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1 Liaqat, U. W.; Awan, U. K.; McCabe, M. F.; Choi, M. 2016. A geo-informatics approach for estimating water resources management components and their interrelationships. Agricultural Water Management, 178:89-105. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.09.010]
Water resources ; Water management ; GIS ; Remote sensing ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater recharge ; Water supply ; Water use ; Water requirements ; Water scarcity ; Crops ; Evapotranspiration ; Irrigation schemes ; Irrigation canals ; Surface water ; Energy balance ; Models ; Weather data ; Satellite surveys ; Spatial distribution / Pakistan / Indus Basin / Hakra Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047849)
(4.67 MB)
A remote sensing based geo-informatics approach was developed to estimate water resources management (WRM) components across a large irrigation scheme in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. The approach provides a generalized framework for estimating a range of key water management variables and provides a management tool for the sustainable operation of similar schemes globally. A focus on the use of satellite data allowed for the quantification of relationships across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Variables including actual and crop evapotranspiration, net and gross irrigation, net and gross groundwater use, groundwater recharge, net groundwater recharge, were estimated and then their interrelationships explored across the Hakra Canal command area. Spatially distributed remotely sensed estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) rates were determined using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model and evaluated against ground-based evaporation calculated from the advection-aridity method. Analysis of ETa simulations across two cropping season, referred to as Kharif and Rabi, yielded Pearson correlation (R) values of 0.69 and 0.84, Nash-Sutcliffe criterion (NSE) of 0.28 and 0.63, percentage bias of -3.85% and 10.6% and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10.6 mm and 12.21 mm for each season, respectively. For the period of study between 2008 and 2014, it was estimated that an average of 0.63 mm day-1 water was supplied through canal irrigation against a crop water demand of 3.81 mm day-1. Approximately 1.86 mm day-1 groundwater abstraction was estimated in the region, which contributed to fulfil the gap between crop water demand and canal water supply. Importantly, the combined canal, groundwater and rainfall sources of water only met 70% of the crop water requirements. As such, the difference between recharge and discharge showed that groundwater depletion was around -115 mm year-1 during the six year study period. Analysis indicated that monthly changes in ETa were strongly correlated (R = 0.94) with groundwater abstraction and rainfall, with the strength of this relationship significantly (p < 0.01 and 0.05) impacted by cropping seasons and land use practices. Similarly, the net groundwater recharge showed a good positive correlation (R) of 0.72 with rainfall during Kharif, and a correlation of 0.75 with canal irrigation during Rabi, at a significance level of p < 0.01. Overall, the results provide insight into the interrelationships between key WRM components and the variation of these through time, offering information to improve the management and strategic planning of available water resources in this region.
2 Ali Shah, Azeem M.; Anwar, Arif A.; Bell, A. R.; ul Haq, Zia. 2016. Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) Agricultural Water Management, 178:201-214. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.09.018]
Irrigation systems ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation canals ; Water distribution ; Watercourses ; Tertiary sector ; Equity ; Discharges / Pakistan / Punjab / Hakra Canal / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047866)
This paper examines the fairness in distribution of water in a tertiary canal within the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Two methodologies are proposed: canal rating equations, and outlet discharge equations. The methodology is applied to a tertiary canal located in the Punjab, Province of Pakistan. Fairness/equity is expressed quantitatively using the Gini index. There is a difference in the estimated discharge depending on the methodology employed, however as we move along the canal the water allowance does not vary significantly with the distance along the canal. Hence for this particular canal the head-middle-tail inequity often reported and generalized in the literature is not observed. The advantage of a quantitative measure of inequity such as the Gini is exemplified by comparing the Gini with that at the secondary canal and also against itself if the tertiary canal could be operated “as designed”. We introduce two new concepts: systematic and operational inequity. Provided the costs of data acquisition can be reduced this technology has the potential to be scaled up and included in future development investments in large scale irrigation systems. Further work exploring the impact of information on stakeholders needs to be undertaken.
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