Your search found 49 records
1 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2020. Tackling agricultural water pollution - a 21st-century challenge. Rural 21, 54(1):26-27.
Water pollution ; Pollution by agriculture ; Mitigation ; Water quality ; Health hazards ; Environmental effects ; Agricultural practices ; Policies ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049611)
https://www.rural21.com/fileadmin/downloads/2020/en-01/Rural21_1_2020_1.pdf#page=26
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049611.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049611.pdf
(0.14 MB) (2.46 MB)
Agriculture is critical to the economies of developing countries. It is the basic source of food supply and a major contributor to economic development. But there is a cost. Today, agricultural water pollution undermines economic growth and threatens the environmental and physical health of millions of people around the world. The annual social and economic costs of agricultural water pollution could reach trillions of dollars. Yet the issue receives scant attention in global research and debate.
2 Everard, M.; Johnston, P.; Santillo, D.; Staddon, C. 2020. The role of ecosystems in mitigation and management of Covid-19 and other zoonoses. Environmental Science and Policy, 111:7-17. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.017]
Disease management ; Mitigation ; Coronavirus disease ; Zoonoses ; Ecosystem services ; Pandemics ; Disease transmission ; Risk reduction ; Water security ; Natural resources ; Biodiversity ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Sanitation ; Climate change ; Social aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049755)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901120306122/pdfft?md5=5a1de8fe24d4fe0be72f3981ef88f7f2&pid=1-s2.0-S1462901120306122-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049755.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049755.pdf
(1.22 MB) (1.22 MB)
There is rising international concern about the zoonotic origins of many global pandemics. Increasing human-animal interactions are perceived as driving factors in pathogen transfer, emphasising the close relationships between human, animal and environmental health. Contemporary livelihood and market patterns tend to degrade ecosystems and their services, driving a cycle of degradation in increasingly tightly linked socio-ecological systems. This contributes to reductions in the natural regulating capacities of ecosystem services to limit disease transfer from animals to humans. It also undermines natural resource availability, compromising measures such as washing and sanitation that may be key to managing subsequent human-to-human disease transmission. Human activities driving this degrading cycle tend to convert beneficial ecosystem services into disservices, exacerbating risks related to zoonotic diseases. Conversely, measures to protect or restore ecosystems constitute investment in foundational capital, enhancing their capacities to provide for greater human security and opportunity. We use the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impact-Response) framework to explore three aspects of zoonotic diseases: (1) the significance of disease regulation ecosystem services and their degradation in the emergence of Covid-19 and other zoonotic diseases; and of the protection of natural resources as mitigating contributions to both (2) regulating human-to-human disease transfer; and (3) treatment of disease outbreaks. From this analysis, we identify a set of appropriate response options, recognising the foundational roles of ecosystems and the services they provide in risk management. Zoonotic disease risks are ultimately interlinked with biodiversity crises and water insecurity. The need to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic ongoing at the time of writing creates an opportunity for systemic policy change, placing scientific knowledge of the value and services of ecosystems at the heart of societal concerns as a key foundation for a more secure future. Rapid political responses and unprecedented economic stimuli reacting to the pandemic demonstrate that systemic change is achievable at scale and pace, and is also therefore transferrable to other existential, global-scale threats including climate change and the ‘biodiversity crisis’. This also highlights the need for concerted global action, and is also consistent with the duties, and ultimately the self-interests, of developed, donor nations.
3 McDonnell, Rachael; Fragaszy, S.; Sternberg, T.; Veeravalli, S. 2020. Drought Policy and Management. In Dadson, S. J.; Garrick, D. E.; Penning-Rowsell, E. C.; Hall, J. W.; Hope, R.; Hughes, J. (Eds.). Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp.233-253.
Drought ; Policies ; Disaster risk management ; Water scarcity ; Legislation ; Governance ; Monitoring ; Climate change ; Arid climate ; Desertification ; Vulnerability ; Mitigation ; Resilience ; Disaster preparedness ; Planning ; Insurance ; Water allocation ; Early warning systems ; Impact assessment ; Strategies ; Institutions ; Case studies / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Mongolia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049800)
(0.12 MB)
4 Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Pavelic, Paul. 2020. Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): exploring potential at the global scale. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 58p. (IWMI Research Report 176) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2020.204]
Flood irrigation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Aquifers ; Water storage ; Water supply ; Water demand ; Drought ; Economic analysis ; Cost benefit analysis ; Benefit-cost ratio ; Flood control ; Disaster risk reduction ; Mitigation ; Ecosystem services ; Watershed management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Surface water ; Water availability ; Climate change ; Water security ; Food security ; Policies ; Stakeholders ; Groundwater irrigation ; Infrastructure ; Wells ; Pumps ; Crop production ; Land use ; Rain ; Monsoon climate ; Socioeconomic environment ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Models / South Asia / South East Asia / Central Asia / South America / North America / Central America / Europe / Africa South of Sahara / North Africa / India / Ethiopia / Thailand / Uttar Pradesh / Awash Basin / Ramganga Basin / Chao Phraya Basin / Ganges River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050008)
(6.21 MB)
This report presents a spatial analysis conducted at global scale to identify areas of high suitability for implementing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach. The study used multiple global spatial datasets, and the related data were arranged under three categories – water supply, water demand and water storage – to assess global UTFI suitability. Among the river basins with high suitability, the Awash in Ethiopia, Ramganga in India (one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River Basin) and Chao Phraya in Thailand were selected for the economic analysis in this study. The results from this study are intended to provide a first step towards identifying the broad areas (at the river basin or country scale) where more detailed investigation would be worthwhile to ascertain the technical and economic feasibility of UTFI, with greater confidence.
5 Amarasinghe, Upali; Amarnath, Giriraj; Alahacoon, Niranga; Ghosh, Surajit. 2020. How do floods and drought impact economic growth and human development at the sub-national level in India? Climate, 8(11):123. (Special issue: Climate Change and Water-Related Agricultural Risks) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8110123]
Flooding ; Drought ; Natural disasters ; Economic growth ; Gross national product ; Climate change adaptation ; Mitigation ; Monsoon climate ; Rain ; Trends ; Satellite observation ; Estimation ; River basins ; Groundwater recharge ; Investment ; Population / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050046)
(3.66 MB) (3.66 MB)
This paper tries to shift the focus of research on the impact of natural disasters on economic growth from global and national levels to sub-national levels. Inadequate sub-national level information is a significant lacuna for planning spatially targeted climate change adaptation investments. A fixed-effect panel regression analyses of 19 states from 2001 to 2015 assess the impacts of exposure to floods and droughts on the growth of gross state domestic product (GSDP) and human development index (HDI) in India. The flood and drought exposure are estimated using satellite data. The 19 states comprise 95% of the population and contribute 93% to the national GDP. The results show that floods indeed expose a large area, but droughts have the most significant impacts at the sub-national level. The most affected GSDPs are in the non-agriculture sectors, positively by the floods and negatively by droughts. No significant influence on human development may be due to substantial investment on mitigation of flood and drought impacts and their influence on better income, health, and education conditions. Because some Indian states still have a large geographical area, profiling disasters impacts at even smaller sub-national units such as districts can lead to effective targeted mitigation and adaptation activities, reduce shocks, and accelerate income growth and human development.
6 Kashyap, D.; Agarwal, T. 2021. Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India. Agricultural Systems, 186:102959. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102959]
Carbon footprint ; Water footprint ; Crop production ; Rice ; Wheat ; Irrigated farming ; Crop residues ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Policies ; Assessment ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Mitigation ; Water use ; Groundwater irrigation ; Agroclimatic zones ; Models ; Farm surveys / India / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050133)
(1.80 MB)
Carbon footprint and water footprint assessments can be powerful tools to guide sustainable food production systems. The present study simultaneously quantified the carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of rice and wheat production in the five agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India using farm survey data. Further, the variability in CF among the five agro-climatic zones and farm sizes was analysed. The carbon footprint per unit area of rice and wheat was found to be 8.80 ± 5.71 and 4.18 ± 1.13 t CO2eq/ha respectively. The CF per tonne of rice and wheat was 1.20 ± 0.70 and 0.83 ± 0.23 t CO2eq/t respectively. Large farms had 39% lower CF per tonne of rice compared to small farms. Residue burning, direct methane emissions and fertilizer use were the most important factors that contributed to the CF of rice and wheat production in Punjab. Nitrogen fertilizer use was identified as the major hotspot for mitigation. The average WF of rice and wheat was found to be 1097 and 871 m3/t respectively. A disparity between CROPWAT estimates of blue WF and actual blue water use was established indicating the need for actual blue WF accounting, particularly for flood irrigated crop production. Additionally, policy measures based on ground situation are discussed and the major role of local government policies in mitigating carbon and water footprint is highlighted.
7 Dinesh, D.; Hegger, D.; Vervoort, J.; Campbell, B. M.; Driessen, P. P. J. 2021. Learning from failure at the science-policy interface for climate action in agriculture. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 26(1):2. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-021-09940-x]
Research programmes ; CGIAR ; Climate change ; Agriculture ; Adaptation ; Mitigation ; Policies ; Decision making ; Food security ; Funding ; Learning ; Institutions ; Strategies ; Innovation ; Uncertainty ; Political aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050281)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11027-021-09940-x.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050281.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050281.pdf
(0.61 MB) (629 KB)
Science–policy engagement efforts to accelerate climate action in agricultural systems are key to enable the sector to contribute to climate and food security goals. However, lessons to improve science–policy engagement efforts in this context mostly come from successful efforts and are limited in terms of empirical scope. Moreover, lessons have not been generated systematically from failed science–policy engagement efforts. Such analysis using lessons from failure management can improve or even transform the efficacy of efforts. To address this knowledge gap, we examined challenges and failures faced in science–policy engagement efforts of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). We developed an explanatory framework inspired by Cash et al.’s criteria for successful knowledge systems for sustainable development: credibility, salience, and legitimacy, complemented with insights from the wider literature. Using this framework in a survey, we identified factors which explain failure. To effectively manage these factors, we propose a novel approach for researchers working at the science–policy interface to fail intelligently, which involves planning for failure, minimizing risks, effective design, making failures visible, and learning from failures. This approach needs to be complemented by actions at the knowledge system level to create an enabling environment for science–policy interfaces.
8 Karhinen, S.; Peltomaa, J.; Riekkinen, V.; Saikku, L. 2021. Impact of a climate network: the role of intermediaries in local level climate action. Global Environmental Change, 67:102225. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102225]
Climate change ; Local government ; Networks ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Emission reduction ; Mitigation ; Strategies ; Municipal authorities ; Policies ; Models / Finland
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050299)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378021000042/pdfft?md5=eed0b24c7e4aadae40aa33d6bf619237&pid=1-s2.0-S0959378021000042-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050299.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050299.pdf
(0.94 MB) (964 KB)
Local governments have set highly ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets on a strategic level, in some cases influenced by intermediary networks. Yet, the quantitative impacts of climate strategies or the sharing of best practices on emissions still remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of an intermediary network on municipal greenhouse gas emissions. This was done through an econometric analysis of the emissions of municipalities that are members of the Finnish Hinku (Towards Carbon Neutral Municipalities) network, and through comprehensive qualitative interviews conducted in 40 of those municipalities. Our quantitative results show that Hinku network membership has successfully led to the lowering of greenhouse gas emission levels in participating municipalities. The qualitative interviews suggest that this is due to systematic local level climate work, enhanced by network membership. The network functions as an intermediary in two ways: by providing expertise and enabling peer-support. In addition, it has also succeeded in legitimising local level climate action. Ambitious local level climate action can also affect the ambition of national climate policy, which in turn may reflect on the amount resources allocated to local climate action.
9 Workman, M.; Darch, G.; Dooley, K.; Lomax, G.; Maltby, J.; Pollitt, H. 2021. Climate policy decision making in contexts of deep uncertainty - from optimisation to robustness. Environmental Science and Policy, 120:127-137. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.03.002]
Climate change ; Policy making ; Decision making ; Mitigation ; Technology ; Energy ; Carbon dioxide ; Participatory approaches ; Modelling ; Uncertainty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050388)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901121000733/pdfft?md5=981764fc673ccbfa92490e79b603aafe&pid=1-s2.0-S1462901121000733-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050388.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050388.pdf
(1.19 MB) (1.19 MB)
Integrated assessment models are often used to evaluate the role of different technologies in meeting global climate goals. Such models have been criticised for failing to address the deep uncertainties and plurality of values that are fundamental to energy transitions. One consequence is that model scenarios overwhelmingly depend on large-scale carbon dioxide removal to hold warming to below 2 °C.
Here we propose an alternative approach using Scenario-Focused Decision Analysis (SFDA) as methods that embrace decision making under deep uncertainty. SFDA can accommodate a range of value sets and perspectives, and most importantly can integrate value-based decision-making in designing climate policy. We specifically consider Robust Decision Making (RDM) as an exemplar of SFDA for developing climate policy.
We outline an iterative five-stage framework for RDM using the role of carbon dioxide removal in long-term mitigation pathways as an example. The five steps comprise (i) participatory definition of goals, values, potential policy options and uncertainties; (ii) modelling the performance of policy portfolios across a wide range of future scenarios; (iii) visualisation and identification of portfolio vulnerabilities; (iv) analysis of trade-offs; and (v) development of policy strategies. SFDA, and specifically RDM, provide untapped opportunities for diverse actors to explore alternative mitigation pathways and evaluate the robustness of climate policy choices through “deliberation with analysis”. In relation to carbon dioxide removal methods, RDM provides a framework for evaluating their potential for safely meeting climate goals in a societally acceptable manner.
Here we propose an alternative approach using Scenario-Focused Decision Analysis (SFDA) as methods that embrace decision making under deep uncertainty. SFDA can accommodate a range of value sets and perspectives, and most importantly can integrate value-based decision-making in designing climate policy. We specifically consider Robust Decision Making (RDM) as an exemplar of SFDA for developing climate policy.
We outline an iterative five-stage framework for RDM using the role of carbon dioxide removal in long-term mitigation pathways as an example. The five steps comprise (i) participatory definition of goals, values, potential policy options and uncertainties; (ii) modelling the performance of policy portfolios across a wide range of future scenarios; (iii) visualisation and identification of portfolio vulnerabilities; (iv) analysis of trade-offs; and (v) development of policy strategies. SFDA, and specifically RDM, provide untapped opportunities for diverse actors to explore alternative mitigation pathways and evaluate the robustness of climate policy choices through “deliberation with analysis”. In relation to carbon dioxide removal methods, RDM provides a framework for evaluating their potential for safely meeting climate goals in a societally acceptable manner.
10 Agbemor, B. D.; Smiley, S. L. 2021. Risk factors and mitigation measures in public-private water sector partnerships: lessons from the Asutifi North District, Ghana. H2Open Journal, 4(1):77-91. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.003]
Water supply ; Public-private partnerships ; Risk factors ; Mitigation ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water access ; Infrastructure ; Stakeholders ; Investment ; Markets ; Financing ; Political aspects ; Communities ; Inflation / Ghana / Asutifi North District
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050460)
https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article-pdf/4/1/77/891387/h2oj0040077.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050460.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050460.pdf
(0.33 MB) (340 KB)
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are promoted as a practical option for developing countries to meet their water sector infrastructure gaps. Despite their appeal, PPP projects have been described as complex and challenging, and the water sector PPPs are particularly associated with high failure rates. Risk analysis and evaluations have been identified as critical to the success of PPPs. In this paper, we examine an on-going PPP arrangement for piped water supply in the Asutifi North District of Ghana under a Build, Operate, and Transfer arrangement. Safe Water Network will provide the supply systems and transfer ownership to the District Authority at the end of the contract. We reviewed key project documents to ascertain the measures that would minimize the likelihood of risk occurring during the project cycle. Of 11 risk factors, 7 were anticipated in the project documents. We recommend that project documents be reviewed and amended to address the unanticipated risks.
11 Lallemant, D.; Hamel, P.; Balbi, M.; Lim, T. N.; Schmitt, R.; Win, S. 2021. Nature-based solutions for flood risk reduction: a probabilistic modeling framework. One Earth, 4(9):1310-1321. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.010]
Flooding ; Disaster risk reduction ; Modelling ; Frameworks ; Risk analysis ; Risk management ; Infrastructure ; Ecosystem services ; Vulnerability ; Mitigation ; Forest protection ; Deforestation ; Hydraulic models ; Case studies / Myanmar / Chindwin River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050650)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332221004681/pdfft?md5=20992864627eef19cf897310fe5cb52c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590332221004681-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050650.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050650.pdf
(3.37 MB) (3.37 MB)
Undervaluing the protections natural ecosystems provide against flooding has detrimental impacts for society, particularly given the increase in flood hazard in the context of climate and land-use changes. Against this backdrop, we develop a framework to quantify these natural protections, even in settings with limited available data. By applying this framework to the Chindwin River basin, we find that forest cover has a significant impact on flood risk. Further, we find that nature-based solutions are most effective against small storms, but these are the largest contributors to overall flood impact because they are so frequent. The current focus on large flood events means that these important benefits are often obscured. Identifying and quantifying the benefits of natural ecosystems using the same metrics as those used to evaluate ‘‘gray’’ infrastructure can help mainstream nature-based solutions within planning practice, leading to more resilient and sustainable societies.
12 Wendt, D. E.; Bloomfield, J. P.; Van Loon, A. F.; Garcia, M.; Heudorfer, B.; Larsen, J.; Hannah, D. M. 2021. Evaluating integrated water management strategies to inform hydrological drought mitigation. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21(10):3113-3139. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3113-2021, 2021]
Water management ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Strategies ; Drought ; Hydrological factors ; Mitigation ; Water availability ; Water demand ; Water use ; Water supply ; Surface water ; Groundwater recharge ; Drinking water ; Precipitation ; Reservoirs ; Meteorological factors ; Policies ; Soil moisture ; Case studies ; Models / England
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050708)
https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/21/3113/2021/nhess-21-3113-2021.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050708.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050708.pdf
(6.32 MB) (6.32 MB)
Managing water–human systems during water shortages or droughts is key to avoid the overexploitation of water resources and, in particular, groundwater. Groundwater is a crucial water resource during droughts as it sustains both environmental and anthropogenic water demand. Drought management is often guided by drought policies, to avoid crisis management, and actively introduced management strategies. However, the impact of drought management strategies on hydrological droughts is rarely assessed. In this study, we present a newly developed socio-hydrological model, simulating the relation between water availability and managed water use over 3 decades. Thereby, we aim to assess the impact of drought policies on both baseflow and groundwater droughts. We tested this model in an idealised virtual catchment based on climate data, water resource management practices and drought policies in England. The model includes surface water storage (reservoir), groundwater storage for a range of hydrogeological conditions and optional imported surface water or groundwater. These modelled water sources can all be used to satisfy anthropogenic and environmental water demand. We tested the following four aspects of drought management strategies: (1) increased water supply, (2) restricted water demand, (3) conjunctive water use and (4) maintained environmental flow requirements by restricting groundwater abstractions. These four strategies were evaluated in separate and combined scenarios. Results show mitigated droughts for both baseflow and groundwater droughts in scenarios applying conjunctive use, particularly in systems with small groundwater storage. In systems with large groundwater storage, maintaining environmental flows reduces hydrological droughts most. Scenarios increasing water supply or restricting water demand have an opposing effect on hydrological droughts, although these scenarios are in balance when combined at the same time. Most combined scenarios reduce the severity and occurrence of hydrological droughts, given an incremental dependency on imported water that satisfies up to a third of the total anthropogenic water demand. The necessity for importing water shows the considerable pressure on water resources, and the delicate balance of water–human systems during droughts calls for short-term and long-term sustainability targets within drought policies.
13 Mary, S. 2022. Dams mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on Hindus-Muslims riots. World Development, 150:105731. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105731]
Agricultural production ; Rain ; Mitigation ; Dams ; Farm income ; Trends ; Conflicts ; Violence ; Models / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050870)
(0.27 MB)
Sarsons (2015) finds that, while agricultural income in India is less sensitive to rainfall in dam-fed districts, rainfall shocks have a larger (or equally large) effect on religious riots between Muslims and Hindus in dam-fed districts than in rain-fed districts. This is inconsistent with agricultural income being the sole channel through which rainfall affects religious conflict in India. In this comment, we show that this result originates from the use of state-specific time trends and interaction models. Once we replace state-specific time trends with state-year fixed effects (in slit sample regressions) and allow state-year fixed effects to be different between rain-fed and dam-fed districts (in interaction models), we find that while (fractional) rainfall shocks affect agricultural production and religious violence in rain-fed districts, they have no effect on agricultural production and religious violence in dam-fed districts. In other words, dams fully mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on agricultural output and religious violence in the Indian context.
14 Gardezi, M.; Michael, S.; Stock, R.; Vij, S.; Ogunyiola, A.; Ishtiaque, A. 2022. Prioritizing climate-smart agriculture: an organizational and temporal review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 13(2):e755. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.755]
Climate-smart agriculture ; International organizations ; Climate change adaptation ; Mitigation ; Vulnerability ; Resilience ; Weather ; Gender ; Research ; Food security ; Sustainable development ; World Bank ; FAO ; IFAD ; CGIAR ; Smallholders ; Farming systems ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051046)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcc.755
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051046.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051046.pdf
(3.35 MB) (3.35 MB)
Extant systematic literature reviews on the topic of climate smart agriculture (CSA) have mainly focused on two issues: reviewing framing of the CSA discourse in the academic and policy literature; and policy initiatives in the Global South that enhance the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Yet, there is little systematic investigation into how international organizations can help smallholder farmers manage agricultural systems to respond to climate change. Analyzing these organization's priorities and highlighting their knowledge gaps are crucial for designing future pathways of CSA. We intend to use this article to identify overarching CSA themes that can guide large international organizations to focus their CSA agenda in the hope of achieving goals associated with food security and sustainable intensification. We specifically ask the following question: How have the key CSA topics and themes emerged in the gray literature of international organizations between 2010 and 2020? We adopted a topic modeling approach to identify how six international organizations engaged with several topics related to CSA. Following the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) approach, we identified eight topics in the documents, representing four overarching themes: gender research, weather and climate, CSA management and food security. We found that there is insufficient discussion on the issues relating to governance measures and gender mainstreaming, with a larger focus on techno-managerial measures of CSA. We conclude that research and training related to CSA must offer opportunities for marginalized and disproportionately vulnerable populations to participate and raise their voices and share innovative ideas at different levels of governance.
15 Wang, T.; Teng, F. 2022. A multi-model assessment of climate change damage in China and the world. Advances in Climate Change Research, 12p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.04.005]
Climate change ; Damage assessment ; Models ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Mitigation ; Energy demand ; Temperature ; Policies ; Uncertainty / China
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051067)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927822000430/pdfft?md5=016512d9c67f198b0100bdfc8eb0faaa&pid=1-s2.0-S1674927822000430-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051067.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051067.pdf
(1.94 MB) (1.94 MB)
Quantifying climate damage is essential to informing rational climate policies, but only a few studies have systematically compared the climate damage estimates made by different models, especially for China. In this study, we used three widely applied integrated assessment models—FUND, RICE, and PAGE—to estimate the damage under coupled shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Results show that the costs of climate damage constitute approximately 1.5% and 0.7% of China’s GDP and global GDP per 1°C temperature rise on average, respectively. Mitigation can reduce climate risk by lowering the average estimate and worst-case effects of climate damage. Compared with business-as-usual emissions (RCP8.5), the 2°C target will reduce the average estimate of climate damage for China and the world by 93% and 87%, respectively, and by 80% and 84%, respectively, in the worst-case situation. Sectorial analysis of climate damage highlights the inconsistency of sector scope and significant parameter uncertainties in damage modules, requiring further improvement to integrate subfield research advances, particularly for damage related to rising sea levels and cooling energy demand.
16 Sharma, S.; Talchabhadel, R.; Nepal, Santosh; Ghimire, G. R.; Rakhal, B.; Panthi, J.; Adhikari, B. R.; Pradhanang, S. M.; Maskey, S.; Kumar, S. 2023. Increasing risk of cascading hazards in the central Himalayas. Natural Hazards, 119(2):1117-1126. (Special issue: Multimodal Characterization of Built and Natural Environments for Multi-Risk Assessment) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05462-0]
Weather hazards ; Disaster risk management ; Forecasting ; Climate change ; Mitigation ; Adaptation ; Strategies ; Natural disasters ; Landslides ; Flooding ; Avalanches ; Earthquakes ; Early warning systems ; Modelling ; Infrastructure ; Rivers / South Asia / Nepal / Central Himalayas
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051248)
(1.70 MB)
Cascading hazards are becoming more prevalent in the central Himalayas. Primary hazards (e.g., earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides) often trigger secondary hazards (e.g., landslide dam, debris flow, and flooding), compounding the risks to human settlements, infrastructures, and ecosystems. Risk management strategies are commonly tailored to a single hazard, leaving human and natural systems vulnerable to cascading hazards. In this commentary, we characterize diverse natural hazards in the central Himalayas, including their cascading mechanisms and potential impacts. A scientifically sound understanding of the cascading hazards, underlying mechanisms, and appropriate tools to account for the compounding risks are crucial to informing the design of risk management strategies. We also discuss the need for an integrated modeling framework, reliable prediction and early warning system, and sustainable disaster mitigation and adaptation strategies.
17 De Falco, F.; Nikiema, Josiane; Wagner, S. 2021. Mitigation technologies and best practices. In Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Policies to reduce microplastics pollution in water: focus on textiles and tyres. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. pp.64-102. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/156bdfa5-en]
Microplastic pollution ; Mitigation ; Technology ; Best practices ; Textile industry ; Tyres ; Life cycle ; Wastewater treatment ; Sewage sludge ; Treatment plants ; OECD countries ; Industrial wastewater ; Stormwater runoff
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051310)
This chapter documents and assesses available best practices and technologies that can be employed to mitigate the release of microplastics from textiles and tyres into the environment. The chapter follows a life-cycle approach, discussing options implementable at the design and manufacturing, use and end-of-life phases, as well as options for the end-of-pipe capture of microplastics.
18 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2021. Policies to reduce microplastics pollution in water: focus on textiles and tyres. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. 136p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/7ec7e5ef-en]
Microplastic pollution ; Mitigation ; Policies ; Marine environment ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Textiles ; Tyres ; Human health ; Environmental health ; Health hazards ; Risk reduction ; Toxicity ; Technology ; Best practices ; Techniques ; Standards ; Certification schemes ; Labelling ; Waste management ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Waste disposal ; Sewage sludge ; Degradation ; Emission ; Industrial wastewater ; Stormwater runoff ; OECD countries ; Stakeholders ; Collaboration
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051315)
19 Zia, S.; Nasar-u-Minallah, M.; Zahra, N.; Hanif, A. 2022. The effect of urban green spaces in reducing urban flooding in Lahore, Pakistan, using geospatial techniques. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 15(3):47-55. [doi: https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2021-135]
Flooding ; Mitigation ; Nature-based solutions ; Urban environment ; Towns ; Satellite imagery ; Landsat ; Remote sensing ; Normalized difference vegetation index ; Techniques / Pakistan / Lahore
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051482)
(1.15 MB) (1.15 MB)
Urban Green Spaces (UGS) curtails all environmental issues and ensure an eco-friendly locale. Similarly, the emergence of UGS is very helpful to cope with emerging urban flooding in cities by setting up the world standard of green space ratio (20 to 25 percent of the area) and green per capita (9m2 ) in a geographical area. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate the causal effect relation of UGS with the frequency of urban flooding. For this purpose, 69 selected union councils are taken as a study area in District Lahore, Pakistan. The relation between UGS and the occurrence of floods is evaluated using geo-statistical and geospatial analysis techniques during the monsoon rainfalls from 2013 to 2019. Furthermore, the data sets of sore points (inundated areas), occurrences of urban flooding (number of event occurrences), green per capita, and green ratio are used. Results revealed that selected union councils in Lahore don’t have enough urban green spaces. There is only a 51 sq km area with adequate UGS that accounts for only 18 percent of the study area. The rest of the area does not meet the world standards of green area. There are some areas including Ravi town, Gulberg town, and Samanabad town with green per capita more than 4 green per capita. On the other hand, there are only 02 union councils including Race Course and Model Town that are comprised of a 20 percent green area. The findings of the study will be helpful for proper urban planning and strategies i.e. with greener structures.
20 Galvin, S. S.; Garzon, D. S. 2023. The political life of mitigation: from carbon accounting to agrarian counter-accounts. Journal of Peasant Studies, 25p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2153043]
Climate change ; Mitigation ; Carbon ; Political aspects ; Justice ; Land use ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Research ; Sustainability ; Natural capital ; Agricultural production ; Global warming
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051605)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/03066150.2022.2153043?needAccess=true&role=button
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051605.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051605.pdf
(2.12 MB) (2.12 MB)
This article seeks to stimulate analysis of how accounting knowledge, techniques, and practices work to incorporate agriculture and land use into climate mitigation. Accounting plays a significant role in the ways that capitalism inserts itself into, reworks, or reorganises agrarian webs of life. To study these processes, we train our critical gaze on accounting itself – its epistemic foundations, instruments, and narratives, and their implications for agrarian livelihoods and relations. Through the notion of “agrarian counter-accounts,” we conclude by considering the potential of alternative methodologies and understandings of account-giving, taking, and holding in struggles for agrarian climate justice.
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