Your search found 9 records
1 Nortes, P. A.; Pérez-Pastor, A.; Egea, G.; Conejero, W.; Domingo, R. 2005. Comparison of changes in stem diameter and water potential values for detecting water stress in young almond trees. Agricultural Water Management, 77(1-3):296-307.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: PER Record No: H037437)
2 Mandal, S.; Vema, V. K.; Kurian, C.; Sudheer, K. P. 2020. Improving the crop productivity in rainfed areas with water harvesting structures and deficit irrigation strategies. Journal of Hydrology, 586:124818 (Online first). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124818]
Agricultural productivity ; Watershed management ; Rainfed farming ; Water harvesting ; Deficit irrigation ; Strategies ; Water management ; Water stress ; Irrigated land ; Crop yield ; Dams ; Hydrology ; Models / India / Kondepi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049578)
(0.93 MB)
Watershed management practices aim at improving the agricultural productivity in rainfed agricultural areas by conserving rainwater for an extended period. The stored rainwater in the harvesting structures is used for meeting crop water demand. The water use efficiencies of these structures can be further enhanced through adoption of deficit irrigation management strategies. In this study, deficit irrigation scheduling is formulated using a simulation-optimization framework for a rainfed agricultural area with supplemental irrigation from a check dam in Kondepi IWMP area, near Kondepi Mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The results from the study indicate that the adoption of irrigation management strategies have the potential to improve the productivity and bring more under irrigation with an increase of 20% and 140% for yield and irrigated area respectively. The outcomes of this study indicate that the proposed method can be suggested for developing optimum irrigation strategies under water deficit in rainfed agriculture having water harvesting structures for an efficient utilization of stored rainwater.
3 Jovanovic, N.; Pereira, L. S.; Paredes, P.; Pocas, I.; Cantore, V.; Todorovic, M. 2020. A review of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce non-beneficial consumptive water use on farms considering the FAO56 methods. Agricultural Water Management, 239:106267. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106267]
Water use efficiency ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation methods ; Remote sensing ; Soil management ; Water scarcity ; Water stress ; Water conservation ; Crop water use ; Water requirements ; Evapotranspiration ; Water productivity ; Deficit irrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Drip irrigation ; Irrigation scheduling ; Mulching ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049833)
(0.97 MB)
In the past few decades, research has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce consumptive water use on farms for adaptation to the increasing incidence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and multi-sectoral competition for water. The adoption of these water-saving practices implies accurate quantification of crop water requirements with the FAO56 crop coefficient approach, under diverse water availability and management practices. This paper critically reviews notions and means for maintaining high levels of water consumed through transpiration, land and water productivity, and for minimizing non-beneficial water consumption at farm level. Literature published on sound and quantified experimentation was used to evaluate water-saving practices related to irrigation methods, irrigation management and scheduling, crop management, remote sensing, plant conditioners, mulching, soil management and micro-climate regulation. Summary tables were developed on the benefits of these practices, their effects on non-beneficial water consumption, crop yields and crop water productivity, and the directions for adjustment of FAO56 crop coefficients when they are adopted. The main message is that on-farm application of these practices can result in water savings to a limited extent (usually <20%) compared to sound conventional practices, however this may translate into large volumes of water at catchment scale. The need to streamline data collection internationally was identified due to the insufficient number of sound field experiments and modelling work on the FAO56 crop water requirements that would allow an improved use of crop coefficients for different field conditions and practices. Optimization is required for the application of some practices that involve a large number of possible combinations (e.g. wetted area in micro-irrigation, row spacing and orientation, plant density, different types of mulching, in-field water harvesting) and for strategies such as deficit irrigation that aim at balancing water productivity, the economics of production, infrastructural and irrigation system requirements. Further research is required on promising technologies such as plant and soil conditioners, and remote sensing applications.
4 Zinkernagel, J.; Maestre-Valero, J. F.; Seresti, S. Y.; Intrigliolo, D. S. 2020. New technologies and practical approaches to improve irrigation management of open field vegetable crops. Agricultural Water Management, 242:106404. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106404]
Irrigation management ; Technology ; Irrigation scheduling ; Vegetable crops ; Irrigation systems ; Drip irrigation ; Crop water use ; Water productivity ; Deficit irrigation ; Water requirements ; Water management ; Soil moisture ; Vegetation index ; Energy balance ; Nitrates ; Decision support systems ; Models ; Remote sensing
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050074)
(0.72 MB)
This is a brief review about irrigation scheduling tools and water management models for efficient on-farm watering of vegetable crops under open field conditions. This is the first step required for reducing water losses due to drainage and for minimizing the risk of underground water contamination. In addition, on-farm water productivity can be optimized by employing several irrigation scheduling protocols, and this review mainly focuses on commercial applications based on previous scientific findings. New advancements in remote sensing technologies, data processing, and management offer opportunities for optimizing decision making in terms of watering regime, particularly under the absence of water quality restrictions. For reducing deep percolation of water, it is important not only to properly determine the water requirements but also to tailor the frequency of irrigation to the soil characteristics and the growth of plant roots. Soil sensors are appropriate tools for achieving this goal, and several technologies are available and compared by considering their advantages and drawbacks. Current knowledge on models for computing water requirement is also considered for an integrated irrigation scheduling that combines data from different sources from the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The best irrigation technologies for on-farm water application should be combined with irrigation scheduling programs based on the knowledge of soil characteristics and water requirements of local crops to minimize water contamination risks.
5 Jalil, A.; Akhtar, F.; Awan, U. K. 2020. Evaluation of the AquaCrop model for winter wheat under different irrigation optimization strategies at the downstream Kabul River Basin of Afghanistan. Agricultural Water Management, 240:106321. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106321]
Irrigation scheduling ; Strategies ; Winter wheat ; Crop water use ; Water productivity ; Models ; Water scarcity ; Deficit irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Irrigated sites ; Soil moisture ; River basins ; Farmers ; Biomass production / Afghanistan / Kabul River Basin / Attawor Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050211)
(1.81 MB)
Afghanistan has an arid to semi-arid climate where irrigated agriculture largely depends on scarce irrigation water supplies from snowmelt from the high raised mountains. Under growing water scarcity, farmers not only need to use the available water more wisely but have to develop alternative options for coping water scarcity. Deficit irrigation schedule can be one of the options to mitigate the adverse impacts of water scarcity on crop production. In the current study, FAO’s crop water productivity model (AquaCrop) was calibrated and validated with field data in Kabul River Basin (KRB) for wheat crop to simulate four different water scarcity scenarios (S-A: business-as-usual scenario, S-B: refilling the soil profile to field capacity upon 50 % water depletion, S-C: refilling the soil profile upon 100 % depletion and S-D: refilling the soil profile upon 130 % depletion occurrence) for resultant yield, water productivity (WP) and biomass production. Two wheat fields, namely A and B were monitored intensively for soil moisture content, meteorological situation, irrigation application and post-harvest data. Results show that the measured WP was 1.4 kg m-3 ETa and 1.5 kg m-3 ETa whereas, the actual (measured) water use efficiency (WUE) was 0.58 kg m-3 and 0.66 kg m-3 for Field A and Field B, respectively. The WP of the scenarios S-A, S-B, S-C and S-D was 2.0-2.1 kg m-3 ETa (for plot B and A), 2.5 kg m-3 ETa, 2.74 kg m-3 ETa and 2.8 kg m-3 ETa respectively. Similarly, yield under these scenarios was 6.4 ton ha-1 , 8.7 ton ha-1 , 7.4 ton ha-1 and 6.7 ton ha-1 respectively while the above ground biomass was 21.3 ton ha-1 , 21.8 ton ha-1 , 19 ton ha-1 and 18.3 ton ha-1 respectively. As a consequence, WP could increase by 92.8 %, 78 % and 95 % in S-B, S-C and S-D, respectively with reference to the measured WP. The optimized scenarios developed in this study can provide guidelines for policy makers and farming communities to mitigate the adverse impact of water scarcity through such innovative interventions.
6 Shoukat, M. R.; Shafeeque, Muhammad; Sarwar, A.; Mehmood, K.; Cheema, M. J. M. 2021. Investigating effects of deficit irrigation levels and fertilizer rates on water use efficiency and productivity based on field observations and modeling approaches. International Journal of Hydrology, 5(5):252-263. [doi: https://doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2021.05.00287]
Deficit irrigation ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Water use efficiency ; Water productivity ; Nutrient use efficiency ; Irrigated sites ; Small farms ; Evapotranspiration ; Modelling / Pakistan / Punjab / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050906)
(2.40 MB) (2.40 MB)
Investigating the effects of optimized fertilizer and irrigation levels on water use efficiency and productivity of wheat crop at small farms is of great importance for precise and sustainable agriculture in Pakistan’s irrigated areas. However, traditional farmer practices for wheat production are inefficient and unsustainable. This study aimed to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation and nitrophos fertilizer levels on bread wheat grain yield, yield parameters, nutrient use and water use efficiencies in bed planting wheat compared to traditional farmers’ practices in the flat sowing method. The two-year field experiment followed a randomized complete block design of three replications, taking three irrigation treatments according to the requirement of crop estimated by CROPWAT model (100% of ETC), deficit irrigation (80% of ETC), and deficit irrigation 60% of ETC and three nitrophos fertilizer treatments (farmer practice 120 kg N ha-1, optimized 96 kg N ha-1, and 84 kg N ha-1) at different growth stages. Crop ETC was calculated using the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 model from the last ten years (2003-2013) average climate data of the experimental station. The traditional farmer practice treatment was included as a control treatment with a flat sowing method compared with other sown-by-bed planter treatments. All treatments were provided with an equivalent amount of fertilizer at the basal dose. Before the first and second irrigation, top-dressing fertilizer was used in traditional farmers’ treatment at the third leaf and tillering stages. It was applied in optimized treatments before the first, second, and third irrigation at the third leaf, tillering and shooting stages, respectively, under the bed planting method. The deficit level of irrigation (80% of ETc) and optimized fertilizer (96 kg N ha-1) showed the optimum grain yield, nutrient use, and water use efficiencies, with 20% reduced irrigation water and fertilizer levels than traditional farming practice. The results suggest that bread wheat should be irrigated with 80% of ETC and applied 96 kg N ha-1 nitrophos fertilizer at the third leaf, tillering, and shooting stages to achieve higher grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies under bed planting.
7 Mooney, D. F.; Hoag, D. L. K.; Rasul, Z. I.; Gao, S. 2022. More risk, more money: when are payments for water savings from limited irrigation profitable for farmers? Water Resources and Economics, 40:100212. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wre.2022.100212]
Water conservation ; Payment ; Deficit irrigation ; Water sharing ; Irrigation scheduling ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Subsurface irrigation ; Risk management ; Stochastic processes ; Soil moisture ; Soil water ; Farmers / United States of America / Colorado
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051529)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212428422000196/pdfft?md5=92714af7c6d18767e576325347ac6603&pid=1-s2.0-S2212428422000196-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051529.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051529.pdf
(1.45 MB) (1.45 MB)
As farmers in semiarid climates seek new ways of adding value to their operations, those with irrigation water rights are increasingly receptive to payments, or credits, for water sharing. Yet, past research on the economic feasibility of limited irrigation strategies for consumptive use (CU) savings seldom considers production risk. Using stochastic dominance, we compare the effect of three limited irrigation practices—deficit irrigation, root zone drying, and early crop maturity—on the returns to corn production for sprinkler and subsurface technology. Field-level simulations show that the practices reduce returns and increase risk, but credits for CU savings could make them economically viable for farmers. Larger credits (more money) incentivize limited irrigation at greater levels (less yield and more risk), but fully compensating farmers for risk-bearing will be costly. With sprinkler technology, root zone drying becomes risk-efficient at lower credit values than deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation along with root zone drying become risk-efficient at the lowest credit values for subsurface technology. Thus, risk aversion could explain why some farmers choose not to share water even when credits are large enough, on average, to compensate for differences in expected returns. Improved knowledge about the profitability and risk of limited irrigation practices can increase the joint sustainability of irrigated agriculture and other societal water uses.
8 Sedighkia, M.; Fathi, Z.; Razavi, S.; Abdoli, A. 2022. Optimal agricultural plan for minimizing ecological impacts on river ecosystems. Irrigation Science, 14p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-022-00834-7]
Agricultural development ; Environmental flows ; Ecological factors ; River basins ; Ecosystems ; Deficit irrigation ; Drought ; Cropping patterns ; Case studies ; Models / Iran Islamic Republic / Kurdistan / Ghujam River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051541)
(3.35 MB)
The present study proposes and evaluates an integrated optimization framework for agricultural planning in which an environmental flow model, drought analysis, cropping pattern model, and deficit irrigation functions are linked. Fuzzy physical habitat simulation was used to assess the environmental flow regime. A regression model was applied to develop the deficit irrigation functions. Average river flow time series in three hydrological conditions (dry, normal, and wet) were obtained using drought analysis. The environmental flow model, cropping pattern model, deficit irrigation functions, and river flow time series were then used in the structure of the optimization model. The goal of the optimization model is to provide an agricultural plan, including optimal cropping patterns and irrigation supply that minimizes ecological impacts on the river ecosystem. A genetic algorithm was used in the optimization process. Based on case study results, the proposed model is able to minimize ecological impacts on the river ecosystem in all hydrological conditions and propose an optimal plan for cropping patterns and irrigation supply. The difference between average revenue in the optimal plan and current conditions in all simulated hydrological conditions is less than 10%, which means the optimization system provides a sustainable plan for agricultural and environmental management.
9 Hussein, M. A.; Haileslassie, Amare; Derseh, M. B.; Assefa, T. T.; Riga, F. T.; Adie, A.; Tebeje, A. K.; Jones, C. S.; Tilahun, Seifu A. 2024. Enhancing irrigated forage crop production through water and nutrient management in the Ethiopian sub-humid highlands. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8:1373698. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1373698]
Forage ; Crop production ; Deficit irrigation ; Water management ; Nutrient management ; Water-use efficiency ; Water productivity ; Fertilizer application ; Yields ; Livestock ; Highlands / Ethiopia / Robit Bata
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052855)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1373698/pdf?isPublishedV2=False
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052855.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052855.pdf
(5.69 MB) (5.69 MB)
Introduction: The increasing pressure on land and water resources, fueled by high population growth and climate change, has profound implications for crop yield and quality. While studies thrive for various crops, a notable research gap exists in understanding the responses of forage crops to irrigation and nutrient management in developing countries. This study aims to address this gap by assessing the impact of irrigation and fertilizer application on forage production in the Ethiopian sub-humid highlands.
Methods: The experiment focused on four forage varieties, namely Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus) cultivars, ILRI-16791, ILRI-16819, ILRI-16803, and Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) ILRI-144 cultivated in experimental plots. Three irrigation levels designated as IR60 (60% of total available soil water), IR80 (80%), and IR100 (100%) were applied, along with three fertilizer rates: organic manure at 30 t ha-1 , and Urea-N at 100 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1 . Agronomic data including growth performance, forage dry matter yield, and nutritional quality were collected during two trial years.
Results and discussion: Among the various irrigation treatments, IR80 demonstrated the most favorable balance between forage yield, WUE, net benefit, and LWP. In addition, the highest DMY, WUE, net benefit, and LWP were obtained for UREA at the rate of 300 kg ha-1 while the lowest DMY and WUE were observed for UREA at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 . Significant variations were observed among the four forage varieties, with Napier grass ILRI-16791 having the highest DMY (9.8 tons ha-1 ), WUE (39 kg ha-1 mm-1 ), LWP (0.28 USD m-3 for local cows, and 1.04 USD m-3 for crossbred cows), and net benefit (783 USD ha-1 ). For all forages combined, a 40 and 20% decrease in irrigation increased water use efficiency by 17 and 9.4%, respectively. These results indicate that a moderate level of deficient irrigation such as IR80 could be a viable water management strategy for irrigated forage, especially in water-scarce areas. The conserved water saved from the deficit irrigation can thus be used to irrigate additional land, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient water usage approach.
Methods: The experiment focused on four forage varieties, namely Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus) cultivars, ILRI-16791, ILRI-16819, ILRI-16803, and Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) ILRI-144 cultivated in experimental plots. Three irrigation levels designated as IR60 (60% of total available soil water), IR80 (80%), and IR100 (100%) were applied, along with three fertilizer rates: organic manure at 30 t ha-1 , and Urea-N at 100 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1 . Agronomic data including growth performance, forage dry matter yield, and nutritional quality were collected during two trial years.
Results and discussion: Among the various irrigation treatments, IR80 demonstrated the most favorable balance between forage yield, WUE, net benefit, and LWP. In addition, the highest DMY, WUE, net benefit, and LWP were obtained for UREA at the rate of 300 kg ha-1 while the lowest DMY and WUE were observed for UREA at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 . Significant variations were observed among the four forage varieties, with Napier grass ILRI-16791 having the highest DMY (9.8 tons ha-1 ), WUE (39 kg ha-1 mm-1 ), LWP (0.28 USD m-3 for local cows, and 1.04 USD m-3 for crossbred cows), and net benefit (783 USD ha-1 ). For all forages combined, a 40 and 20% decrease in irrigation increased water use efficiency by 17 and 9.4%, respectively. These results indicate that a moderate level of deficient irrigation such as IR80 could be a viable water management strategy for irrigated forage, especially in water-scarce areas. The conserved water saved from the deficit irrigation can thus be used to irrigate additional land, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient water usage approach.
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