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1 Tanoh, Rebecca; Nikiema, Josiane; Asiedu, Zipporah; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Cofie, Olufunke. 2022. The contribution of tipping fees to the operation, maintenance, and management of fecal sludge treatment plants: the case of Ghana. Journal of Environmental Management, 303:114125. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114125]
Faecal sludge ; Treatment plants ; Maintenance ; Public-private partnerships ; Waste management ; Stabilization ponds ; Cost recovery ; Developing countries / Ghana / Kumasi / Accra / Tema / Sekondi-Takoradi / Tamale
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050803)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721021873/pdfft?md5=42d248809b6b06b2bf7af6792d23b6f1&pid=1-s2.0-S0301479721021873-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050803.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050803.pdf
(1.75 MB) (1.75 MB)
Globally, collection of tipping fees is being promoted as a solution to sustain the operation of fecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs). Currently, there are six large-scale FSTPs in Ghana, of which five were in operation in June 2017. In Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi and Tamale, fecal sludge (FS) is co-treated with landfill leachate using waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). In Tema and Accra, FS is treated using WSPs and a mechanical dewatering system coupled with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The focus of this study is FSTPs and to assess how, and if, the tipping fees set by the municipalities could enable cost recovery to sustain their long-term operation. Using a questionnaire survey to interview plant managers from the public and private sectors, and directors of waste management departments, we found that the overall average operation, maintenance and management (OM&M) costs per 1000 m3 of treated waste (FS or FS + leachate) in 2017 were USD89 in Kumasi, USD150 in Tamale, USD179 in Tema, USD244 in Sekondi-Takoradi and USD1,743 in Accra. There were important disparities between FSTPs due to their scale, age, and level of treatment and monitoring. Currently, most FSTPs charge tipping fees that range between USD310 and USD530/1000 m3 of FS, averaging USD421 ± 98/1000 m3 of FS discharged at FSTPs. Our study also showed that the OM&M costs of large-scale intensive FSTPs cannot be sustained by relying solely on tipping fees. However, there could be potential to cover the routine expenditures associated with operating smaller FSTPs that relying on WSP technologies.
2 Taron, Avinandan; Majumder, A.; Bodach, Susanne; Agbefu, Dzifa. 2023. Public-private partnerships for the circular bio-economy in the Global South: lessons learned. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 50p. (Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 22) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2023.205]
Resource recovery ; Resource management ; Reuse ; Circular economy ; Bioeconomy ; Public-private partnerships ; Developing countries ; Case studies ; Waste management ; Solid wastes ; Recycling ; Composting ; Organic wastes ; Organic fertilizers ; Bioenergy ; Biogas ; Briquettes ; Business models ; Markets ; Scaling up ; Appropriate technology ; Innovation ; Financial analysis ; Risk management ; Policies ; Regulations ; Legal frameworks ; Economic viability ; Feasibility studies ; Project design ; Costs ; Environmental assessment ; Social analysis ; Infrastructure ; Investment ; Marketing ; Small and medium enterprises ; Stakeholders ; Municipal authorities ; Procurement planning ; Contracts ; Sustainability ; Carbon credits ; Climate change mitigation ; Agricultural wastes ; Faecal sludge ; Soil quality ; Communities ; Awareness / Asia / Africa / India / Bangladesh / Ghana / Sri Lanka / Pakistan / Rwanda / Indonesia / Somanya / Bulta / Matara / Lahore / Pune / Kigali / Karnataka / New Delhi / Sakhipur / Kolkata / Temesi / Tema / Timarpur
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H052155)
(6.20 MB)
Processing biomass from different waste streams into marketable products such as organic fertilizer and bio-energy is increasingly realized through public-private partnerships (PPPs). In developing countries, the private sector can be expected to contribute technical skills, organizational capabilities and marketing expertise, and leverage capital inflow. In contrast, the public sector will provide the regulatory framework and help its enforcement, plan public investment, involve and educate stakeholders, and ensure waste supply.
This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling).
Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management.
This report reviews case studies that implemented PPPs in resource recovery and reuse (RRR) from waste streams with a particular focus on Asia and Africa, including those PPPs facilitated by the authors. Critical factors behind the success and failure of these cases are analyzed. The review indicates three key barriers to success: (i) waste-related bottlenecks, (ii) limited awareness about RRR products and their market(ing), and (iii) lack of proper institutional frameworks. Common shortfalls concern failure to meet commitments related to the quality and quantity of waste, missing understanding of the reuse market, etc. The report points out mitigation measures addressing possible challenges around appropriate technologies, finance and revenue streams, legal issues, as well as social and environmental concerns. It is required to establish close monitoring, appropriate procurement mechanisms and due diligence during the project preparation and pre-bid. If possible, such a PPP project should consider risk and commercial viability assessment as well as financial strategy planning (scaling).
Successful involvement of the private sector in the RRR market is critical to close the resource loop and safeguard human and environmental health, which is the overarching objective of sustainable waste management.
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