Your search found 4 records
1 Pruss-Ustun, A.; Bos, R.; Gore, F.; Bartram, J. 2008. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 60p.
Waterborne diseases ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Hygiene ; Parasitoses ; Disease prevention ; Control methods ; Cost benefit analysis ; Water supply ; Sanitation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043304)
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596435_eng.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043304.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043304.pdf
(2.63 MB) (2.62 MB)
How much disease could be prevented through increased access to safe water and adequate sanitation, through improved water management and through better hygiene? What do we know about effective interventions, their costs and benefits in specific settings, or about financing policies and mechanisms? This report presents an overview of our current knowledge on the health impacts by country and by disease, of what has worked to reduce that burden, and of the financial requirements. Almost one tenth of the global disease burden, mainly in the developing countries, could be prevented by water, sanitation and hygiene interventions. Moreover, effective and affordable interventions have been shown to further reduce this burden significantly. The economic return of investing in improved access to safe drinkingwater is almost 10-fold. Investing in water management will have dual benefits for health and agriculture. This overview provides arguments for fully integrating water, sanitation and hygiene in countries’ disease reduction strategies - a prerequisite to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides the basis for action by the health sector and those sectors managing critical water resources and services. Resulting benefits will include poverty alleviation, improved quality of life and reduction of costs to the health-care system.
2 Fung, J.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Moe, C.; Akple, M. 2011. Microbiological quality of urban-vended salad and its association with gastrointestinal diseases in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 4(2-4):152-166.
Salads ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Urban environment ; Risks ; Food safety ; Vegetables ; Microbiological analysis ; Water use / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044672)
(0.20 MB)
The influence of consumption of salads on exposure to gastrointestinal diseases was assessed in urban environments in Kumasi, Ghana. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey involving 15 salad sellers and 213 consumers and microbiological laboratory analysis of 96 samples of ready-to-eat salad. Findings showed higher contamination in street-vended salads than those in cafeterias with thermotelerant coliforms levels of 4.00–5.43 log units per 100 g salad, 32% of samples had Salmonella sp., and 17% had helminth eggs. Overall, there was an insignificant inverse relationship between salad consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among street salad consumers (RR = 0.81) and a strong positive relationship with cafeteria consumers (RR = 5.51). However, stratified analysis on relative risk showed a likelihood of strong influence from other risk factors embedded in socio-economic status such as poor sanitation. We recommend more integrated studies on risk factors for gastrointestinal diseases in poor urban areas.
3 Muoio, R.; Caretti, C.; Rossi, L.; Santianni, D.; Lubello, C. 2020. Water safety plans and risk assessment: a novel procedure applied to treated water turbidity and gastrointestinal diseases. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 223(1):281-288. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.008]
Drinking water treatment ; Risk assessment ; Public health ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Water quality ; Turbidity ; Water treatment plants ; Water supply ; Filtration / Italy / Tuscany
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049489)
(1.42 MB)
Water Safety Plans (WSPs), as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), can help drinking water suppliers to identify potential hazards related to drinking water and enable improvements in public health outcomes. In this study we propose a procedure to evaluate the health risk related to turbidity in finished water by determining the cases of drinking water-related gastrointestinal diseases. The results of several epidemiological studies and three-year time series turbidity data, coming from three different drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) located in Tuscany (Italy), have been used to determine the relationship between drinking water turbidity and gastroenteritis incidence and to assess the health risk attributable to the turbidity of tap water. The turbidity variation occurring in the treated water during the monitored period showed an incremental risk compared to the baseline value from 9% to 27% in the three WTPs.
Risk reduction due to each treatment step was also evaluated and it was found that a complete treatment train (clari-flocculation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and multi-step disinfection) reduces risk by over 600 times. Our approach is a useful tool for water suppliers to quantify health risks by considering time series data on turbidity at WTPs and to make decisions regarding risk management measures.
Risk reduction due to each treatment step was also evaluated and it was found that a complete treatment train (clari-flocculation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and multi-step disinfection) reduces risk by over 600 times. Our approach is a useful tool for water suppliers to quantify health risks by considering time series data on turbidity at WTPs and to make decisions regarding risk management measures.
4 Yuan, Z.; Nag, R.; Cummins, E. 2022. Human health concerns regarding microplastics in the aquatic environment - from marine to food systems. Science of the Total Environment, 823:153730. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153730]
Microplastic pollution ; Public health ; Aquatic environment ; Marine environment ; Marine ecosystems ; Food systems ; Seafoods ; Food chains ; Food safety ; Health hazards ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Chronic toxicity ; Risk assessment ; Sediment ; Surface water ; Freshwater ; Nanoplastics
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051191)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722008221/pdfft?md5=0c02d77234de3aafb39abd08d627609e&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969722008221-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051191.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051191.pdf
(1.77 MB) (1.77 MB)
Marine plastic waste pollution is one of the most urgent global marine environmental problems worldwide. It has attracted worldwide attention from governments, the public, the scientific community, media and non-governmental organizations and has become a hot issue in current marine ecology and environmental research. This research aimed to conduct a traditional review of the current state of the art regarding microplastics (MPs) definition and characterisation, including an assessment of MPs detected in marine and food systems. The review revealed that plastic waste is not biodegraded and can only be broken down, predominantly by physical processes, into small particles of micron to nanometre size. Particles (<150 µm) can be ingested by living organisms, migrate through the intestinal wall and reach lymph nodes and other body organs. The primary pathway of human exposure to MPs has been identified as gastrointestinal ingestion (mainly seafood for the general population), pulmonary inhalation, and dermal infiltration. MPs may pollute drinking water, accumulate in the food chain, and release toxic chemicals that may cause disease, including certain cancers. Micro/nano-plastics may pose acute toxicity, (sub) chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. In addition, nanoplastics (NPs) may pose chronic toxicity (cardiovascular toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity). The toxicity of MPs/NPs primarily depends on the particle size distribution and monomeric composition/characteristics of polymers. Polyurethane (PUR), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Epoxy resin, and Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) are categorised as the most toxic polymers based on monomer toxicity. MP detection methods include combinations of spectroscopic analysis (RS and FTIR) and chromatography (TED-GC/MS). MP/NP toxicological properties and general quantitative and qualitative analysis methods used in MPs Risk Assessment (RA) are summarised. A robust dose-response model for MPs/NPs requires further investigation. This study lays the foundation for the evaluation of MP/NP risk assessment in the marine ecosystem and potential implications for human health.
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