Your search found 27 records
1 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2007. Does food trade save water?: the potential role of food trade in water scarcity mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 7p. (IWMI Water Policy Briefing 025) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.342]
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 381.456413 G000 INT Record No: H039845)
(732 KB)
This Water Policy Briefing is based on the CA Research Report 4: Does International Cereal Trade Save Water? The Impact of Virtual Water Trade on Global Water Use (CA Research Report 4) by Charlotte de Fraiture, Ximing Cai, Upali Amarasinghe, Mark Rosegrant and David Molden; and on Investing in Water for Food, Ecosystems and Livelihoods (BLUE PAPER, Stockholm 2004, Discussion Draft) by David Molden and Charlotte de Fraiture; and on Is Virtual Water Trade a Solution for Water Scarce Countries? by Charlotte de Fraiture and David Molden, Bridges 2004. By the year 2050 there will be an additional 3 billion people to feed. Food production may need to increase by 70-90 percent from levels in 2000 to meet this global food demand. Without improvements in the efficiency and productivity of agricultural water use, crop water consumption would have to grow by the same order of magnitude. A big challenge in water management is to grow sufficient food for a growing and more affluent population while meeting the many other demands on limited water resources—household needs, industrial requirements and environmental functions. Already, an estimated 20% of the global population lives in river basins that are characterized by physical water scarcity. International food trade can have significant impacts on national water demand. The term ‘virtual water’, first introduced by Allan (1998), refers to the volume of water used to produce traded crops. By importing food a country ‘saves’ the amount of water it would have required to produce it on its own soil. Thus, international food trade can have important mpacts on how and where water is used. Food trade reduces water use at two levels. At a national level, a country reduces water use by importing food rather than producing it. At a global level, trade reduces water use because, at present, production in exporting countries is more water efficient than in importing countries. Moreover, four of the five major grain exporters produce under highly productive rainfed conditions while importing countries would have relied more on irrigation. In fact, without cereal trade, global irrigation water demand would have been higher by 11%. Some researchers have suggested that international food trade can and should be used as an active policy instrument to mitigate local and regional water scarcity. They contend that, instead of striving for food self-sufficiency, water short countries should import food from water abundant countries. Indeed, food trade has a large potential to alleviate water scarcity, but in practice there are many reasons why this is unlikely to happen in the near future.
2 Pratt, A. N.; Diao, X.; Johnson, M.; Minde, I.; Chilonda, Pius; Olubode-Awosola, Femi. 2007. Agricultural growth linkages and market opportunities in southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA) 3. 8p. (ReSAKSS-SA Issues Brief 003)
Agricultural development ; Agricultural production ; Trade ; Food consumption / South Africa / Zambia / Zimbabwe / Malawi / Mozambique
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041606)
http://www.resakss.org/publications/ReSAKSS-SA%20Issue%20Brief%203-Final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041606.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041606.pdf
3 Chilonda, Pius; Machethe, C.; Minde, I. 2007. Poverty, food security and agricultural trends in southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System for Southern Africa (ReSAKSS-SA); International Water Management Institute (IWMI); International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Washington, DC, USA: International Food policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 53p. (ReSAKSS-SA Working Paper 001)
Poverty ; Indicators ; Population ; Public health ; Education ; Employment ; Food security ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Agricultural development ; Trade / Southern Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041607)
(2.13 MB)
4 Douthwaite, B. 2002. Enabling innovation: a practical guide to understanding and fostering technological innovation. London, England: Zed Books. 266p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 303.483 G570 DOU Record No: H042973)
(0.27 MB)
An agricultural engineer takes a critical look at his research work in Asia in designing technologies for and with small-scale rice farmers, and reflects on the many failures in developing appropriate technology when there is no awareness of the social processes involved in innovation and technology diffusion. Using not only these experiences but also examples from industry, economy and information technology in both industrialised and developing countries, he argues that successful innovation is based on opening up to diversity, grasping opportunities and mobilising creativity among people. Innovations emerge out of a complex process of multi-agent interaction and adaptation, as different agents learn and select improvements. The final chapter is a guide to launching a learning selection approach to understanding and catalysing technological change.
5 Cribb, J. 2010. The coming famine: the global food crisis and what we can do to avoid it. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. 248p.
Food supply ; Food shortages ; Trade ; Famine ; Sustainable agriculture ; Water requirements ; Soils ; Climate change ; Population growth ; Farmers
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.8 G000 CRI Record No: H043116)
(0.25 MB)
6 Hails, C.; Humphrey, S.; Loh, J.; Goldfinger, S. (Eds.) 2008. Living planet report 2008. Gland, Switzerland: World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). 45p.
Biodiversity ; Ecosystems ; Ecology ; Water footprint ; Water use ; Energy generation ; Population ; Trade
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043202)
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report_2008.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043202.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043202.pdf
(4.35 MB)
7 2010. Trade and conserve - how to make tight supplies go further: a special report on water. Economist, 20 May 2010.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043282)
(0.08 MB)
8 Verma, S. 2010. Understanding interstate virtual water trade and its determinants in India. In Lundqvist, J. (Ed.). On the water front: selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). pp.80-89.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043362)
http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Synthesis/On_the_Water_Front_selections_from_WWW.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043362.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043362.pdf
(0.40 MB) (5.24 MB)
Based on recent estimates, this paper discusses the nature of and factors affecting domestic virtual water trade in India against the backdrop of an ambitious US$120 billion interbasin water transfer plan of the Government of India. Our analysis shows that differences in water endowments fail to fully explain virtual water trade flows. We argue that it is economic rather than physical water scarcity (or abundance) that explains trade flows. Non-water factors – such as per capita arable land – and public policy on agricultural inputs and access to agricultural markets explain the trade flows better. We therefore argue that these factors need to be taken into account for a more nuanced understanding of the virtual water trade and its policy interpretation.
9 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA); African Union (AU). 2009. Economic report on Africa 2009: developing African agriculture through regional value chains. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). 193p.
Macroeconomics ; Economic development ; Agricultural development ; Social change ; Women ; Financial situation ; Trade / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 330 G100 UNI Record No: H043438)
(2.26 MB) (2.26 MB)
10 Bruinsma, J. (Ed.) 2003. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030: an FAO perspective. London, UK: Earthscan. 432p.
Agriculture ; Food consumption ; Nutrition ; Animal production ; Plant oils ; Developing countries ; Crop production ; Irrigated farming ; Forestry ; Fisheries ; Poverty ; Economic development ; Trade ; Policy ; Globalization ; Climate change ; Food security
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 630 G000 BRU Record No: H043696)
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/esag/docs/y4252e.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043696.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043696.pdf
(2.14 MB) (2.14MB)
11 Sinha, R. 1976. Food and poverty: the political economy of confrontation. New York, NY, USA: Holmes & Meier. 196p.
Poverty ; Food production ; Food supply ; Land reform ; Marketing ; Price policy ; Trade ; Developing countries ; Foreign investment ; Employment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.1 G000 SIN Record No: H044528)
(0.20 MB)
12 World Economic Forum Water Initiative. 2011. Water security: the water-food-energy-climate nexus. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press. 248p.
Water management ; Water resources development ; International cooperation ; Water security ; Water demand ; Water scarcity ; Water supply ; Water productivity ; Risk assessment ; Energy ; Economic growth ; Trade ; Economic aspects ; Investment ; Financing ; Climate change ; Agriculture ; Food security ; International waters ; Socioeconomic environment ; Sanitation ; Desalinization ; Property rights ; Glaciers ; Ecosystems ; Urban areas ; Social aspects ; Electricity supplies ; Non governmental organizations ; Decision making / Saudi Arabia / Oman / Jordan / Pakistan / Kenya / China / USA / Asia / India / South Africa / California
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 WOR Record No: H044749)
(0.58 MB)
13 Dhungel, D. N.; Pun, S. B. (Eds.) 2010. The Nepal-India water relationship: challenges. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 491p.
Water resources ; International relations ; International waters ; Water power ; Projects ; Energy generation ; Water transfer ; Water use ; Agreements ; Institutions ; Irrigation water ; Irrigation programs ; Flooding ; Trade ; Rivers ; Canals ; Sea water / India / Nepal / Kosi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 DHU Record No: H046670)
(0.29 MB)
14 Matchaya, Greenwell; Chilonda, Pius; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso. 2013. Agricultural growth trends and outlook for southern Africa: inter-temporal trends and patterns in agricultural investment spending in southern Africa. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 100p. (ReSAKSS-SA Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2012)
Agricultural development ; Productivity ; Public investment ; Public expenditure ; Private sector ; Irrigation ; Economic growth ; Trade ; Labour productivity ; Income ; Poverty ; Economic indicators / Southern Africa / SADC countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046771)
http://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReSAKSS-SA%20Annual%20Trends%20and%20Outlook%20Report%202012.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046771.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H046771.pdf
(1.25 MB) (1.25 MB)
15 Tao, H.; Chunmiao, C. 2014. Quantifying carbon emissions derived from China’s investment and trade in the lower Mekong countries. In Lebel, L.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Krittasudthacheewa, C.; Daniel, R. (Eds.). Climate risks, regional integration and sustainability in the Mekong region. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre (SIRDC); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). pp.146-164.
Carbon dioxide ; Emission ; Foreign investment ; Trade ; Environmental effects / China / Cambodia / Lao People s Democratic Republic / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, e-copy SF Record No: H046915)
(1.87 MB)
16 Van Rooijen, Daniel; Ampomah, B.; Nikiema, Josiane; Coulibaly, Y. N.; Yiougo, L. 2016. Urban and industrial development. In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.145-160.
Urban development ; Industrial development ; Industrial uses ; River basins ; Domestic water ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Water power ; Water productivity ; Water resources ; Water quality ; Water reuse ; Irrigated farming ; Wastewater treatment ; Economic development ; Trade ; Tourism / West Africa / Benin / Burkina Faso / Ivory Coast / Ghana / Mali / Togo / Volta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H047730)
17 Hailegiorgis, D. S.; Hagos, Fitsum. 2016. Structure and performance of vegetable marketing in East Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 26:7-16.
Marketing channels ; Wholesale marketing ; Vegetables ; Performance testing ; Wholesale prices ; Profitability ; Retail marketing ; Retail prices ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural prices ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Consumers ; Trade / Ethiopia / Oromia Region / East Shoa Zone
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047764)
http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JMCR/article/download/32249/33138
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047764.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047764.pdf
Analysis of marketing performance of vegetable plays an important role in an ongoing or future market development plan. The study primarily examines market structure of major actors and assessing the market performance for key vegetable marketing actors and channels by quantifying costs and profit margins. The data was generated by household survey using pre-tested structured questionnaires. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different published and unpublished sources. The study result shows that the total gross marketing margin was 30% with producer participation margin of 70% implying higher marketing margin of smallholder producers. The market intermediaries incurred different marketing costs such as costs of packing, sorting, transportation, loading and unloading. Central wholesalers obtain relatively highest profit in channel numbered II and III, which amounted to Birr 204,827 and 58,675, respectively. The study result signifies that the first four largest volumes of vegetable purchased by first four big traders (CR4) constitute 50% of market share, which indicates the market structure for vegetable is strongly oligopolistic. OLS regression results also revealed that there are economies of scale for wholesalers at Meki market, which clearly indicates the presence of barrier to entry/exit for wholesalers in the market. Policy implications drawn from the study indicate that changing oligopolistic market structure, capacitating unions to supply inputs and outputs and supporting actors involved in local vegetable markets.
18 Lee-Smith, D.; Prain, G.; Cofie, Olufunke; van Veenhuizen, R.; Karanja, N. 2020. Urban and peri-urban farming systems: feeding cities and enhancing resilience. In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.504-531. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
Farming systems ; Urban agriculture ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Towns ; Rainfed farming ; Irrigated farming ; Backyard farming ; Open spaces ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Wastewater irrigation ; Waste utilization ; Nutrients ; Agricultural productivity ; Food security ; Nutrition security ; Households ; Farmers ; Population ; Hunger ; Poverty ; Resilience ; Sustainable development ; Natural resources ; Climate change ; Human capital ; Social capital ; Women's participation ; Technology ; Energy ; Policies ; Trade ; Markets ; Institutions ; Strategies / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049663)
(8.87 MB)
19 Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.) 2020. Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. 638p. (Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
Farming systems ; Food security ; Climate change ; Policies ; Urban agriculture ; Peri-urban agriculture ; Sustainable development ; Irrigated farming ; Large scale systems ; Mixed farming ; Agropastoral systems ; Perennials ; Agricultural productivity ; Intensification ; Diversification ; Farm size ; Land tenure ; Livestock ; Fish culture ; Agricultural extension ; Forests ; Highlands ; Drylands ; Fertilizers ; Soil fertility ; Water management ; Natural resources ; Nutrition security ; Energy ; Technology ; Investment ; Market access ; Trade ; Human capital ; Agricultural population ; Gender ; Women ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Hunger ; Socioeconomic environment ; Households ; Yield gap ; Tree crops ; Tubers ; Cereal crops ; Root crops ; Maize ; Ecosystem services ; Resilience ; Strategies / Africa South of Sahara / West Africa / East Africa / Southern Africa / Central Africa / Middle East / North Africa / Sahel
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049739)
(103 MB)
20 Cao, X.; Cui, S.; Shu, R.; Wu, M. 2020. Misestimation of water saving in agricultural virtual water trade by not considering the role of irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 241:106355. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106355]
Virtual water ; Trade ; Exports ; Water conservation ; Agricultural water use ; Estimation ; Agricultural products ; Water use efficiency ; Irrigation water / China / Heilongjiang / Guangdong
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049816)
(0.66 MB)
Water saving by agricultural virtual water trade (VWT) is regarded as a new way to address water shortage, and many studies have considered it at local and global scales. However, the existing calculation methods do not consider how agricultural products should be produced in export and import areas without crop trade. We believe that three facts related to irrigation should be considered in water saving in agricultural VWT evaluation: 1) arable land is highly restricted, 2) irrigation increases crop yield significantly, and 3) green water does not require cost. The role of irrigation, which is important for both the export and import region, is very important for determining how to cultivate crops without virtual water trade. In the case of grain VWT between Heilongjiang and Guangdong, China, the national blue water saving in 2010 with this consideration was -2562.1 Mm³ (water loss), whereas the figure was 975 Mm³ under the existing calculation framework. Therefore, there is a possibility that VWT can be used in agricultural development and water management decision-making while considering the role of irrigation.
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