Your search found 66 records
1 Boateng, Osei Kwame; Keraita, Bernard; Akple, Maxwell Selase Kwasi. 2007. Organic vegetable growers combine for market impact. Appropriate Technology, 34(4): 26-28.
Farmers associations ; Farmers organizations ; Vegetable growing ; Organic agriculture ; Marketing ; Credit / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630.92 G200 BOA Record No: H040939)
Like many sub-Saharan African cities, Kumasi, in Ghana, has many farmers producing vegetables in and around the city. Often these farmers form associations and in Kumasi some of these associations have linked up to form bigger organisations that are now having an impact on the market. Osei Kwame Boateng, Bernard Keraita and Maxwell S.K. Akple report on the impact being made by the Gyinyase Organic Vegetable Growers' Association (GOVGA). GOVGA was formed by merging three farmers' organisations - Farmwell Organic Vegetable Growers' Association, Progressive Vegetable Growers' Association and Quarters Vegetable Growers' Association - from around the suburb of Gyinyase, which is about 10 km from the city centre. Formed in June 2006, it has 36 registered members, all of whom are fulltime commercial organic vegetable farmers. Farming is very intensive as each farmer holds an average of only 0.1 ha. Almost all lettuce, which is the most commonly grown vegetable in irrigated urban vegetable farming in Kumasi, comes from these sites. The other sites not represented by GOVGA mainly grow spring onions and cabbage.
2 Jacobi, J.; Drescher, A. W.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Weckenbrock, P. 2009. Agricultural biodiversity strengthening livelihoods in Periurban Hyderabad, India. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 22:45-47.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Vegetable crops ; Diversification ; Suburban agriculture ; Periurban areas ; Farmers ; Women / India / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042332)
http://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/BDU-09222-UAM22%20WEB.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042332.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042332.pdf
(0.26 MB)
In periurban Hyderabad, India, leafy vegetables are increasingly grown along the Musi River and sold in urban markets. This agricultural biodiversity can significantly help urban and periurban farmers become more resilient to the impacts of such changes.
3 Jinapala, K.; Ariyaratne, B. Ranjith. 2009. Partnerships in action: establishing movable and vertical vegetable gardens for internally displaced persons in the north. Water Matters: news of IWMI research in Sri Lanka, 4:7.
Vegetable growing ; Cropping systems ; Agricultural extension ; Food security / Sri Lanka / Vavuniya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 630 G744 IWM Record No: H042496)
4 Jacobi, J.; Drescher, A. W.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H. 2009. Crop diversity as a livelihood strategy?: the case of wastewater irrigated vegetable cultivation along the Musi River in periurban Hyderabad, India. [Abstract only]. In Tielkes, E. (Ed.). Biophysical and socio-economic frame conditions for the sustainable management of natural resources. Book of abstracts. International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Tropentag Congress, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 6-8 October 2009. Witzenhausen, Germany: German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics. pp.111.
Wastewater irrigation ; Rivers ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Adaptation / India / Hyderabad / Musi River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042559)
(0.06 MB)
Along the Musi River in periurban Hyderabad, leafy vegetables are increasingly grown and sold in urban markets. Wide areas are irrigated with river water, highly polluted by sewage and industrial wastewater. Previous studies showed that periurban agriculture in Hyderabad plays an important role for the livelihoods of a diverse group of people, many of whom are women, from different castes, religions and social classes. During a field study in 2007 (in cooperation with the International Water Management Institute and the University of Freiburg, Germany), a rapid appraisal of vegetables cultivated with wastewater irrigation was carried out. In order to estimate the risk from pathogens for consumers, the percentage of vegetables consumed raw was calculated. A large number of vegetable varieties were found in the vegetable gardens, also in those where wastewater was used for irrigation, contrary to expectations. The leafy vegetables - traditionally in high demand - have a short growing season and fetch high market prices due to their usage in traditional dishes. In 2008, the study was extended to explore the role of agricultural biodiversity for livelihoods and building resilience using the sustainable livelihoods approach as theoretical background. 54 varieties of vegetables from 20 families were identified. Among those, 18 were cultivated for the leaves most of which were usually cooked. There was no significant difference in biodiversity (Shannon-Index and Simpson-Index were calculated) between wastewater and groundwater irrigated fields, but a significant difference in the species composition (almost 95% leafy vegetables where wastewater was used, around 70% fruit bearing vegetables where groundwater was used for irrigation) for several reasons such as insecure land tenure, water and soil quality, risk mitigation and market demand. Previous studies show that the use of wastewater for irrigation can have both positive and negative effects on agriculture. Besides possible health risks, fertiliser costs could be saved due to the high nutrient content of the wastewater. Agricultural Biodiversity is thus not necessarily diminished by the use of wastewater and can contribute in many ways to resilience, some of which are analysed and discussed in the study.
5 Murtaza, G.; Ghafoor, A.; Qadir, Manzoor; Owens, G.; Aziz, M. A.; Zia, M. H.; Saifullah. 2010. Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: a review. Pedosphere, 20(1):23–34.
Heavy metals ; Health hazards ; Water quality ; Sewage ; Soil properties ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation / Pakistan / Faisalabad / Peshawar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042869)
(0.14 MB)
Raw sewage is widely used on agricultural soils in urban areas of developing countries to meet water shortages. Although it is a good source of plant nutrients, such sewage also increases the heavy metal load to soils, which may impact the food chain. Management options for sewage contaminated soils includes addition of nontoxic compounds such as lime, calcium sulfate and organic matter, which form insoluble metal complexes, thus reducing metal phytoavailability to plants. In this paper we review the variation in irrigation quality of sewage at different sites and its impact on the quality of soils and vegetables. Although quality of sewage was highly variable at source, yet the effluent from food industries was relatively safe for irrigation. In comparison effluent samples collected from textile, dyeing, calendaring, steel industry, hospitals and clinical laboratories, foundries and tanneries were hazardous with respect to soluble salts, sodium adsorption ratio and heavy metals like zinc, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt and cadmium. The sewage quality in main drains was better than that at the industry outlet, but was still not safe for irrigation. In general, higher accumulation of metals in fruits and vegetable roots was recorded compared to that in plant leaves. Edible parts of vegetables (fruits and/or leaves) accumulated metals more than the permissible limits despite the soils contained ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extractable metals within a safe range. In either case further scientific investigations are needed to ensure safe management strategies. Cadmium appeared to be the most threatening metal especially in leafy vegetables. It is advisable to avoid leafy vegetables cultivation in sewage irrigated areas everywhere to restrict its entry into food chain.
6 Barker-Reid, F.; Harper, G. A.; Hamilton, A. J. 2010. Affluent effluent: growing vegetables with wastewater in Melbourne, Australia - a wealthy but bone-dry city. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):79-94 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-009-9082-x]
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Models ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban agriculture / Australia / Melbourne
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042882a)
(0.25 MB)
Water scarcity in Australia has become a significant challenge for all water users and water reuse is now a critical component of Melbourne’s response to this water crisis, particularly for food production. While most vegetable production occurs in a large-scale commercial environment, there is a significant proportion produced in backyards. With the introduction of severe water restrictions, commercial vegetable production now relies heavily on high quality Class A reclaimed water, while households have turned to the use of greywater. While there are many benefits of wastewater reuse, there are also many potential risks to plant, environmental and human health. A quantitative microbial risk assessment of the two systems was conducted to evaluate the human health risks associated with both large-scale and backyard reuse of water for vegetable irrigation. This preliminary model suggests that for irrigation with typical greywater, the annual infection probability for enteric viruses is >10-4, even after a two week period of no irrigation with greywater. The human annual enteric virus risk from Class A reclaimed water was much lower.
7 Amarasekara, M. G. T. S.; Kumarihamy, R. M. K.; Dayawansa, N. D. K.; De Silva, R. P. 2010. The impact of inappropriate soil management on river water quality: a case study in the Kurundu Oya Sub-catchment of the Upper Mahaweli Catchment, Sri Lanka. In Evans, Alexandra; Jinapala, K. (Eds). Proceedings of the National Conference on Water, Food Security and Climate Change in Sri Lanka, BMICH, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 9-11 June 2009. Vol. 2. Water quality, environment and climate change. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.49-60.
Soil management ; Soil degradation ; Catchment areas ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Water pollution ; Fertilizer application ; Nitrogen ; Vegetable growing / Sri Lanka / Upper Mahaweli Catchment Area / Kurundu Oya Sub-Catchment / Batagolla / Kumbalgamuwa / Mahakudugala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G744 EVA Record No: H042858)
The results of many studies have revealed that intensive farming on steep slopes, coupled with over application of fertilizers and accumulation of nutrients in downstream water bodies due to soil erosion, have contributed to environmental hazards in the Upper Mahaweli Catchment Area (UMCA) of Sri Lanka. The encroachment of riparian zones for exotic vegetable cultivation has aggravated this situation. In view of this, a study was conducted in the Kurundu Oya catchment, a micro-catchment of the UMCA, to investigate the soil management practices within the farming systems and their impacts on river water quality. Three villages were selected along the Kurundu Oya: Mahakudugala, Kumbalgamuwa and Batagolla. The study consisted of a survey of 150 households in 2007 and 2008, to gather information on the characteristics of householders and on soil management practices. A soil survey was carried out to analyze the soil fertility of farmlands. Water quality parameters were measured periodically in different sections of a selected stream. The results revealed that nearly 50 % of the riparian zones in the upper catchment of the Kurundu Oya stream are encroached to cultivate potato and other exotic vegetables. In addition, it was observed that over application of fertilizers on the vegetable plots was causing nutrient accumulation and the plots also recorded high levels of phosphorous (P) (above 75 ppm). Results of the water quality analysis showed that nitrate and available P levels were within the standard limits, but nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) levels were close to the upper level of the standard limit. Therefore, in order to minimize water pollution, it is strongly recommended that fertilizer application is based on soil tests. In addition, encroachment of sensitive lands has to be addressed. Priority should be given to strengthening institutional capacity in order to facilitate the implementation of existing environmental legislation.
8 Barker-Reid, F.; Harper, G. A.; Hamilton, A. J. 2010. Erratum to: Affluent effluent: growing vegetables with wastewater in Melbourne, Australia - a wealthy but bone-dry city. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1-2):153 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-010-9094-6]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042882b)
9 Amoah, Philip. 2009. An analysis of the quality of wastewater used to irrigate vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana. In Redwood, M. (Ed.). Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihood and food security. London, UK: Earthscan. pp.105-124.
Wastewater irrigation ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Pesticide residues ; Helminths ; Health hazards ; Urban agriculture / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042596)
(1.71 MB)
10 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2010. Improving soils and boosting yields in Thailand. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2p. (IWMI Success Stories 002) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.0031]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043316)
(310.20 KB)
11 Amoah, Philip; Keraita, Bernard; Akple, Maxwell; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Konradsen, F. 2011. Low-cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 37p. (IWMI Research Report 141) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.201]
Urban agriculture ; Consumers ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Risk management ; Vegetable growing ; Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigation practices ; Wastewater treatment ; Filtration / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7 G190 AMO Record No: H043829)
(1007.99KB)
To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
12 Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Bakang, J.; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G; Konradsen, F.; Agyekum, W.; Klutse, A. 2009. Safeguarding public health concerns, livelihoods and productivity in wastewater irrigated urban and periurban vegetable farming. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). 80p. (CPWF Project Report 38)
Vegetable growing ; Urban areas ; Wastewater irrigation ; Productivity ; Models ; Public health ; Research projects / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044042)
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/WaterfoodCP/PN38_KNUST_ProjectReport_Nov09_approved.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044042.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044042.pdf
(3.01 MB)
The goal of the project was to develop integrated and user-oriented strategies to safeguard public health concerns without compromising livelihoods and land and water productivity in wastewater irrigated urban and peri-urban vegetable farming. In this project, assessment of land and water productivity in wastewater irrigated farming was done, levels of contamination on irrigation water and vegetables quantified at different levels along the food chain (farms, markets and consumer level) and appropriate lowcost risk reduction strategies identified and participatory testing done with stakeholders at farm and consumer levels. A large number of students were involved in the project, significantly building human capacity.
13 Cofie, Olufunke; Amoah, Philip; Irene, E.; Adamtey, Noah; Fredrick, T.-L. 2011. Demonstration on the use of urine in urban agriculture. [Report of the Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s City’s Health (SWITCH) Project]. Delft, Netherlands: Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s City’s Health (SWITCH) Project; Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Brussels, Belgium: European Union Research Framework Programme. 103p.
Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Cabbages ; Fertilizers ; Urine ; Soils ; Economic analysis ; Senses ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Environmental effects ; Risks ; Logistics ; Farmers ; Ownership / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044301)
http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/outputs/pdfs/W5-2_GEN_RPT_D5.2.4_Demonstration_on_the_use_of_urine_in_urban_agriculture.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044301.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044301.pdf
(3.65 MB) (3.65MB)
This report is an output of the Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow s City s Health (SWITCH) demonstration project, which took place in Accra, Ghana. Accra is one of the ten (10) demonstration cities under the SWITCH project. The main objective of the demo project was to demonstrate (as pilot) the potential of using urine for crop production in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) and provide recommendations for scaling up.
14 Gunjal, S. 2009. Resource book on city farming in South India. Hyderabad, India: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF); Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 125p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.212]
Urban agriculture ; Food security ; Water management ; Wastewater irrigation ; Employment ; Nutrition ; Financing ; Recycling ; Plant protection ; Plant pests ; Pesticides ; Domestic gardens ; Design ; Organic fertilizers ; Composting ; Vegetable growing ; Fruit growing ; Harvesting ; Food preservation / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338 G635 GUN Record No: H044547)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/Cities_Farming_Book-final.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044547.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044547.pdf
(0.90 MB) (925.93KB)
15 Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Yadava, Chenna Basappa Gangappa; Wijenayake, K. M. A.; Suleman, K. B. 2011. Final technical report RUAF - from seed to table, 2009-2011. Hyderabad, India: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Hyderabad, India: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF). 130p.
Farmers organizations ; Marketing ; Urban agriculture ; Food security ; Training ; Gender ; Mixed cropping ; Vegetable growing ; Cooperative farming ; Financing ; Households ; Indicators ; Development projects ; Agricultural development ; Non governmental organizations ; Stakeholders / India / Sri Lanka / Magadi Ramanagara District / Gampaha
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044641)
(0.71 MB)
This is the final report (2009-2011 June) of the RUAF-FSTT Programme for the South and South East Asia Region, coordinated by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), from its Regional Office in Hyderabad, India. The programme of activities were carried out in two cities, namely Magadi, Ramanagara District, India, and Gampaha, Sri Lanka from 2009 to June 2011, with an no-cost extension of six months, ending in year June 2011. This programme of activities came under IWMI’s theme on Water quality, Health and Environment.The programme was aimed at strengthening farmer organisations and their marketing capacities in urban/periurban settings, and developing sustainable urban farming systems that will contribute towards poverty alleviation, empowerment of disadvantaged and underserved groups in cities, enhance urban food security and social inclusion in development. The core activities were planned around two major components; 1. Operationalisation of a City Strategy Agenda (CSA), through a city multistakeholder forum (MSF) to promote Urban/Periurban Agriculture (UPA), which included diverse UPA activities and supported the shaping of policies to sustain UPA activities; 2. An innovation project that targeted low-income urban producers to innovate their farming practices from a market chain perspective, promoting eco-intensive agriculture based on ecological principals and maximum use of natural resources.
16 Adeoti, A. I.; Oladele, O. I.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2011. Sustainability of livelihoods through urban agriculture: gender dimensions in Accra, Ghana. Life Science Journal, 8(2):840-848.
Urban agriculture ; Gender ; Farmers ; Economic aspects ; Income ; Costs ; Irrigated farming ; Farms ; Vegetable growing ; Households / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044648)
http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0802/109_6105life0802_840_848.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044648.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044648.pdf
(0.07 MB) (66.80KB)
This paper examines the sustainability of livelihoods through Urban Agriculture: Gender dimensions in Accra, Ghana. The population used for the study was the vegetable producers within and around Accra, Ghana. A mix of sampling techniques was followed in choosing UA producers. While a random sampling technique was employed in choosing male UA producers, all female producers who were willing to be interviewed were chosen. In all, 92 male producers and 8 female producers gave consistent responses that were analyzed. The results show that the mean age for male producers is 39.4 years. Female producers are more elderly with a mean age of 49.8 years. The mean year of schooling is 6.4 years for male producers and 7.1years for female producers. While all the households are involved in irrigated farming, only 13% male and 25 % female managed farms practiced irrigated farming alone. The majority of the male and female farmers indicated that high contribution of urban agriculture to their livelihoods. Farm size and access to credit were significant determinants of income from urban agriculture among the respondents.
17 Mikhael, M.; Yoder, R. 2008. Multiple-use water service implementation in Nepal and India: experience and lessons for scale-up. [Report of the CGIAR Challenge Program-Multiple-Use Water Systems (CP-MUS) Project]. Denver, CO, USA: International Development Enterprises (IDE); Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 318p.
Water management ; Water resources development ; Multiple use ; Water scarcity ; Water use ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Sanitation ; Water rights ; Water quality ; Water conservation ; Soil conservation ; Households ; Research projects ; Gender ; Women ; Community development ; Case studies ; Institutions ; Non governmental organizations ; Government agencies ; Income ; Agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Cropping systems ; Food production ; Food security ; Socioeconomic environment ; Irrigation systems ; Microirrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Water storage ; Tanks ; Capacity building ; Technology ; Economic aspects ; Costs ; Financing ; Funding ; Marketing / Nepal / India / Maharashtra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044752)
http://www.ideorg.org/OurStory/IDE_multi_use_water_svcs_in_nepal_india_8mb.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044752.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044752.pdf
(8.19 MB) (8.2MB)
18 Amponsah-Doku, F.; Obiri-Danso, K.; Abaidoo, R. C.; Andoh, L. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Kondrasen, F. 2010. Bacterial contamination of lettuce and associated risk factors at production sites, markets and street food restaurants in urban and peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2):217-223.
Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Salmonella ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Microbiological analysis ; Indicators ; Social aspects ; Farmers / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044754)
(107.32KB)
There is increasing evidence that urban grown vegetables in developing countries can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly true when wastewater is used in irrigation. The microbiological quality of wastewater grown lettuce on farms, markets and at street food vendor sites were evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella using standard methods. Farm irrigation water and market refreshing water (water used in keeping the lettuce fresh) samples were also analysed. Thermotolerant coliforms on lettuce varied from 2.3 × 103 to 9.3 × 108 on farm, 6.0 ×101 to 2.3 × 108 on market and 2.3 × 106 to 2.4 × 109 at street food vendor sites. Indicator bacterial numbers on farm lettuce were higher compared to the irrigation water (1.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 106) used on the farms. Thermotolerant coliform numbers in market refreshing water (9.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 1010) were higher compared to that on the market lettuce. Enterococci numbers on lettuce were lower and ranged from 3.9 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 on farm, 6.0 × 101 to 9.0 × 104 on market and 5.1 × 103 to 2.5 × 106 at street food vendor sites. Salmonella numbers recorded at food vendor sites ranged from 1.5 × 101 to 9.3 × 102. In general, thermotolerant coliforms numbers increased by 18% while enterococci numbers reduced by 64% from the farms to the street foods. Bacterial counts on farm lettuce and irrigation water, market lettuce and refreshing water and street foods all exceeded the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) standards of 103. Wastewater use on farms and refreshing water in markets could be the main contributors to lettuce contamination and that education on use of effective de-contamination or washing methods before eating will contribute to reducing the risk associated with the consumption of such contaminated foods.
19 AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2012. Smallholder innovation in Burkina Faso. Based on a report by Charlotte de Fraiture, Gael Ndanga Kouali, Hilmy Sally and Priva Kabre. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2p. (AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
Smallholders ; Reservoirs ; Vegetable growing ; Water management ; Water use ; Economic aspects / Burkina Faso / Korsimoro Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044889)
(128.88KB)
20 Sengupta, M. E.; Keraita, Bernard; Olsen, A.; Boateng, Osei K.; Thamsborg, S. M.; Palsdottir, G. R.; Dalsgaard, A. 2012. Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Research, 46(11):3646-3656. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011]
Irrigation water ; Wastewater ; Moringa oleifera ; Helminths ; Turbidity ; Urban agriculture ; Vegetable growing ; Statistical methods / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044902)
(0.85 MB)
Water from wastewater-polluted streams and dug-outs is the most commonly used water source for irrigation in urban farming in Ghana, but helminth parasite eggs in the water represent health risks when used for crop production. Conventional water treatment is expensive, requires advanced technology and often breaks down in less developed countries so low cost interventions are needed. Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminh eggs and turbidity in irrigation water, turbid water, wastewater and tap water. In medium to high turbid water MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94e99.5% to 1e2 eggs per litre and the turbidity to 7e11 NTU which is an 85e96% reduction. MO is readily available in many tropical countries and can be used by farmers to treat high turbid water for irrigation, however, additional improvements of water quality, e.g. by sand filtration, is suggested to meet the guideline value of 1 helminth egg per litre and a turbidity of 2 NTU as recommended by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water intended for irrigation. A positive correlation was established between reduction in turbidity and helminth eggs in irrigation water, turbid water and wastewater treated with MO. This indicates that helminth eggs attach to suspended particles and/or flocs facilitated by MO in the water, and that turbidity and helminth eggs are reduced with the settling flocs. However, more experiments with water samples containing naturally occurring helminth eggs are needed to establish whether turbidity can be used as a proxy for helminth eggs.
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