Your search found 22 records
1 Bahri, Akissa. 2008. Water reuse in Middle Eastern and North African countries. In Jimenez, B.; Asano, T. (Eds.). Water reuse: an international survey of current practice, issues and needs. London, UK: IWA Publishing. pp.27-47. (IWA Scientific and Technical Report 20)
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 363.7284 G000 JIM Record No: H041557)
2 Otter, P.; Sattler, W.; Grischek, T.; Jaskolski, M.; Mey, E.; Ulmer, N.; Grossmann, P.; Matthias, F.; Malakar, P.; Goldmaier, A.; Benz, F.; Ndumwa, C. 2020. Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania. Water Research, 187:116384. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116384]
Water supply ; Economic evaluation ; Chlorination ; Drinking water ; Rural development ; Water treatment ; Technology ; Water quality ; Water demand ; Solar energy ; Water use ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Communities ; Infrastructure ; Stakeholders ; Monitoring / Egypt / United Republic of Tanzania / Nepal / Devgaun / El Heiz / Rombo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050083)
(4.24 MB)
Reliable data on the economic feasibility of small-scale rural water supply systems are insufficient, which hampers the allocation of funds to construct them, even as the need for their construction increases. To address this gap, three newly constructed water supply systems with water points in Nepal, Egypt, and Tanzania were accompanied by the authors throughout the planning and implementation phases and up to several years of operation. This study presents an analysis of their economic feasibility and suggests important factors for successful water supply system implementation at other rural locations. The initial investment for construction of the new water supply systems ranged from 23,600 € to 44,000 €, and operation and maintenance costs ranged from 547 € to 1921 € per year. The water price and actual multi-year average quantity of tapped water at each site were 7.7 €/m³ & 0.67 m³/d in Nepal, 0.7 €/m³ & 0.88 m³/d in Egypt and 0.9 €/m³ & 8.65 m³/d in Tanzania. Although the new water supply systems enjoyed acceptance among the consumers, the actual average water quantity tapped ranged from just 17 to 30 % of the demand for which the new supply systems were designed. While two of three sites successfully yielded a cash surplus through the sale of water, sufficient for operation, maintenance and basic repairs, no site showed a realistic chance of recovering the initial investment (reaching the break-even point) within the projected lifetime of the technical infrastructure. Reaching the break-even point within 5 years, which would be necessary to attract private investors, would require an unrealistic increase of the water price or the water consumption by factors ranging from 5.2 to 9.0. The economic viability of such systems therefore depends strongly on the quantity of water consumed and the water price, as well as the availability of funding from governments, NGOs or other sponsors not primarily interested in a financial return on their investment.
3 Nijhawan, A.; Howard, G. 2022. Associations between climate variables and water quality in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Water Research, 210:117996. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117996]
Climate change ; Water quality ; Faecal pollution ; Contamination ; Cyanobacteria ; Saltwater intrusion ; Sea level ; Surface water ; Salinity ; Water treatment ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Microbiological analysis ; Groundwater ; Climate variability ; Rain ; Temperature ; Modelling
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050871)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421011908/pdfft?md5=c6640779a907590ee48884a39d866745&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135421011908-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050871.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050871.pdf
(1.13 MB) (1.13 MB)
Understanding how climate change will affect water quality and therefore, health, is critical for building resilient water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the effect of climate change will be felt most acutely. Evidence of the effect of climate variables such as temperate and rainfall on water quality can generate insights into the likely impact of future climate change. While the seasonal effects on water quality are known, and there is strong qualitative evidence that climate change will impact water quality, there are no reviews that synthesise quantitative evidence from LMICs on links between climate variables and water quality. We mapped the available evidence on a range of climate exposures and water quality outcomes and identified 98 peer-reviewed studies. This included observational studies on the impact of temperature and rainfall events (which may cause short-term changes in contaminant concentrations), and modelling studies on the long-term impacts of sea level rise. Evidence on links between antecedent rainfall and microbiological contamination of water supplies is strong and relatively evenly distributed geographically, but largely focused on faecal indicator bacteria and on untreated shallow groundwater sources of drinking water. The literature on climate effects on geogenic contaminants was sparse. There is substantial research on the links between water temperature and cyanobacteria blooms in surface waters, although most studies were from two countries and did not examine potential effects on water treatment. Similarly, studies modelling the impact of sea level rise on groundwater salinity, mostly from south-Asia and the Middle East, did not discuss challenges for drinking water supplies. We identified key future research priorities based on this review. These include: more studies on specific pathogens (including opportunistic pathogens) in water supplies and their relationships with climate variables; more studies that assess likely relationships between climate variables and water treatment processes; studies into the relationships between climate variables and geogenic contaminants, including risks from heavy metals released as glacier retreat; and, research into the impacts of wildfires on water quality in LMICs given the current dearth of studies but recognised importance.
4 Ko, S. H.; Sakai, H. 2022. Water sanitation, hygiene and the prevalence of diarrhea in the rural areas of the delta region of Myanmar. Journal of Water and Health, 20(1):149-156. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.192]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Public health ; Diarrhoea ; Rural areas ; Developing countries ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Contamination ; Water treatment ; Water quality ; Health education ; Rainwater ; Households ; Villages / Myanmar / Yangon / Htantabin / Kaw Hmu / Kun Gyan Gon
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050893)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/20/1/149/997980/jwh0200149.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050893.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050893.pdf
(0.47 MB) (476 KB)
Myanmar is an agriculture-based country with 70% of the total population residing in rural areas. Around half of the total population in Myanmar has to consume water from unimproved sources. The prevalence of diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is high even in urban areas. The urban community may expect the provision of municipal water supply in the near future if the current revolution against military dictatorship succeeds. However, the rural areas have less or no chance to get quality water because of a lot of other prioritized tasks. Household water treatment is encouraged to be implemented as one of the national water safety plans for rural water supply in Myanmar. This study explored the diarrhea prevention awareness of the rural community using a questionnaire survey. The microbial quality parameters of drinking water sources were also examined. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all examined drinking water sources. A significant association was found between drinking untreated water and the occurrence of diarrhea. The percentage of people who applied the diarrhea preventive measures was low. Even if they knew how to prevent the disease, very few people applied the measures in reality. Therefore, measures to cause behavioral change should be initiated, together with awareness raising, to promote diarrhea prevention in the community.
5 Lebel, L.; Aung, N.; Long, C. T. M.; Siharath, P.; Lebel, P.; Navy, H.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Lebel, B. 2022. Stakeholder perspectives on COVID-19 and household water access in vulnerable communities in the Mekong Region. Environmental Management, 69(6):1066-1077. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01616-9]
Water availability ; Domestic water ; Households ; COVID-19 ; Stakeholders ; Communities ; Vulnerability ; Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Water shortage ; Water quality ; Water treatment ; Water rights ; Prices ; Monitoring ; Villages / Cambodia / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Myanmar / Thailand / Vietnam / Mekong Region
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050976)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00267-022-01616-9.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050976.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050976.pdf
(0.59 MB) (605 KB)
The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of safe access to sufficient clean water in vulnerable communities, renewing interest in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs and related targets under Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The purpose of this study was to better understand the obstacles to water access in vulnerable communities and identify ways they might be addressed in five countries in the Mekong Region (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam). To this end, qualitative interviews with 50 government officials and development or health experts were complimented with a quantitative survey of the experiences and views of individuals in 15 vulnerable communities. There were several key findings. First, difficulties in accessing sufficient clean water for drinking and hygiene persist in certain vulnerable communities, including informal urban settlements, remote minority villages, and migrant worker camps. Second, limited rights, high prices, and remote locations were common obstacles to household access to improved water sources. Third, seasonal differences in the availability of clean water, alongside other disruptions to supply such as restrictions on movement in COVID-19 responses, drove households towards lower quality sources. Fourth, there are multiple threats to water quality from source to consumption that should be addressed by monitoring, treatment, and watershed protection. Fifth, stakeholder groups differ from each other and residents of vulnerable communities regarding the significance of water access, supply and quality difficulties, and how they should be addressed. The paper ends with a set of program suggestions addressing these water-related difficulties.
6 Demerdash, D. E; Omar, M. E. D.; El-Din, M. N.; El-Badry, H.; Aly, E.; El-Molla, D. A. 2022. Development of a quality-based irrigation water security index. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(5):101735. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101735]
Irrigation water ; Water security ; Water quality ; Drainage water ; Water reuse ; Water treatment ; Adaptation ; Water demand ; Water supply ; Water scarcity ; Soil degradation ; Public health ; Sanitation ; Risk analysis ; Indicators / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050985)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447922000466/pdfft?md5=bcf40b0a5d901d6ffb17521e6c205813&pid=1-s2.0-S2090447922000466-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050985.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050985.pdf
(2.60 MB) (2.60 MB)
This paper introduces a new concept for water security, the Irrigation Water Security Quality-based Index. Through this concept, the irrigation water security is presented based on quantity and quality. The effect of water quality parameters on agriculture productivity, soil deterioration, and public health was evaluated. The probability of harm was used in the risk analysis and assessment. The developed index was applied to evaluate the Egyptian irrigation system, 10% reduction in the Nile’s supply, and four adaptation scenarios as an illustrative example. Drainage water reuse is adopted in Egypt to provide a sufficient supply and improve the water security. However, this improved water security doesn’t consider the water’s quality. The current Egyptian condition and 10% Nile reduction showed water insecurity. Expanding drainage and sewage water treatment improved the developed index to high security levels. This highlights the importance of drainage water treatment in attaining a sustainable high water security level.
7 Al Arni, S.; Elwaheidi, M.; Salih, A. A. M.; Ghernaout, D.; Matouq, M. 2022. Greywater reuse: an assessment of the Jordanian experience in rural communities. Water Science and Technology, 85(6):1952-1963. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.080]
Water reuse ; Wastewater treatment ; Recycling ; Rural communities ; Water treatment ; Technology ; Assessment ; Households ; Villages ; Socioeconomic aspects / Jordan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051014)
https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/85/6/1952/1031297/wst085061952.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051014.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051014.pdf
(0.40 MB) (404 KB)
Water conservation is a critical issue, particularly in arid countries and countries that suffer a lack of natural water resources. Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world; this fact has forced the search for alternative sustainable solutions. With the support of several regional and international organizations, tens of projects were implemented across the country over the past 30 years that aimed to reuse greywater in rural communities. The current review provides a wide overview of Jordan's experience in greywater treatment and its reuse for non-potable purposes in rural areas. To the best knowledge of the authors, the present review is the first to assess the Jordanian experience in this field. Many governmental authorities and non-governmental organizations have been involved in Jordan's experience. The greywater reuse systems were established to achieve advantageous environmental and socio-economic consequences on the rural communities. The strategy of greywater treatment was based on a local on-site greywater treatment system in households or the so-called ‘autonomous water management’. The applied greywater treatment technologies in households were found efficient in rendering greywater adequate for agricultural uses. However, further improvements and territorial expansion of the experiment are needed.
8 Brasil, J. A. T.; de Macedo, M. B.; de Oliveira, T. R. P.; Ghiglieno, F. G.; de Souza, V. C. B.; e Silva, G. M.; Junior, M. N. G.; de Souza, F. A. A.; Mendiondo, E. M. 2022. Can we scale Digital Twins of nature-based solutions for stormwater and transboundary water security projects?. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 16p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.142]
Nature-based solutions ; Stormwater management ; Transboundary waters ; Water security ; Digital technology ; Drainage systems ; Water treatment ; Frameworks ; Technology ; Mathematical models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051132)
https://iwaponline.com/jh/article-pdf/doi/10.2166/hydro.2022.142/1043910/jh2022142.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051132.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051132.pdf
(0.66 MB) (676 KB)
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are presented as an alternative and decentralized solutions with different application scales for problems addressed to urban expansion as water quality reduction and floods. The usage of control strategies and mathematical modeling techniques has shown promising results for optimizing hydraulic and water treatment processes. The Digital Twins (DT) as process integration technology are widely used in industry, and recently these technique usages in urban water systems are showing effective results in both management and planning. However, there is a lack of proper literature definition for DT applied to NbS, especially for stormwater and transboundary water security projects. Thus, this paper sought through a literature review to access the existing conceptual challenges and the DT definition as a framework, identify how the mathematical modeling reported in the literature can improve the DT development, and evaluate the potential benefits associated with the application of DT in NbS.
9 Eticha, M.; Geremew, A.; Dirirsa, G.; Bayu, K.; Girma, H.; Mengistu, D. A. 2022. Household water treatment practice and associated factors among households dependent on unimproved water sources in Ameya District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 12(5):432-442. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.034]
Water treatment ; Households ; Rural areas ; Drinking water ; Water quality ; Health ; Socioeconomic environment ; Access to information ; Non-governmental organizations / Ethiopia / Oromia / Ameya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051206)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/12/5/432/1052095/washdev0120432.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051206.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051206.pdf
(0.40 MB) (408 KB)
Globally, about 435 million people depend on unimproved drinking water sources, and 144 million people still rely on surface water. Specifically, a significant part of the population in Ethiopia depends on unimproved water sources. Studies have examined household water treatment practices in the country, but there is limited research regarding the population that depends on unimproved water sources. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate household water treatment practices and related factors for the households that depend on unimproved water sources in the Ameya district of the Oromia Regional State in Southwest Ethiopia. A community-based, cross-sectional study was used to assess the water treatment practices and related factors for the households that use an unimproved water source in the Ameya district of the Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. The study used a multistage sampling technique and included a total of 413 households. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 26 statistical package. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify the factors related to household water treatment practices at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable regression were considered to be significantly related to the water treatment practice. The current study showed that 125 (30.3%) of the households that used unimproved water sources practiced household water treatment at the household level. These water treatment methods include boiling (60.8%) the water or using cloth filters (23.2%) or chlorine-based products (13.6%). When considering the training and formal education of the respondents, the water treatment practices were significantly related to the respondents’ water treatment training (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.99; 95% CI 1.97–4.94) and educational status, specifically secondary education (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.02–2.93). Less than one-third of the households that depend on unimproved water sources treated their water prior to drinking. Providing training to teach individuals how to treat household water is essential to improving water treatment practices.
10 Samberger, C. 2022. The role of water circularity in the food-water-energy nexus and climate change mitigation. Energy Nexus, 6:100061. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100061]
Foods ; Water footprint ; Energy generation ; Nexus approaches ; Climate change mitigation ; Circular economy ; Sustainability ; Renewable energy ; Energy recovery ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Water use ; Water treatment ; Carbon footprint ; Freshwater ; Population ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Sewage
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051361)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427122000249/pdfft?md5=95703584a27d4c6fc5c7ad5230256bc3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772427122000249-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051361.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051361.pdf
(2.39 MB) (2.39 MB)
By 2050, the global Earth population will reach 10 billion, leading to increased water, food, and energy needs. Availability of water in sufficient quantities and appropriate quality is a prerequisite for human societies and natural ecosystems. In many parts of the world, excessive water consumption and pollution by human activities put enormous pressure on this availability as well as on food and energy security, environmental quality, economic development, and social well-being. Water, food/materials, and energy are strongly interlinked, and the choices made in one area often have consequences on the others. This is commonly referred to as the “water-food-energy” nexus. These interconnections intensify as the demand for resources increases with population growth and changing consumption patterns, and Humanity continues using a linear economy model of ‘take-make-dispose’. The nexus makes it difficult for governments, public and private organizations, and the public, to set and follow a clear path towards a sustainable economy i.e., “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Humanity best chance at mitigating climate change, and shortage of resources is to harness the value of water as much as possible.
This paper reviews the latest publications about the water-food-energy nexus and climate change, putting numbers into perspective, attempting to explain why water circularity is part of the key factors to accelerate the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, and to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and how circularity can be implemented in the water sector.
This paper reviews the latest publications about the water-food-energy nexus and climate change, putting numbers into perspective, attempting to explain why water circularity is part of the key factors to accelerate the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, and to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and how circularity can be implemented in the water sector.
11 Anigrou, Y.; Bahlami, A.; El Khlif, M. 2022. Methodology for an ecological solution of subsurface flow constructed wetlands used in the treatment of greywater. Water Practice and Technology, 17(12):2581-2597. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.150]
Wastewater treatment ; Wetlands ; Ecological factors ; Evapotranspiration ; Methodology ; Water treatment ; Drinking water ; Water balance ; Septic tanks ; Pollutants ; Clogging ; Vegetation / Morocco / Bangladesh / India / Italy / Tunisia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051593)
https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article-pdf/17/12/2581/1155668/wpt0172581.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051593.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051593.pdf
(0.82 MB) (840 KB)
Hammams or public baths continue to consume substantial quantities of drinking water up to 120 m3/day and discharge equivalent quantities of greywater. These hammams thus become an important source of this greywater, which can be easily treated using constructed wetlands (CWs). In this context, the present study proposes to practitioners a general method for sizing subsurface flow (SSF) CWs for the treatment of greywater discharged from hammams. It is oriented to simple applications such as irrigation, car washing and toilet flushing. Due to the complexity of quantifying the evapotranspiration (ET) of the treated water at the CWs, a practical and flexible method is presented here to calculate ET. In the end, a case study of a Moroccan hammam has been treated and discussed. It provides the designers of SSF CWs with a concrete example of the application of the proposed methodology.
12 Okonkwo, E. C.; Namany, S.; Fouladi, J.; Almanassra, I. W.; Mahmood, F.; Al-Ansari, T. 2023. A multi-level approach to the energy-water-food nexus: from molecule to governance. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 8:100110. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2023.100110]
Resource management ; Nexus approaches ; Governance ; Decision making ; Greenhouses ; Food production ; Stakeholders ; Uncertainty ; Water treatment ; Fertilizers ; Energy consumption ; Biomass
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051774)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666789423000041/pdfft?md5=66cda422330fe938cee2593d50d1afec&pid=1-s2.0-S2666789423000041-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051774.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051774.pdf
(2.54 MB) (2.54 MB)
The energy-water-food (EWF) nexus is an approach to resource management that highlights the inextricable relationship that exists among three essential resources. The EWF nexus is aimed at fostering interlinkages, limiting trade-offs and exploiting synergies that exist amongst these resources. Adopting the nexus approach is key to sustainable development, as it can alleviate resource insecurities and harness collaboration between sectors. Several EWF nexus-related studies have exhaustively analysed the different levels of decision-making within the nexus. However, these studies have failed to account for the multi-level relationship that exists among the different levels of the nexus, as most have adopted a level-based approach. This review study presents a novel multi-level approach to addressing the EWF nexus-related challenges. The study analyses the multiple levels that exist within the EWF nexus. The three levels identified are the molecule, process, and governance levels. The study goes on to show how communication amongst all three levels not only impacts the performance of the system but is crucial for decision-making as the three stages are intrinsically related such that the decisions at one level directly influences the others. The study starts by reviewing the various molecular-level changes that can be made in each of the EWF resources to enhance their performance. Then a review of the set of modelling and analytical tools that have been applied to the process and governance levels are presented. Finally, a novel decision-making pyramid integrating all three levels is presented and discussed using the case of a greenhouse food production system.
13 Tefera, G. W.; Dile, Y. T.; Srinivasan, R.; Baker, T.; Ray, R. L. 2023. Hydrological modeling and scenario analysis for water supply and water demand assessment of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 46:101341. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101341]
Water supply ; Hydrological modelling ; Water demand ; Water reservoirs ; Water management ; Sedimentation ; Surface water ; Ecosystem services ; Infrastructure ; Population growth ; Nature-based solutions ; Urbanization ; Urban areas ; Land cover ; Land use ; Water quality ; Groundwater recharge ; Water treatment ; Evaporation ; Towns ; Stream flow ; Land management ; Uncertainty ; Domestic water ; Water requirements ; Soil erosion ; Water availability / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa / Akaki Watershed / Awash Basin / Gefersa Reservoir / Dire Reservoir
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051793)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581823000289/pdfft?md5=2fcae8ae99650612b75d6c87c10a2599&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581823000289-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051793.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051793.pdf
(6.19 MB) (6.19 MB)
Study region: Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa’s surface water reservoirs and groundwater infrastructures are in the Akaki watershed of the Awash Basin.
Study focus: This study integrates a hydrological model, socioeconomic data, and different water management scenarios to investigate the current and future water supply and demand. Baseline water supply and water demand data are obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate reservoir sedimentation and water quantity in the Akaki watershed. The city’s water demand projection is based on the standard public water demand requirement and projected population. The study considered five scenarios to assess the gaps between water supply and demand.
New hydrological insights for the region: Simulation results showed that the area upstream of the existing reservoirs has the potential to supply 651,452 m3 /day of surface water; however, currently, the reservoirs are supplying only 224,658 m3 /day of water. With an optimistic scenario of planned reservoirs and groundwater boreholes becoming operational by 2029, water supply will only meet demands through 2035. Afterwards, the gap between water supply and demand will increase, due to an increase in population. Therefore, additional water supply projects, effective water use, and maintaining critical hydrological ecosystem services are required to bridge the gap between water supply and demand.
Study focus: This study integrates a hydrological model, socioeconomic data, and different water management scenarios to investigate the current and future water supply and demand. Baseline water supply and water demand data are obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate reservoir sedimentation and water quantity in the Akaki watershed. The city’s water demand projection is based on the standard public water demand requirement and projected population. The study considered five scenarios to assess the gaps between water supply and demand.
New hydrological insights for the region: Simulation results showed that the area upstream of the existing reservoirs has the potential to supply 651,452 m3 /day of surface water; however, currently, the reservoirs are supplying only 224,658 m3 /day of water. With an optimistic scenario of planned reservoirs and groundwater boreholes becoming operational by 2029, water supply will only meet demands through 2035. Afterwards, the gap between water supply and demand will increase, due to an increase in population. Therefore, additional water supply projects, effective water use, and maintaining critical hydrological ecosystem services are required to bridge the gap between water supply and demand.
14 Siddique, M.; Sanjrani, M. A.; Rani, K. 2023. Green technology for water scarcity: an entrepreneurial business may bring transformation in water management practices. Irrigation and Drainage, 16p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2832]
Water scarcity ; Entrepreneurship ; Business models ; Water management ; Environmental sustainability ; Policy making ; Water treatment ; Water supply ; Rainwater harvesting ; Constructed wetlands
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051850)
(4.87 MB)
Despite the contributions of modern business practices to environmentally sustainable transformation, there is not enough information on different types of green technologies and their applications. Therefore, it is essential to identify and classify business models that focus on the management practices of green technology. While the literature on green technology business models has received increasing attention over the last decade, interdisciplinary research into this growing phenomenon is still in its infancy and fragmented. The study focuses on the need for green technology for water management worldwide. Such management practices for green technology represent a research gap in the study area because no one has worked in this field before. There should be research to address people's management practices of green entrepreneurial business. The literature highlights that the issue of water crises may be minimized with the management practices of green entrepreneurial business and by applying global green water treatment techniques. The authors believe that this study would be very beneficial for future research on policymaking based on management practices of green technology that promote environmental sustainability through a green business environment.
15 Indika, S.; Hu, D.; Wei, Y.; Yapabandara, I.; Cooray, T.; Makehelwala, M.; Jinadasa, K. B. S. N.; Weragoda, S. K.; Weerasooriya, R.; Pang, Z. 2023. Spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality in North Central Province, Sri Lanka. ACS EST Water, 12p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00490]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Shallow water ; Nanofiltration ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Salinity ; Surface water ; Drinking water ; Fluorides ; Sodium ; Reverse osmosis ; Wells ; Evaporation ; Weathering ; Aquifers ; Parameters ; Irrigation water ; Organic matter ; Water supply ; Water treatment / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051914)
(7.18 MB)
This study focused on fulfilling the demand for a comprehensive investigation of groundwater quality in the North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all). The NCP was selected as the study area due to its highest prevalence of chronic kidney disease with unknown etiology within Sri Lanka. Here, 334 shallow and deep groundwater samples were collected at the end of wet and dry seasons, respectively. Results revealed that elevated and unexpected levels of salinity, hardness, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, and dissolved organic carbon and the alkaline nature of groundwater were the main issues, and the Ca-HCO3 type was dominant in the groundwater. Water quality index analyses showed that 8.9% and 13.8% of wells had poor quality undrinkable groundwater in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Only 7% of samples were susceptible to sodium and salinity hazards for irrigational use. Reverse osmosis technology with a softening and activated carbon pretreatment process was identified as the most suitable way to treat groundwater with high salinity for many regions of the NCP. The groundwater quality atlas for the NCP created by this study was very useful for making a master plan of safe drinking water supplies and developing and implementing cost-effective water purification technologies in the NCP.
16 Bhatta, A.; Le, T. M.; Wetser, K.; Kujawa-Roeleveld, K.; Rijnaarts, H. H. M. 2023. Stakeholder-based decision support model for selection of alternative water sources - a path towards sustainable industrial future in Vietnam. Journal of Cleaner Production, 385:135539. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135539]
Decision support ; Models ; Stakeholders ; Brackish water ; Climate change ; Freshwater ; Rainwater harvesting ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Water treatment ; Water resources / Vietnam / Ho Chi Minh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052039)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622051137/pdfft?md5=1c83bad71dcabe823f0529386f1be8ef&pid=1-s2.0-S0959652622051137-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052039.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052039.pdf
(2.25 MB) (2.25 MB)
The combined effect of climate change, rapid industrialisation and traditional water use has created freshwater stress situations in industrial delta regions. Alternative Water Sources (AWSs) offer opportunities to mitigate the freshwater stress issue and, thus, contribute to a sustainable industrial future. This study developed a Decision Support Model (DSM) to assist the decision-makers in selecting the most feasible AWS. In the study location, Tan Thuan Export and Processing Zone (TTZ) of Ho Chi Minh City, rainwater, industrial effluent and brackish water were selected as AWS options and evaluated for technical, environmental, economic, social and institutional criteria. The stakeholder organisations representing government organisations, industrial-zone management organisations and enterprises were selected as decision-makers based on their willingness to explore AWSs. Four DSM scenarios were derived from the varying decision-making power of the selected stakeholder organisations. The results obtained from applying DSM in TTZ showed rainwater as the most feasible AWS for all the scenarios, while the rank of other AWSs fluctuated for different scenarios. To implement the result of DSM in practice, the government should not only focus on formulating clear technological guidelines on AWS quality but also on providing subsidies and creating an environment of social acceptance of AWSs. The DSM allows the decision-makers to determine the most capable AWS in mitigating freshwater stress issues and the changes required to shift towards these AWSs.
17 Wutich, A.; Thomson, P.; Jepson, W.; Stoler, J.; Cooperman, A. D.; Doss-Gollin, J.; Jantrania, A.; Mayer, A.; Nelson-Nunez, J.; Walker, W. S.; Westerhoff, P. 2023. MAD[Modular, Adaptive, and Dcentralized] water: integrating modular, adaptive, and decentralized approaches for water security in the climate change era. WIREs WATER, e1680. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1680]
Climate change ; Water security ; Decentralization ; Infrastructure ; Drinking water ; Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Water governance ; Human health ; Hybrids ; Justice ; Water treatment ; Political aspects ; Households ; Rainwater harvesting ; Domestic water ; Pipes ; Water supply ; Policies ; Environmental health ; Resilience
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052062)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1680
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052062.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052062.pdf
(3.09 MB) (3.09 MB)
Centralized water infrastructure has, over the last century, brought safe and reliable drinking water to much of the world. But climate change, combined with aging and underfunded infrastructure, is increasingly testing the limits of—and reversing gains made by—this approach. To address these growing strains and gaps, we must assess and advance alternatives to centralized water provision and sanitation. The water literature is rife with examples of systems that are neither centralized nor networked, yet meet water needs of local communities in important ways, including: informal and hybrid water systems, decentralized water provision, community-based water management, small drinking water systems, point-of-use treatment, small-scale water vendors, and packaged water. Our work builds on these literatures by proposing a convergence approach that can integrate and explore the benefits and challenges of modular, adaptive, and decentralized (“MAD”) water provision and sanitation, often foregrounding important advances in engineering technology. We further provide frameworks to evaluate justice, economic feasibility, governance, human health, and environmental sustainability as key parameters of MAD water system performance.
18 Babel, M. S.; Rahman, M.; Budhathoki, A.; Chapagain, K. 2023. Optimization of economic return from water using water-energy-food nexus approach: a case of Karnafuli Basin, Bangladesh. Energy Nexus, 10:100186. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100186]
Water resources ; Water supply ; Energy consumption ; Food security ; Food production ; Nexus approaches ; Optimization methods ; Water allocation ; Models ; Economic aspects ; Indicators ; Socioeconomic development ; Water reservoirs ; Rainfall ; Surface water ; Water treatment ; Hydropower ; Crop production ; Water demand / Bangladesh / Karnafuli Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052073)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772427123000165/pdfft?md5=668f9509518543bbf3ea380e8ec410b8&pid=1-s2.0-S2772427123000165-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052073.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052073.pdf
(5.08 MB) (5.08 MB)
This study evaluates the existing situation of the water energy and food resource interaction using an indicator-based approach and optimizes the resource use in the Karnafuli River Basin. A water allocation model based on an optimization tool, LINDO 6.1, with an objective function to maximize the economic return, is developed to allocate water to different water use sectors (domestic, agriculture, energy, industry, and environment) in the basin. It is observed that 14.58 m3 of water is required to generate 1 kWh of energy in Kaptai hydropower plant, while 4500 m3 of water is consumed to produce 1 ton of crops in the basin. Due to improper management, around 12,500 ha of land under the Karnafuli Irrigation Project remains un-irrigated, which can be cultivated with high-yield Boro crop. Results show that by prioritizing the agriculture sector, a maximum economic return of US$ 30.3 million can be obtained; however, with this only 55% of the satisfaction level is achieved for the environment sector. Systematic and integrated management of the resources is required in Karnafuli Basin for socioeconomic and sustainable development.
19 Pham, V. C.; Bauer, J.; Borsig, N.; Ho, J.; Vu Huu, L.; Viet, H. T.; Dorr, F.; Norra, S. 2023. Groundwater use habits and environmental awareness in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam: implications for sustainable water resource management. Environmental Challenges, 13:100742. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100742]
Groundwater extraction ; Subsidence ; Parameters ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Filtration ; Water treatment ; Tapes ; Saline water ; Water resources ; Households ; Water use ; Dry season / Vietnam / Ca Mau
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052180)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010023000665/pdfft?md5=cc1a003456e7855fef6e37eefd4e90fb&pid=1-s2.0-S2667010023000665-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052180.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052180.pdf
(1.80 MB) (1.80 MB)
The Vietnamese Mekong Delta including Ca Mau province (CMP) is seriously affected by land subsidence. Groundwater over-extraction is considered to be a major driver for this process. To address the reduction of groundwater (GW) extraction as a potential counter measure for further subsidence, this study focuses on understanding the importance of GW in people's life and water using habits as well as their awareness with current environmental problems in Ca Mau. Therefore, GW sampling campaigns and surveys were conducted in all 9 districts of Ca Mau province in 2019 and 2020. The analyzed water samples showed a connection with information from questionnaires and created a general picture of water using habits. GW plays an important role in people's lives, it is used for washing, cooking, drinking and other activities. People use GW for different purposes depending on their perception of water quality. For important and direct health related purposes, such as cooking or drinking, people prepare to treat water more carefully or choose another alternative water resource. The analytical approach to evaluation results based on viewpoints from general to detail helped to dig deeper into people's stories to explain research results with their behavior in each situation. When people are dependent on GW and have no option to use alternative water resources, the importance level of GW in their life increases and their awareness of GW over-extraction becomes less. If people have another water source to use such as tap water (TW), habits of using GW change. This opens up the idea that a potential alternative water will reduce the dependence of people on GW and protect GW from over-exploitation. Besides, people in Ca Mau do not have much awareness of land subsidence or the reason leading to environmental problems. Therefore, raising the awareness of people by well-design education campaigns should be strongly considered.
20 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2023. Harmonious governance frameworks for water reuse: guidelines for planners, investors, project designers and operators [Thematic Brief of the ReWater MENA Project]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 4p.
Water reuse ; Frameworks ; Governance ; Decision making ; Stakeholders ; Institutions ; Water quality ; Water treatment ; Political aspects ; Conflicts ; Project design ; Planning ; Guidelines / Middle East / North Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052311)
(1.83 MB)
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