Your search found 15 records
1 Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Lofman, Owe; Heistad, Arve; Fodge, Madeliene; Jenssen, P.; Stenstrom, T. A. 2008. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana. In Hazel, J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 33rd WEDC International Conference on Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions, Accra, Ghana, 7-11 April 2008. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). pp.90-97.
Wastewater irrigation ; Excreta ; Faeces ; Vegetables ; Public health ; Health hazards ; Assessment ; Ascaris ; Rotavirus / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G200 SEI Record No: H041285)
2 Germer, J.; Boh. M. Y.; Schoeffler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2010. Temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter. Waste Management, 30:185-191. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.030]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042622)
(0.93 MB)
Small scale co-composting of faecal matter from dry toilet systems with shredded plant material and food waste was investigated in respect to heat development and deactivation of faecal indicators under tropical semiarid conditions. Open (uncovered) co-composting of faecal matter with shredded plant material alone did not generate temperatures high enough (<55 C) to reduce the indicators sufficiently. The addition of food waste and confinement in chambers, built of concrete bricks and wooden boards, improved the composting process significantly. Under these conditions peak temperatures of up to 70 C were achieved and temperatures above 55 C were maintained over 2 weeks. This temperature and time is sufficient to comply with international composting regulations. The reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella senftenberg in test containment systems placed in the core of the compost piles was very efficient, exceeding 5 log10-units in all cases, but recolonisation from the cooler outer layers appeared to interfere with the sanitisation efficiency of the substrate itself. The addition of a stabilisation period by extending the composting process to over 4 months ensured that the load of E. coli was reduced to less than 103 cfug and salmonella were undetectable.
3 Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Forster, D. 2009. Economic impact of N-enriched excreta-based co-compost (Comlizer) on maize production in Ghana. Urban Agricultur. Sandec News, July 2009, 10:17.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042725)
(0.06 MB)
Poor soil fertility is a key factor limiting crop production in many parts of the tropics. Nitrogenenriched waste products have the potential to improve crop yield on depleted soils and provide high financial returns.
4 Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2011. Fecal exposure pathways in Accra: a literature review with specific focus on IWMI’s work on wastewater irrigated agriculture. Report submitted to the Centre for Global Safe Water, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 43p.
Wastewater irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation water ; Faeces ; Faecal coliforms ; Health hazards ; Diarrhoea ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Pathogens ; Vegetables ; Lettuces ; Urban areas / Ghana / Accra
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044338)
(1.16 MB)
5 Pradhan, Surendra; Amoah, Philip; Piya, R. C.; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2012. Urine fertilizer for vegetable production - a case study in Nepal and Ghana. Paper presented at the International Conference on Fecal Sludge Management (FSM2), Durban, South Africa, 29-31 October 2012. 7p.
Urine ; Faeces ; Organic fertilizers ; Wood ash ; Vegetable growing ; Sanitation ; Biomass ; Case studies / Nepal / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045305)
(0.69 MB) (0.69 MB)
Eco-toilets (human urine and faecal matter collected separately) are one of the best ways to solve sanitation problem, and this practice also improves the environment and increases the food production. This study focuses on experimental demonstration of use of urine, wood ash and poultry droppings (PD) as a fertilizer in central Nepal and in Accra, Ghana. In Nepal; Fertilizer value of urine+ash was compared with animal manure and no-fertilization in the cultivation of radish, potato, broadleaf mustard, cauliflower and cabbage. The urine + ash or manure fertilized plots received 54 kgN/ha for radish, 51 kgN/ha for potato, 81 kgN/ha for broadleaf mustard and 77 kgN/ha for cabbage and cauliflower. Similarly in Ghana; urine was compared no fertilization and urine + PD (poultry dropping) was compared with NPK (mineral fertilizer)+PD as a dose of 121 kgN/ha.
In Nepal; the urine+ash fertilizer produced significantly (P<0.05) higher broadleaf mustard biomass than obtained from animal manure and without fertilization. It was demonstrated that urine+ash can produce higher yields than manure fertilizer; the differences being >24 t/ha radish tuber, >95 kg/ha potato tuber, >19 t/ha cauliflower total biomass and >15 t/ha cabbage total biomass. In Ghana; urine produced 1.2 ton/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to no fertilization and urine+PD produced 0.82 t/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to NPK+PD. Furthermore, in Nepal; N-fertilizer value of 4 litres urine is equal to the 1 kg of dry manure and in Ghana N-fertilizer value of 2 litres of urine is equal to 1 kg of poultry droppings. In conclusion, human urine can be used as fertilizer alone or combined with wood ash and poultry droppings and this can produce similar or even more vegetable biomass than can be achieved with no fertilization, manure fertilization or NPK+PD.
In Nepal; the urine+ash fertilizer produced significantly (P<0.05) higher broadleaf mustard biomass than obtained from animal manure and without fertilization. It was demonstrated that urine+ash can produce higher yields than manure fertilizer; the differences being >24 t/ha radish tuber, >95 kg/ha potato tuber, >19 t/ha cauliflower total biomass and >15 t/ha cabbage total biomass. In Ghana; urine produced 1.2 ton/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to no fertilization and urine+PD produced 0.82 t/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to NPK+PD. Furthermore, in Nepal; N-fertilizer value of 4 litres urine is equal to the 1 kg of dry manure and in Ghana N-fertilizer value of 2 litres of urine is equal to 1 kg of poultry droppings. In conclusion, human urine can be used as fertilizer alone or combined with wood ash and poultry droppings and this can produce similar or even more vegetable biomass than can be achieved with no fertilization, manure fertilization or NPK+PD.
6 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Drechsel, Pay. 2012. Fortified excreta pellets for agriculture. Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 5p.
Excreta ; Agricultural production ; Fertilizers ; Composts ; Faeces ; Irradiation ; Pellets ; Starch crops ; Cassava ; Clay ; Moisture content / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045351)
https://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H045351.pdf
http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-1624-nikiema.pdf
http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-1624-nikiema.pdf
(0.34 MB)
This paper describes the pelletization process of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. The equipment used for the process was fabricated locally in Ghana. Each fertilizer product was individually used for the production of cylindrical pellets. From the current study, the binding material type (cassava starch, either pregelatinized or pretreated by gamma irradiation, or kaolin clay) and concentration (0 to 10 % in mass) as well as moisture content (20-47%) appeared to be the most critical factors during pellets production. It was noticed that the higher the binder concentration, the higher the stability of pellets. This study confirmed that cassava starch is a preferred binding material and that fixing its concentration at 1-3 % could be enough during the pelletization process. The pellets produced in this project had 7.5 to 7.7 mm in diameter, but their length distribution varied depending on the material used.
7 Cisse, G.; Medlicott, K.; Stenstrom, T.A.; Winkler, M.; Strande, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2012. Sanitation safety plans for safe management and valorization of faecal sludge [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 1p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045511)
http://www.pid.co.za/index.php/abstracts2/175-cisse-sanitation-safety-plans-for-safe-management-and-valorization-of-faecal-sludge-
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045511.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H045511.pdf
(0.07 MB)
8 Schobitz, L.; Gebauer, H.; Robbins, D.; Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Srikantaiah, V.; Strande, L. 2012. Business model innovations for scaling-up FSM [Faecal Sludge Management] businesses in low- and middle-income countries [Abstract only]. Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 1p.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045512)
(0.07 MB)
The majority of urban populations in low- and middle-income countries rely on onsite sanitation systems, which produce large amounts of faecal sludge. Collecting and treating faecal sludge could provide a viable business opportunity for private firms or public organizations. Despite the increasing efforts to create sustainable and economically viable businesses in the context of faecal sludge management (FSM), most businesses are still in the mode of securing their existence and maintaining their survival. Success is limited, and businesses have not been able to scale-up. Scaling-up entails reaching a critical mass and being able to cover a certain geographical service area. Scaling-up implies that the business provides reliable emptying services, which are affordable for poor people. An example of scaling-up is that businesses not only provide emptying services, but also faecal sludge treatment and resource recovery. IWMI and Sandec/Eawag are exploring the role of business model innovations in the scaling-up process of faecal sludge management. Our preliminary results suggest two distinct paths on how business model innovations can drive the scaling-up processes: (i) organic business growth; and (ii) replication of micro-enterprises. The first path represents a typical ‘organic’ business growth path. An ‘organic’ business growth means that the FSM enterprise attempts to make a stepwise extension of the business. Critical innovations in the business model refer to the tariff system, business planning and execution, and the market development for value added end-products. As an example, we will present Manila Water in the Philippines, and their success in scaling up FSM. The second path refers to a replication of micro-enterprises. Micro-enterprises are small firms, that specialize in FSM. They are operated with few employees (e.g. entrepreneur, helper, driver). Microenterprises compete with each other, which, in turn, helps lead to affordable prices. To remain profitable, the micro-enterprises have to drive business model innovations. Compared to path one, the business model innovations are not driven by a single organization, but rather through collective actions among the micro-enterprises. Path two illustrates “coopetition”. Coopetition means microenterprises compete to find customers, but cooperate in technology innovation to drive down costs, and innovate treatment technologies and resource recovery. As an example, we will present honeysucker businesses in Bangalore, India. The paper contributes to a better understanding of business challenges in the scaling-up process of FSM. It provides guidance for increasing geographical coverage, enhancing usage of emptying services, and increasing affordability of sanitation services at the household level.
9 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013. Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana. [Abstract only]. In Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Delivering water, sanitation and hygiene services in an uncertain environment: preprints of the 36th WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. Abstracts of papers. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC); Leicestershire, UK: Loughborough University. pp.72.
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Faeces ; Sanitation ; Environmental health / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046002)
(0.16 MB)
10 Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013. Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana. Paper presented at the 36th WEDC [Water, Engineering and Development Centre] International Conference on Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. 5p.
Waste management ; Urban wastes ; Organic wastes ; Faeces ; Sanitation ; Environmental health ; Developing countries ; Case studies ; Composts ; Nutrients ; Fertilizers / Ghana / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046059)
(0.71 MB)
11 Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Asante-Bekoe, Barbara; Otoo, Miriam; Adamtey, N. 2014. Potential of locally available products for use as binders in producing fecal compost pellets in Ghana. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 33(2):504-511. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11790]
Faeces ; Composts ; Fertilizers ; Binders ; Crops ; Cassava ; Soil fertility ; Costs ; Pelleting ; Clay ; Beeswax ; Classification ; Water holding capacity ; Environmental effects ; Risks / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H046137)
(1.81 MB)
Market studies in Ghana have revealed a potential for composted or cocomposted fecal matter as nutrient source inputs for agricultural production. To increase the marketability of such products, high nutrient value and easier handling/transporting options are among the significant factors which drive demand. Pelletization is seen as a potentially interesting option to address these challenges. To preserve form stability of the pellet products, the addition of a binding material during the pelletization process is crucial. In Ghana, water, beeswax, clay, and cassava starch have been identified as locally available binding materials. A comparative assessment of these materials as a premier binder suitable for pelletization was performed based on predefined criteria. Quantitative criteria considered included the total amounts available, the seasonal variation during the year and cost. Qualitative criteria such as handling and storage conditions, ease of use during pelletization, and the binding ability were also evaluated. Based on this assessment, clay and cassava-based starch were selected as the most promising binding agents. Currently, clay is abundant in Ghana and this may suggest a guarantee for consistent and stable supply over coming years. However, from the perspective of cassava-based starch, this situation depicts limited production of starch and competition on the local markets.
12 Strande, L.; Ronteltap, M.; Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) 2014. Faecal sludge management: systems approach for implementation and operation. London, UK: IWA Publishing. 403p.
Faeces ; Sewage sludge ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Technology ; Solid wastes ; Nutrients ; Organic recycling ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Financing ; Models ; Sanitation ; Assessment ; Sampling ; Case studies ; Health hazards ; Biological analysis ; Dewatering ; Sedimentation ; Biofuels ; Wastewater irrigation ; Composting ; Urban areas / West Africa / Ghana / South Africa / Uganda / Sierra Leone / Philippines / Senegal / Thailand / Burkina Faso / Kumasi / Durban / Dakar / Kampala / San Fernando / Accra / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.728 G000 STR Record No: H046586)
(0.65 MB)
13 Drechsel, Pay. 2014. Who feeds the cities?: a comparison of urban, peri-urban and rural food flows in Ghana. In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.257-267. (Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Suburban agriculture ; Urban agriculture ; Rural areas ; Food supply ; Nutrients ; Waste treatment ; Composts ; Faeces ; Sewage sludge ; Urban areas ; Environmental effects / Ghana / Accra / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H046690)
(2.81 MB)
The present study quantified for the two major cities of Ghana, Accra and Kumasi, the contribution of peri-urban agriculture, rural agriculture and urban agriculture to urban food supply, and analysed how much of the nutrients needed in peri-urban areas could be recovered from urban waste recycling. While the majority of calorie rich food derives from rural areas, urban and peri-urban farms cover significant shares of certain, usually more perishable but vitamin rich commodities. With every harvest, the soils in the production areas export parts of their nutrients or soil fertility. Thus the “urban nutrient footprint” is significant and calls for options to close the rural-urban nutrient loop. Currently, between 70 and 80 % of the nitrogen and phosphorous consumed in Kumasi pollutes the urban environment, especially ground and surface water. Based on the available waste transport capacity in Kumasi, the entire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) demand of urban farming could be covered, and 18 % of the N and 25 % of the P needs of peri-urban agriculture in a 40 km radius around Kumasi, if the already collected organic municipal waste and fecal sludge would be co-composted.
14 Otoo, Miriam; Dagerskog, L. 2018. Urine and fecal matter collection for reuse (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) - Case Study. In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.527-537.
Faecal sludge ; Faeces ; Urine ; Sanitation ; Public-private cooperation ; Partnerships ; Resource recovery ; Agricultural production ; Waste management ; Septic tanks ; Latrines ; Market economies ; Supply chain ; Business models / Burkina Faso / Ouagadougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048674)
(1.31 MB)
15 Foladori, P.; Cutrupi, F.; Segata, N.; Manara, S.; Pinto, F.; Malpei, F.; Bruni, L.; La Rosa, G. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: what do we know?: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 743:140444. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444]
COVID-19 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Faeces ; Sewage ; Disease transmission ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Pandemics ; Monitoring
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049955)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720339668/pdfft?md5=cf32f7ecde41e4fb13f3164badf40c61&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969720339668-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
(0.90 MB) (924 KB)
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been found in the faeces of infected patients in numerous studies. Stool may remain positive for SARS-CoV-2, even when the respiratory tract becomes negative, and the interaction with the gastrointestinal tract poses a series of questions about wastewater and its treatments. This review aims to understand the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and sewage and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
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