the resource has steadily increased over the years. However, there still appears to be good prospects for expanding groundwater use for irrigation, with a view to increasing agricultural production. Provision of affordable mechanical technologies for drilling wells and support with credit facilities to purchase small-capacity motorized pumps for irrigation could improve food security and livelihoods, where there is potential to expand groundwater use. Replenishable groundwater resources of the Dry Zone are likely to be less than previously thought. Thus, it is important to find the right balance between increasing development of the resource for enhanced irrigation, while also protecting its existing beneficial use for communities and the environment.
5 Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Villholth, Karen G. 2016. Estimating shallow groundwater availability in small catchments using streamflow recession and instream flow requirements of rivers in South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 541:754-765. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.032]
Groundwater assessment ; Water availability ; Water allocation ; Water storage ; Catchment areas ; Rivers ; Stream flow ; Models ; Aquifers ; Recharge ; Hydrogeology ; Drainage ; Rain ; Ecological factors ; Time series analysis ; Uncertainty / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047700)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169416304620/pdfft?md5=3b57079c21f59a0cad04768743f3435b&pid=1-s2.0-S0022169416304620-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047700.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047700.pdf
(2.86 MB) (2.86 MB)
Groundwater is an important resource for multiple uses in South Africa. Hence, setting limits to its sustainable abstraction while assuring basic human needs is required. Due to prevalent data scarcity related to groundwater replenishment, which is the traditional basis for estimating groundwater availability, the present article presents a novel method for determining allocatable groundwater in quaternary (fourth-order) catchments through information on streamflow. Using established methodologies for assessing baseflow, recession flow, and instream ecological flow requirement, the methodology develops a combined stepwise methodology to determine annual available groundwater storage volume using linear reservoir theory, essentially linking low flows proportionally to upstream groundwater storages. The approach was trialled for twenty-one perennial and relatively undisturbed catchments with long-term and reliable streamflow records. Using the Desktop Reserve Model, instream flow requirements necessary to meet the present ecological state of the streams were determined, and baseflows in excess of these flows were converted into a conservative estimates of allocatable groundwater storages on an annual basis. Results show that groundwater development potential exists in fourteen of the catchments, with upper limits to allocatable groundwater volumes (including present uses) ranging from 0.02 to 3.54 × 106 m3 a-1 (0.10–11.83 mm a-1) per catchment. With a secured availability of these volume 75% of the years, variability between years is assumed to be manageable. A significant (R2 = 0.88) correlation between baseflow index and the drainage time scale for the catchments underscores the physical basis of the methodology and also enables the reduction of the procedure by one step, omitting recession flow analysis. The method serves as an important complementary tool for the assessment of the groundwater part of the Reserve and the Groundwater Resource Directed Measures in South Africa and could be adapted and applied elsewhere.
6 Yehia, M.; Baghdady, A.; Howari, F. M.; Awad, S.; Gad, A. 2017. Natural radioactivity and groundwater quality assessment in the northern area of the Western Desert of Egypt. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12:331-344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.002]
Groundwater assessment ; Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Deserts ; Water analysis ; Irrigation ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Chemicophysical properties ; Radioactivity ; Health hazards ; Radiation damage ; Metals ; Toxicity ; Hydrogeology / Egypt / Western Desert
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048296)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581817300198/pdfft?md5=f35be392d885522b974103ccb1196ff7&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581817300198-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
The chemical composition and natural radioactivity of the northern area of the western desert groundwater were determined to evaluate hydrogeochemical facies and assess groundwater quality for different uses. Many the groundwater samples belong to the Na+- Cl-, Na2SO4 - type, followed by Ca2+- Mg2+- Cl- type. Only a few samples are of the Na+- HCO3 - type. The spatial distributions of the major ions describe similar anomalies, with the highest concentrations found at the extreme northeastern margin of the oasis, as well as in its northern and northwestern parts. Fe is the most abundant toxic metal, followed by Cu and Mn. Anomalies of Cr, Ni and Zn are also detected. Rock/water interactions strongly affect the chemical composition of the groundwater. Dissolution and cation exchange are the main processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry. Most of the irrigation groundwater problems in the study area may be resolved using an effective drainage system. The estimated total annual dose due to ingestion of 238U, 232Th and 40K in groundwater samples reveals that the groundwater is safe for human consumption. However, the toxic metal content of the Bahariya groundwater exceeds the permissible levels for both irrigation and consumption, and the water must be filtered through suitable membranes to exclude these toxic metals. Regular monitoring of the quality of this water for drinking is strictly required.
7 Desbarats, A. J.; Pal, T.; Mukherjee, P. K.; Beckie, R. D. 2017. Geochemical evolution of groundwater flowing through arsenic source sediments in an aquifer system of West Bengal, India. Water Resources Research, 53(11):8715-8735. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020863]
Groundwater assessment ; Geochemistry ; Aquifers ; Flow discharge ; Arsenic compounds ; Chemical contamination ; Sedimentation ; Hydrogeology ; Organic carbon ; Minerals ; Calcite ; Dolomite ; Models / India / West Bengal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048490)
(1.60 MB)
The source of geogenic arsenic (As) contaminating a shallow aquifer in West Bengal was traced to fine-grained sediments deposited in an abandoned river channel. Along with As-bearing phases, these sediments contain 0.46% codeposited organic carbon. The release of As and the geochemistry of groundwater within the channel-fill deposits is investigated using a detailed mass balance model supported by aqueous, solid-phase, and mineralogical data. The model describes the evolution of groundwater chemistry along a flow path extending from its recharge in an abandoned channel pond, through the channel fill, to the underlying aquifer. Variations in groundwater composition are explained in terms of mineral weathering of host sediments driven by organic carbon decay. Arsenic is released through the reductive dissolution of goethite and the weathering of chlorite. Concomitantly, some As is sequestered in precipitating vivianite. These competing processes reach equilibrium deeper in the channel-fill sequence as groundwater As concentrations stabilize. The model yields estimates of mineral reaction (or precipitation) rates including rates of organic carbon oxidation (1.15 mmol C L21 a21 ) and net As release (4:5731024 mmol L21 a21 ). Fine-grained, slightly permeable, deposits such as channel fill containing reactive organic carbon and As-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates are centers of intense chemical weathering conducive to As mobilization.
8 Thapa, R.; Gupta, S.; Guin, S.; Kaur, H. 2018. Sensitivity analysis and mapping the potential groundwater vulnerability zones in Birbhum District, India: a comparative approach between vulnerability models. Water Science, 32(1):44-66. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2018.02.003]
Groundwater assessment ; Sensitivity analysis ; Mapping ; Models ; Forecasting ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Soil types ; Land use ; Land cover / India / West Bengal / Birbhum
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048836)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110492917300085/pdfft?md5=51b266dc01392ceeef29146aaa27a3d4&pid=1-s2.0-S1110492917300085-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048836.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048836.pdf
(10.80 MB) (10.8 MB)
The assessment of groundwater vulnerability is essential especially in developing areas, where agriculture is the main source of the population. In the present study, four different overlay and index method, namely, DRASTIC, modified DRASTIC, pesticide DRASTIC and modified pesticide DRASTIC are implemented with a view to identifying the most appropriate method that predicts the vulnerable zone to groundwater pollution. Sensitivity analysis reveals that net recharge is the most influential parameter of the vulnerability index. Cross comparison of model output shows the highest similarity of 97% is observed between drastic and modified drastic while the maximum difference in models prediction of 49% is observed between modified drastic and pesticide drastic. Reported nitrate concentrations in groundwater are considered for validation of model-generated final output map. The prediction power of the models are assessed using success and prediction rate method and it highlights DRASTIC model as the most suitable model with 89.69% and 84.54% of the area under area under the curve (AUC) for success and prediction rate respectively.
9 Lee, E.; Jayakumar, R.; Shrestha, S.; Han, Z. 2018. Assessment of transboundary aquifer resources in Asia: status and progress towards sustainable groundwater management. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 20:103-115. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.01.004]
International waters ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Sustainability ; Groundwater management ; Groundwater assessment ; River basins ; Legal frameworks ; Institutions ; International cooperation ; Socioeconomic development ; Case studies / Asia / Cambodia / Greater Mekong Subregion
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049055)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581817301684/pdfft?md5=4160abeb23650d516fa570e7ae18d8b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581817301684-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049055.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049055.pdf
(1.32 MB) (1.32 MB)
Study region: Asia.
Study focus: Internationally shared aquifers (Transboundary aquifers; TBAs) are recognised as an important water resource in Asia. Despite their importance, studies on the assessment of TBA resources have received less attention in comparison to transboundary rivers. A lack of expertise, experience, and institutional support has restricted the cooperative and sustainable management of the shared aquifer resources. This study attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the status of transboundary groundwater resources in Asia, including the TBA inventories, socio-economic implications, and future perspectives. Specifically, the study focuses on the progress of the assessment of TBAs in Asia as a result of the Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management Initiative (ISRAM).
New hydrological insights for the region: In Asia, TBAs have played a major role in providing freshwater resources and sustaining socio-economic development. Since 2000, many regional cooperative initiatives have achieved considerable progress in developing TBA inventories of Asia, but the level of understanding of the shared aquifer systems remains limited, particularly for the developing countries. Legal and institutional frameworks for regional TBA cooperation are vital, and many countries in Asia have come to recognise the need to cooperate with their neighbours in dealing with TBA governance. Sustainable and equitable management of TBA in Asia requires an increasing effort from different sectors and countries in order to reach mutual acceptance of effective cooperation.
Study focus: Internationally shared aquifers (Transboundary aquifers; TBAs) are recognised as an important water resource in Asia. Despite their importance, studies on the assessment of TBA resources have received less attention in comparison to transboundary rivers. A lack of expertise, experience, and institutional support has restricted the cooperative and sustainable management of the shared aquifer resources. This study attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the status of transboundary groundwater resources in Asia, including the TBA inventories, socio-economic implications, and future perspectives. Specifically, the study focuses on the progress of the assessment of TBAs in Asia as a result of the Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management Initiative (ISRAM).
New hydrological insights for the region: In Asia, TBAs have played a major role in providing freshwater resources and sustaining socio-economic development. Since 2000, many regional cooperative initiatives have achieved considerable progress in developing TBA inventories of Asia, but the level of understanding of the shared aquifer systems remains limited, particularly for the developing countries. Legal and institutional frameworks for regional TBA cooperation are vital, and many countries in Asia have come to recognise the need to cooperate with their neighbours in dealing with TBA governance. Sustainable and equitable management of TBA in Asia requires an increasing effort from different sectors and countries in order to reach mutual acceptance of effective cooperation.
10 Esterhuyse, S. 2017. Developing a groundwater vulnerability map for unconventional oil and gas extraction: a case study from South Africa. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(17):1-13. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6961-6]
Groundwater assessment ; Gases ; Oils ; Extraction ; Mapping ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Water quality ; Monitoring ; Indicators ; Water policy ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Geological process ; Environmental Impact Assessment ; Databases ; Case studies / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049214)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12665-017-6961-6.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049214.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049214.pdf
(1.82 MB) (1.82 MB)
Some of the most important issues surrounding unconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction are the possible impacts of this activity on potable groundwater resources and how to minimise and mitigate such impacts. A groundwater vulnerability map for UOG extraction has been developed as part of an interactive vulnerability map for South Africa in an effort to address such concerns and minimize possible future impacts linked to UOG extraction. This article describes the development of the groundwater theme of the interactive vulnerability map and highlights important aspects that were considered during the development of this map, which would also be of concern to other countries that may plan to embark on UOG extraction. The policy implications of the groundwater vulnerability map for managing UOG extraction impacts is also highlighted in this article.
11 Misi, A.; Gumindoga, W.; Hoko, Z. 2018. An assessment of groundwater potential and vulnerability in the upper manyame sub-catchment of Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 105:72-83. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.03.003]
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater pollution ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Mapping ; Geographical information systems ; Rain ; Catchment areas ; Principal component analysis ; Models / Zimbabwe / Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049298)
(2.75 MB)
Severe depletion and pollution of groundwater resources are of rising concern in the Upper Manyame Sub-Catchment (UMSC); Zimbabwe's most urbanised sub-catchment. Despite groundwater playing a pivotal role in the provision of potable water in the sub-catchment, it is under serious threat from anthropogenic stressors which include sewage effluents and leachates from landfills, among others. Inadequate scientific knowledge pertaining to the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater storage and vulnerability in the UMSC is further compromising its sustainability. Therefore, comprehensive assessments of UMSC's Groundwater Potential (GP) and vulnerability are crucial for its effective management. This study assessed GP and vulnerability in the UMSC using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing techniques. Groundwater conditioning factors: geology, slope, land-use, drainage density, topographic index, altitude, recharge and rainfall were used to develop GP zones. Validation of the GP map was done by correlating estimated GP with historical borehole yields. An assessment of groundwater vulnerability was done at micro-catchment level (Marimba) using the GOD model; a three parameter Index Overlay Model. Marimba is the most urbanised and has the second highest borehole density. It also exhibits similar landuse characteristics as the UMSC. Furthermore, groundwater quality in Marimba was assessed from 15 sampling sites. Fifteen drinking water parameters were analysed based on the standard methods for Water and Wastewater Examination. The potability of groundwater was then assessed by comparing the measured water quality parameters with the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ) drinking water standards and/or WHO guidelines for drinking water. Repeated Measures ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to assess the spatio-temporal variations in groundwater quality and to identify key parameters, respectively. About 72% (2725.9 km2) of the UMSC was found to be of moderate GP, while 19% and 9% accounted for high and low GP, respectively. Marimba vulnerability status was dominantly moderate (77.3%). Parameters: EC, pH, coliforms, TDS, total hardness, Fe, NH4+ and turbidity exceeded SAZ and/or WHO drinking water limits on most sampling sites with DO, total and faecal coliforms showing significant variations (p < 0.05). Four Principal Components representing 84% of the cumulative variance were extracted; with PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 contributing 38%, 19.1%, 14.3% and 12.85%, respectively. PC1 was characterized by pH, TDS, EC and total hardness. PC2's variance was associated with elevated levels of Cl-, Zn and Cu. PC3 had high loadings of total and faecal coliforms, Fl- and turbidity while PC4 was characterized by high loadings of Pb, Fe, ammonia and turbidity. The variation in the nature of the parameters across PCs explains the complexity of pollutants within the micro-catchment. PC2 and PC4 were largely characterized by metallic compounds, suggesting pollution from mineral dissolution into the aquifers e.g. from industrial areas and dumpsites. PC3 indicate the contribution of domestic waste e.g. faecal waste from waste pipe leakages and poorly constructed pit latrines. The findings of this study are useful decision-making tools on groundwater utilisation and groundwater protection.
12 Thangarajan, M.; Singh, V. P. (Eds.) 2016. Groundwater assessment, modeling, and management. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. 511p.
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater management ; Models ; Water availability ; Water quality ; Water purification ; Water use ; Water resources ; Groundwater flow ; Groundwater recharge ; Alluvial aquifers ; Climate change ; Coastal area ; Water pollution ; Saline water ; Arsenic ; Contamination ; Freshwater ; Carbon dioxide ; Ion exchange ; Fluorides ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Geographical information systems ; Forecasting ; Optimization ; Food security ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Rivers ; Hydrogeology ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Case studies / Africa South of Sahara / Southern Africa / East Africa / India / Brazil / Botswana / Okavango Delta / Cauvery River / Ganges River / Boro River Valley / Gangetic Plains / Maharashtra / Tamil Nadu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H049342)
13 Gaye, C. B.; Tindimugaya, C. 2019. Review: challenges and opportunities for sustainable groundwater management in Africa. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(3):1099-1110. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1892-1]
Groundwater management ; Sustainable development ; Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater pollution ; Monitoring ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Water resources ; International waters ; Aquifers ; Water use ; Water institutions ; Stakeholders ; Information management ; Capacity building / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049364)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-018-1892-1.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049364.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049364.pdf
(1.33 MB) (1.33 MB)
Groundwater plays a fundamental yet often little appreciated role in supporting economic development and human well-being in both urban and rural environments, as well as supporting many aquatic ecosystems in Africa. Thus, groundwater has high relevance to the development and well-being of Africa, if adequately assessed and sustainably exploited. Whilst the potential for groundwater-resources development continues to be reported in the literature, a quantitative understanding of these issues remains poor. The objective of this paper is to highlight the main groundwater issues and problems in Africa and the current and expected opportunities for sustainable groundwater management. This will be done through the review of existing knowledge of groundwater resources and of ongoing and planned groundwater management programs and initiatives. Groundwater resources in Africa face increasing threat of pollution from urbanisation, industrial development, agricultural and mining activities, and from poor sanitation practices and over-exploitation due to increasing demand to meet human and agricultural needs. However, despite the existence of a number of groundwater management challenges, groundwater resources in Africa are still generally under-developed and can meet the various needs in a sustainable manner if better managed. Thus, strategies to ensure sustainable development and management of groundwater resources need to be put in place. These include establishment of groundwater monitoring systems, understanding of the groundwater–aquatic ecosystem relationships, management of transboundary aquifers, addressing climate-change impacts on groundwater, assessing the impact of increased pumping from various types of aquifers on sustainability of groundwater abstraction, and capacity building in groundwater management.
14 Nhamo, Luxon; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Mabhaudhi, T.; Mpandeli, S.; Magombeyi, Manuel; Chitakira, M.; Magidi, J.; Sibanda, M. 2020. An assessment of groundwater use in irrigated agriculture using multi-spectral remote sensing. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 115:102810. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.102810]
Groundwater assessment ; Crop water use ; Irrigated farming ; Remote sensing ; Climate change ; Resilience ; Water management ; Water productivity ; Evapotranspiration ; Estimation ; Irrigated land ; Satellite imagery ; Dry season / South Africa / Limpopo / Venda-Gazankulu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049420)
(2.23 MB)
Declining water resources in dry regions requires sustainable groundwater management as trends indicate increasing groundwater use, but without accountability. The sustainability of groundwater is uncertain, as little is known about its extent and availability, a challenge that requires a quantitative assessment of its current use. This study assessed groundwater use for irrigated agriculture in the Venda-Gazankulu area of Limpopo Province in South Africa using crop evapotranspiration and irrigated crop area derived from the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). Evapotranspiration data was derived from the Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed Actual Evapotranspiration and Interception (WaPOR) dataset (250 m resolution), and irrigated areas were characterised using dry season NDVI data derived from Landsat 8. Field surveys were conducted for four years to assess accuracy and for post-classification correction. Daily ET for the dry season (May to September) was developed from the actual ET for the irrigated areas. The irrigated areas were overlaid on the ET map to calculate ET for only irrigated land parcels. Groundwater use during the 2015 dry period was 3627.49 billion m3 and the irrigated area during the same period was 26% of cultivated land. About 82 435 ha of cultivated area was irrigated using 44 million m3 /ha of water, compared to 186.93 million m3 /ha on a rainfed area of 237 847 ha. Groundwater management is essential for enhancing resilience in arid regions in the advent of water scarcity.
15 Chinnasamy, Pennan; Shrestha, S. R. 2019. Melamchi water supply project: potential to replenish Kathmandu’s groundwater status for dry season access. Water Policy, 21(S1):29-49. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.080]
Groundwater assessment ; Water supply ; Projects ; Water resources ; Groundwater table ; Water storage ; Water balance ; Dry season ; Water availability ; Water stress ; Water demand ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Groundwater extraction ; Economic aspects / Nepal / Kathmandu Valley / Melamchi Water Supply Project
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049433)
(0.80 MB)
Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) currently uses 35 surface and 57 groundwater sources to supply water for Nepal’s capital, Kathmandu. It is necessary to understand if the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) can assist lean period water supply by indirectly increasing groundwater storage, through diverting excess water supply to groundwater recharge zones. The current study analyzed long-term groundwater depletion to assess available groundwater storage, followed by assessment of groundwater balance for the Kathmandu Valley. Results show that total groundwater extraction for Kathmandu was 69.44 million cubic meters (MCM) and drawdown of the groundwater surface was 15–20 m since the construction of wells in 1984/85, indicating substantial overexploitation. Results indicate that the ongoing unmet demand of 170 MCM/year can be easily satisfied if groundwater storage is recharged effectively, as underground water storage potential is 246 MCM/year due to a groundwater depletion rate of 2–10 m. From results, it is evident that that the timely implementation of the MWSP can help ease ongoing water stress and aid in reversing the damage caused to groundwater storage. In the long run, MWSP can supply water and recharge groundwater during monsoon periods, thus improving the quality of life and socio-economic status in Kathmandu.
16 Viossanges, Mathieu; Pavelic, Paul; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Vinh, B. N.; Chung, D. T.; D’haeze, D.; Dat, L. Q. 2019. Linkages between irrigation practices and groundwater availability: evidence from the Krong Buk Micro-Catchment, Dak Lak - Vietnam. Contribution to WLE project - Sustainable Groundwater. Final technical report. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 65p.
Groundwater assessment ; Water availability ; Irrigation practices ; Irrigation methods ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Basin irrigation ; Catchment areas ; Water resources ; Agricultural practices ; Irrigation efficiency ; Aquifers ; Groundwater table ; Water levels ; Water balance ; Pumping ; Water extraction ; Stream flow ; Groundwater recharge ; Forecasting ; Land use ; Soil moisture ; Farmers ; Techniques / Vietnam / Dak Lak / Krong Buk Micro-Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049493)
(5.22 MB) (5.22 MB)
17 Wu, W.; Liao, R.; Hu, Y.; Wang, H.; Liu, H.; Yin, S. 2020. Quantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk in reclaimed water irrigation areas of northern China. Environmental Pollution, 261:114173 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114173]
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater pollution ; Risk assessment ; Irrigation water ; Pollutants ; Water quality ; Aquifers ; River basins ; Models / China / Beijing
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049562)
(2.02 MB)
The application of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation can effectively reduce the use of freshwater resources including groundwater, addressing the increasingly severe challenge of water shortage. However, reclaimed water irrigation will cause potential pollution risks to groundwater, which needs to be further studied to ensure the safety of reclaimed water irrigation. An integrated quantitative assessment system including the modified DRASTIC model was developed to evaluate the pollution risks caused by reclaimed water irrigation and scientific strategies were offered for the development of reclaimed water irrigation in water shortage areas to avoid groundwater pollution. The groundwater intrinsic vulnerability index, the hazards of the characteristic pollutants, and the groundwater values were quantified to obtain the pollution risks distribution map. In the Beijing plain of north China, the low groundwater pollution risk areas were located in the midstream of Chaobai river baisin, Beiyun river basin, and Yongding river basin, accounting for 48.3% of the total study area. These areas in low pollution risk can be considered as safety areas for reclaimed water irrigation. The moderate groundwater pollution risk areas accounting for 46.9% of the total study area were suggested to apply water-saving irrigation measures for preventing groundwater pollution. The reclaimed water irrigation should be prohibited in the high groundwater pollution risk areas, which accounted for 4.8% of the total study area. This study highlights the reasonable strategy for the development of reclaimed water irrigation in water shortage areas and lay a foundation for finding alternative water sources for agricultural irrigation.
18 Akhtar, N.; Syakir, M. I.; Rai, S. P.; Saini, R.; Pant, N.; Anees, M. T.; Qadir, A.; Khan, U. 2020. Multivariate investigation of heavy metals in the groundwater for irrigation and drinking in Garautha Tehsil, Jhansi District, India. Analytical Letters, 53(5):774-794. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2019.1676766]
Groundwater pollution ; Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater irrigation ; Drinking water ; Heavy metals ; Water quality ; Anthropogenic factors ; Hydrogeology ; Principal component analysis ; Multivariate analysis / India / Jhansi / Garautha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049649)
(2.42 MB)
Groundwater is an important source for drinking and irrigation purposes. Due to anthropogenic activities, heavy metals have been leaching due to industrial waste and agricultural activities to the groundwater causing pollution. The assessment of groundwater quality is necessary to reduce the pollution to acceptable levels. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater of the villages of Garautha Tehsil, Jhansi where the anthropogenic activities are active. The groundwater samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results were compared to the 2012 Bureau of Indian Standard limits. Three multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes and to investigate the geological and hydrogeological processes. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) identified four factors responsible for the data structure by illuminating the total variance of 77.83% of the dataset. The majority of groundwater samples contained Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Fe within the acceptable limits except at few locations. However, the Al, Fe, and Mn concentration were high at a few sites due to rock–water interactions, whereas the concentration of As, Cd, and Zn were lower than their respective permissible limits in all groundwater samples. Furthermore, the groundwater quality for the use of irrigation is found to be acceptable at 19 locations, with only one high result.
19 Nisa, Z.-U.; Baig, H.; Imtiaz, F.; Ijaz, S.; Ullah, M. 2020. Quantitative groundwater assessment of Pashin, Balochistan for sustainable water management. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 57(2):591-596.
Groundwater assessment ; Groundwater table ; Water management ; Sustainability ; Water depletion ; Water levels ; Tube wells / Pakistan / Balochistan / Pishin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049652)
(0.94 MB) (964 KB)
Groundwater is the key source of water for survival in the Pishin, Balochistan area, which is decreasing with rapid urbanization. Karezes, however, are considered as the major sources of irrigation and drinking water from many decades, but rapidly growing installation of tubewells in Baluchistan is adversely affecting functioning of the karezes. The present study was conducted on groundwater pumpage to overcome the situation of scarcity in the context of ground water by measuring water table fluctuation rates and water discharge in Pishin district of Baluchistan, Pakistan. For this purpose data from WASA was incorporated to find out the fluctuation rate of water table over the period from 2005 to 2016 using GIS based Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) technique for making Water Level maps. The study shows a decline in all four Tehsils of Pishin district and the condition was worst at Huramzai tehsil as groundwater was depleting here rapidly. The main reason for this decline in the groundwater table was Tubewell pumping from groundwater resources which got exceeded than the natural recharge. Moreover, the rapid increase in urbanization decreased the infiltration rate in the recent years. According to 2017 census, total population of district Pishin was 736,481 with 51.48% male and 48.52% female in comparison to 376,728 in 1998 (MIC 2017). Based on the results the water table got fluctuated approx. 25 to 30 ft in past decades. Minimum and maximum water depth for 2007 were recorded 67.00 ft and 1 214.98 ft respectively. In 2013 Minimum and maximum water level were recorded 80.00 ft and 266.98 ft respectively and water level further declined 2014. The decline continued up to 300 ft in 2015. The most affected areas in Pishin district are Pishin city tehsil and Huramzai tehsil. It is recommended that the government should strictly implement well laws in the area in order to avoid excessive pumping which is lethal stigma in the area.
20 Gao, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C. 2020. Long-term assessment of groundwater resources carrying capacity using GRACE data and Budyko model. Journal of Hydrology, 588:125042. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125042]
Groundwater assessment ; Water resources ; Water storage ; Groundwater recharge ; Models ; Groundwater extraction ; Water depletion ; Water use efficiency ; Soil moisture ; Evapotranspiration ; Precipitation ; Wells ; Economic development / China / Zhangjiakou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049716)
(7.58 MB)
Groundwater is crucial for the economic development in arid and semi-arid areas. However, groundwater resources have been over-exploited for meeting the increasing demands in agriculture, industry and domestic use. Therefore, the capacity of groundwater resources for supporting the economic development has been indeed reduced, which made a challenge for the assessment of the groundwater resources carrying capacity (GRCC). The present study constructed a new GRCC index (D) for assessing the long-term GRCC variation in Zhangjiakou of Hebei Province, China (ZJK) using Budyko equation, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data (GRACE), Global Land Data Assimilation System data (GLDAS), sector water consumption data and GDP data. Our results shows that the short-term (2002–2017) annual and monthly anomalies in terrestrial water storage (TWSA) and groundwater storage appeared to be decreased, the anomalies in soil moisture storage tend to be zero while anomalies in snow water tend to be increased with annual rate of 2 cm year-1. The Budyko-derived long-term (1948–2018) groundwater storage changes (GWC) has declined from -310.9 to -455.6 cm and the large number of constructed wells for irrigation has accelerated the decline of groundwater resources in ZJK. Our results also shows the time series of D in ZJK were < 30%, 30% < D < 50% and D = 50% during 1948–1988, 1990–1993 and 1994–2018, indicating that the degree of groundwater resources exploitation were in the state of no overload, overload and heavy overload, respectively. The contribution of groundwater resources for the economic development has exceeded 50%, which indicated that the economic development of ZJK depend much more on groundwater resources. Improving the water use efficiency cannot improve groundwater resources carrying capacity, however, reducing the absolute use of groundwater resources should be the effective way to alleviate the shortage of groundwater resources and improve groundwater resources carrying capacity.
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