Your search found 4 records
1 Ecker, O.; Al-Riffai, P.; Breisinger, C.; El-Batrawy, R. 2016. Nutrition and economic development: exploring Egyp's exceptionalism and the role of food subsidies. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute. 258p.
Economic development ; Economic crises ; Economic policy ; Nutrition ; Food systems ; Food consumption ; Subsidies ; Malnutrition ; Poverty ; Investment ; Gender ; Females ; Obesity ; Body mass index ; National income ; Cereals / Egypt
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 338.9 G232 ECK Record No: H048479)
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/130846/filename/131057.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048479.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048479.pdf
(1.92 MB)
2 Cox, K. D.; Covernton, G. A.; Davies, H. L.; Dower, J. F.; Juanes, F.; Dudas, S. E. 2019. Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(12):7068-7074. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517]
Microplastics ; Food consumption ; Seafoods ; Drinking water ; Bottled water ; Tap water ; Contamination ; Public health ; Females ; Males ; Children
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049299)
(1.13 MB)
Microplastics are ubiquitous across ecosystems, yet the exposure risk to humans is unresolved. Focusing on the American diet, we evaluated the number of microplastic particles in commonly consumed foods in relation to their recommended daily intake. The potential for microplastic inhalation and how the source of drinking water may affect microplastic consumption were also explored. Our analysis used 402 data points from 26 studies, which represents over 3600 processed samples. Evaluating approximately 15% of Americans’ caloric intake, we estimate that annual microplastics consumption ranges from 39000 to 52000 particles depending on age and sex. These estimates increase to 74000 and 121000 when inhalation is considered. Additionally, individuals who meet their recommended water intake through only bottled sources may be ingesting an additional 90000 microplastics annually, compared to 4000 microplastics for those who consume only tap water. These estimates are subject to large amounts of variation; however, given methodological and data limitations, these values are likely underestimates.
3 Ranasinghe, R. D. A. K.; Korale-Gedara, P. M.; Weerasooriya, S. A. 2023. Climate change adaptation and adaptive capacities of dairy farmers: evidence from village tank cascade systems in Sri Lanka. Agricultural Systems, 206:103609. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103609]
Climate change adaptation ; Dairy farming ; Farming systems ; Farmers ; Villages ; Tanks ; Natural resources ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Livelihoods ; Livestock ; Watersheds ; Indicators ; Gender ; Females ; Households ; Vulnerability / Sri Lanka / North Central Province / Anuradhapura / Nachchaduwa / Malwathu Oya River Basin / Siwalakulama / Thirappane
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051716)
(2.05 MB)
CONTEXT: Dairy farmers are affected by climate change (CC). To reduce the negative effects of CC, farmers need to take numerous adaptive measures. The ability to adapt is context-specific and there is a dearth of research on the adaptation and adaptive capacity (AC) of dairy farmers in village tank cascade systems (VTCS).
OBJECTIVE: The study investigates dairy farmers' perception of CC, their AC, adaptation, and the social and institutional drivers of AC and adaptation in the two selected VTCS in Sri Lanka. The knowledge of this is vital in planning specific interventions to enhance the climate resilience of farmers.
METHODS: The level of CC adaptation and AC was measured using the Activity-based Adaptation Index and Adaptive Capacity Index. Using an ordered logistic regression model, the determinants of the CC adaptation were examined. Social dimensions of AC are studied by comparing AC scores across social groups differentiated by income and gender. Data were collected from 200 dairy farmers in two VTCS in the Anuradhapura District, North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where dairy farming is predominantly practiced. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pasture shortage, reduction in milk yield, and growth retardation of animals are reported as perceived CC effects by a majority of dairy farmers. The adaptation strategies mostly implemented by dairy farmers are aimed at reducing the effects of CC on animal physiology. A lesser number of farmers implement adaptation strategies that address pasture shortages. Farmer's perception of CC, socioeconomic characteristics and resource endowment determine the level of adaptation, while the AC moderates the relationship between perception and response to CC. The institutional and social context in which dairy farmers operate differentiates the AC of farmers. Women and poorer farmers tend to have a lower AC. The difference in AC across these social groups is explained by access to resources. The study recommends interventions to address social gaps in AC and highlights the importance of strengthening and expanding extension services and rural credit facilities.
SIGNIFICANCE: Globally, fewer studies have been conducted on the impacts of climate-related risks on dairy farming systems and adaptation in comparison with such risks and adaptation in crop farming. This study provides insights into resource-poor dairy farmers' responses to CC and potential solutions in using common resources in VTCS to reduce vulnerability to CC.
OBJECTIVE: The study investigates dairy farmers' perception of CC, their AC, adaptation, and the social and institutional drivers of AC and adaptation in the two selected VTCS in Sri Lanka. The knowledge of this is vital in planning specific interventions to enhance the climate resilience of farmers.
METHODS: The level of CC adaptation and AC was measured using the Activity-based Adaptation Index and Adaptive Capacity Index. Using an ordered logistic regression model, the determinants of the CC adaptation were examined. Social dimensions of AC are studied by comparing AC scores across social groups differentiated by income and gender. Data were collected from 200 dairy farmers in two VTCS in the Anuradhapura District, North Central Province of Sri Lanka, where dairy farming is predominantly practiced. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pasture shortage, reduction in milk yield, and growth retardation of animals are reported as perceived CC effects by a majority of dairy farmers. The adaptation strategies mostly implemented by dairy farmers are aimed at reducing the effects of CC on animal physiology. A lesser number of farmers implement adaptation strategies that address pasture shortages. Farmer's perception of CC, socioeconomic characteristics and resource endowment determine the level of adaptation, while the AC moderates the relationship between perception and response to CC. The institutional and social context in which dairy farmers operate differentiates the AC of farmers. Women and poorer farmers tend to have a lower AC. The difference in AC across these social groups is explained by access to resources. The study recommends interventions to address social gaps in AC and highlights the importance of strengthening and expanding extension services and rural credit facilities.
SIGNIFICANCE: Globally, fewer studies have been conducted on the impacts of climate-related risks on dairy farming systems and adaptation in comparison with such risks and adaptation in crop farming. This study provides insights into resource-poor dairy farmers' responses to CC and potential solutions in using common resources in VTCS to reduce vulnerability to CC.
4 De Guzman, K.; Stone, G.; Yang, A. R.; Schaffer, K. E.; Lo, S.; Kojok, R.; Kirkpatrick, C. R.; Pozo, A. G. D.; Le, T. T.; DePledge, L.; Frost, E. L.; Kayser, G. L. 2023. Drinking water and the implications for gender equity and empowerment: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 247:114044. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114044]
Drinking water ; Gender equity ; Females ; Women’s participation ; Empowerment ; Sanitation ; Water management ; Decision making ; Water quality ; Political aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051779)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463922001274/pdfft?md5=d85adc28cec74dee209e7ac3f35364c2&pid=1-s2.0-S1438463922001274-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051779.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051779.pdf
(2.53 MB) (2.53 MB)
Background: Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right, yet more than 785 million people do not have access to it. The burden of water management disproportionately falls on women and young girls, and they suffer the health, psychosocial, political, educational, and economic effects. While water conditions and disease outcomes have been widely studied, few studies have summarized the research on drinking water and implications for gender equity and empowerment (GEE).
Methods: A systematic review of primary literature published between 1980 and 2019 was conducted on drinking water exposures and management and the implications for GEE. Ten databases were utilized (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Campbell, the British Library for Development Studies, SSRN, 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and clinicaltrials.gov). Drinking water studies with an all-female cohort or disaggregated findings according to gender were included.
Results: A total of 1280 studies were included. GEE outcomes were summarized in five areas: health, psychosocial stress, political power and decision-making, social-educational conditions, and economic and time-use conditions. Water quality exposures and implications for women's health dominated the literature reviewed. Women experienced higher rates of bladder cancer when exposed to arsenic, trihalomethanes, and chlorine in drinking water and higher rates of breast cancer due to arsenic, trichloroethylene, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, compared to men. Women that were exposed to arsenic experienced higher incidence rates of anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to those that were not exposed. Water-related skin diseases were associated with increased levels of psychosocial stress and social ostracization among women. Women had fewer decision-making responsibilities, economic independence, and employment opportunities around water compared to men.
Conclusion: This systematic review confirms the interconnected nature of gender and WaSH outcomes. With growing attention directed towards gender equity and empowerment within WaSH, this analysis provides key insights to inform future research and policy.
Methods: A systematic review of primary literature published between 1980 and 2019 was conducted on drinking water exposures and management and the implications for GEE. Ten databases were utilized (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Campbell, the British Library for Development Studies, SSRN, 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and clinicaltrials.gov). Drinking water studies with an all-female cohort or disaggregated findings according to gender were included.
Results: A total of 1280 studies were included. GEE outcomes were summarized in five areas: health, psychosocial stress, political power and decision-making, social-educational conditions, and economic and time-use conditions. Water quality exposures and implications for women's health dominated the literature reviewed. Women experienced higher rates of bladder cancer when exposed to arsenic, trihalomethanes, and chlorine in drinking water and higher rates of breast cancer due to arsenic, trichloroethylene, and disinfection byproducts in drinking water, compared to men. Women that were exposed to arsenic experienced higher incidence rates of anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to those that were not exposed. Water-related skin diseases were associated with increased levels of psychosocial stress and social ostracization among women. Women had fewer decision-making responsibilities, economic independence, and employment opportunities around water compared to men.
Conclusion: This systematic review confirms the interconnected nature of gender and WaSH outcomes. With growing attention directed towards gender equity and empowerment within WaSH, this analysis provides key insights to inform future research and policy.
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