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1 Kliot, N. 1993. Application of customary international law to international rivers in the Middle East. In Stout, G. E.; Al-Weshah, R. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Water Resources in the Middle East: Policy and institutional aspects, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA, October 24-27, 1993. Urbana, IL, USA: IWRA. pp.124-128.
Water law ; River basins ; Water use ; Water demand ; Water allocation ; Equity / Middle East / Nile River / Tigris-Euphrates
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 GG30 STO Record No: H020302)

2 Wolf, A. T. 2001. Transboundary waters: Sharing benefits, lessons learned. In International Conference on Freshwater, Bonn, 3-7 December 2001. Bonn, Germany: Secretariat of the International Conference on Freshwater. pp.57-80.
Water resources ; Water resource management ; Watersheds ; River basins ; Water scarcity ; Conflict ; Water rights ; Water law ; Dams ; International cooperation ; Development aid ; Financing ; Private sector ; Research institutes / Turkey / Syria / Iraq / Israel / Jordan / Lebanon / Palestine / India / Pakistan / Cambodia / Laos / Thailand / Vietnam / China / Egypt / Sudan / Argentina / Bolivia / Brazil / Paraguay / Uruguay / Myanmar / Thailand / Kazakhstan / Kyrgyzstan / Tajikistan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Canada / USA / Tigris-Euphrates / Jordan River / Indus / Mekong / Nile / La Plata / Salween / Aral Sea / Syr Darya / Amu Darya
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 333.91 G000 INT Record No: H030225)

3 Hasan, Q. M.; Salar, S. G.; Raman, D.; Campbell, S.; Palani, I. Q. 2023. When the law is unclear: challenges and opportunities for data and information exchange in the Tigris-Euphrates and Indus River Basins. Water Policy, 25(8):780-796. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2023.261]
Climate change ; Data ; Information exchange ; International law ; Transboundary waters ; International waters ; Treaties ; Water management ; Political aspects ; Upstream / Pakistan / Iraq / Syrian Arab Republic / Turkey / Saudi Arabia / Jordan / China / India / Afghanistan / Tigris-Euphrates / Indus River Basins
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052131)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/25/8/780/1276542/025080780.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052131.pdf
(0.61 MB) (620 KB)
Data and information exchange are vital for long-term transboundary water cooperation. However, many transboundary river basins lack regular data exchange between riparian States. In many cases, this is simply a feature of the generally fragmented nature of transboundary water cooperation; in others, transboundary river basin data sharing may be withheld for geopolitical reasons. The Tigris-Euphrates and Indus river basins are among the most highly politicized river basins globally. Cooperation between riparians is complicated by a lack of certainty regarding data, information exchange and legal obligations, as upper riparians in both basins have persistently objected to the customary law of international watercourses. With reference to international water law, this article ascertains the level of data and information exchange in these two basins, both through formal and informal structures, as well as prevalent obstacles and the institutional and technological responses to them. Despite significant challenges, the authors argue that technological advances can stimulate enhanced riparian cooperation.

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