Your search found 18 records
1 Selt, L. S.; de Datta, S. K. 1988. The impact of water management practice in rice production on mosquito vector propagation. In IRRI; WHO/FAO/UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control - Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management: Proceedings of the Workshop on Research and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-Borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries, Los Banos, Philippines, 9-14 March 1987: Los Banos, Philippines: IRRI. pp.67-83.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G000 IRR Record No: H05535)
2 Mogi, M. 1988. Water management in rice cultivation and its relation to mosquito production in Japan. In IRRI; WHO/FAO/UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control - Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management: Proceedings of the Workshop on Research and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-Borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries, Los Banos, Philippines, 9-14 March 1987: Los Banos, Philippines: IRRI. pp.101-109.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G000 IRR Record No: H05537)
3 Baolin, L. 1988. Environmental management for the control of ricefield-breeding mosquitoes in China. In IRRI; WHO/FAO/UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control - Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management: Proceedings of the Workshop on Research and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-Borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries, Los Banos, Philippines, 9-14 March 1987: Los Banos, Philippines: IRRI. pp.111-121.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 631.7.5 G000 IRR Record No: H05538)
4 Villholth, K. G.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Jeyakumar, P.; Panabokke, C. R.; Woolley, Olivia; Weerasinghe, M. D.; Amalraj, N.; Prathepaan, S.; Bürgi, N.; Lionelrathne, D. M. D. S.; Indrajith, N. G.; Pathirana, S. R. K. 2005. Tsunami impacts on shallow groundwater and associated water supply on the East Coast of Sri Lanka: a post-tsunami well recovery support initiative and an assessment of groundwater salinity in three areas of Batticaloa and Ampara Districts. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) ix, 68p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2011.0052]
Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Salinity ; Natural disasters ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Wells ; Rehabilitation ; Mosquitoes ; Disease vectors / Sri Lanka / Batticaloa District / Ampara District
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 333.9104 G744 VIL Record No: H038656)
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/10532_10532R26TsunamiImpactsonShallowGrou.pdf
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/tsunami/pdf/tsunami_impacts_on_shallow_groundwater.pdf
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/tsunami/pdf/tsunami_impacts_on_shallow_groundwater.pdf
(2.35MB)
5 Knols, B. G. J.; Louis, C. (Eds.) 2006. Bridging laboratary and field research for genetic control of disease vectors. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. x, 225p. (Wageningen UR frontis series, vol.11)
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 614.432 G000 KNO Record No: H038954)
6 Takken, W.; Snellen, W. B.; Verhave, J. P.; Knols, B.G.L.; Atmosoedjono, S. 1991. Environmental measures for malaria control in Indonesia: An historical review on species sanitation. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University. 167p. (Wageningen Agricultural University Papers)
Malaria ; Waterborne diseases ; Disease vectors ; Mosquitoes ; Control methods ; Sanitation ; Irrigated farming ; Rice ; Paddy fields ; History / Indonesia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 614.532 G662 TAK Record No: H040405)
7 Kibret, Solomon; McCartney, Matthew; Lautze, J. 2008. Mosquitoes and malaria in the vicinity of the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia. In Humphreys, E.; Bayot, R. S.; van Brakel, M.; Gichuki, F.; Svendsen, M.; Wester, P.; Huber-Lee, A.; Cook, S. Douthwaite, B.; Hoanh, Chu Thai; Johnson, N.; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Vidal, A.; MacIntyre, I.; MacIntyre, R. (Eds.). Fighting poverty through sustainable water use: proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10-14 November 2008. Vol.1. Keynotes; Cross-cutting topics. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp.34-37.
Malaria ; Anopheles culicifacies ; Mosquitoes ; Disease vectors ; Reservoirs ; Dams ; Villages ; Surveys / Ethiopia / Koka Reservoir / Awash River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 333.91 G000 HUM Record No: H041678)
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/3706/IFWF2_proceedings_Volume%20I.pdf?sequence=1
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041678.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H041678.pdf
(7.964MB)
8 Ensink, Jeroen H. J.; Mukhtar, Muhammad; van der Hoek, Wim; Konradsen, F. 2007. Simple intervention to reduce mosquito breeding in waste stabilisation ponds. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101:1143-1146. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.07.007]
Wastewater ; Ponds ; Mosquitoes ; Waterborne diseases ; Control methods ; Environmental management / Pakistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042500)
(0.28 MB)
Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) are the preferred method for treatment of urban wastewater in low-income countries but, especially in arid regions, the pond systems can be important breeding sites for mosquitoes of medical importance. In a WSP system in Faisalabad, Pakistan, we assessed the impact of simple environmental interventions on mosquito occurrence and abundance. Reducing the amount of floating matter in the ponds, eliminating emergent vegetation and repairing cracks in the cement structure reduced the number of mosquito-positive samples in the intervention ponds to almost zero, whereas the control ponds had a significant number of positive samples. This suggests that a combination of simple low-cost interventions is a feasible environmental management strategy for vector control in WSP systems that are located in areas where medically important mosquitoes may breed in the shallow ponds.
9 Boelee, Eline; Laamrani, Hammou; Yohannes, M.; Poda, J. N.; Ouedraogo, J. B.; Zongo, D. 2009. Vector studies for water related diseases. In Andreini, Marc; Schuetz, Tonya; Harrington, Larry (Eds.). Small reservoirs toolkit, theme 3: ecosystems and health. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Brasilia, DF, Brasil: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados Center); Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe (UZ); Accra, Ghana: Ghana Water Research Institution (WRI); Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology (TUD); Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI); Marseille, France: Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Bonn, Germany: Center for Development Research, University of Bonn; Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell University. 13p.
Reservoirs ; Health hazards ; Waterborne diseases ; Disease vectors ; Mosquitoes ; Freshwater snails / Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H042669)
One of the health risks of small reservoirs is the potential for increased transmission of water-related diseases, in particular, parasitic infections dependent on water-based “vectors”. The design, use, and management of reservoirs all influence their suitability as breeding grounds for disease vectors. This tool describes the use of selected methods to help stakeholders understand the ecological preferences of vector organisms in relation to small reservoirs. This is an important step in identifying management options for environmental disease control.
10 McCartney, Matthew. 2009. Improved planning of large dam operation: using decision support systems to optimize livelihood benefits, safeguard health and protect the environment. CPWF project report, project number 36. Project completion report submitted to the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) Secretariat, December, 2009. 77p.
Dams ; Planning ; Operations ; Decision making ; Stakeholders ; Decision support tools ; Environmental impact assessment ; Social impact ; Environmental flows ; Malaria ; Mosquitoes ; Case studies ; Surveys ; Public health ; Farmers ; Irrigation schemes / Africa / Ethiopia / Nile River Basin / Lake Tana / Chara Chara Weir / Koga Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Record No: H042678)
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/WaterfoodCP/PN36_IWMI_ProjectReport_Dec09.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042678.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H042678.pdf
(1.44 MB)
This project was undertaken with the aim of providing information to assist policy-makers, water resource managers and other interested stakeholders in the planning and management of large dams in Africa. The project highlighted the importance of considering environmental and social (including health) issues in dam planning and operation and illustrated how contemporary Decision Support Systems can be used to assist decision making processes. Key project findings relate to: i) the importance of stakeholder involvement in decision-making and how to enhance it; ii) the effectiveness of EIA follow-up; iii) the malaria implications of large dam construction; iv) the simulation of environmental impacts of large dam development and v) estimates of environmental flows. Guidelines on the use of DSS for key aspects of dam planning and operation have been developed.
This project was a collaboration of three institutions: Addis-Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Southern Waters, Cape Town, South Africa; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Regional office for the Nile Basin and East Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
This project was a collaboration of three institutions: Addis-Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Southern Waters, Cape Town, South Africa; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Regional office for the Nile Basin and East Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
11 Cofie, Olufunke O.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Options for simple on-farm water treatment in developing countries: WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture: guidance note for national programme managers and engineers. 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; Rome Italy: FAO; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 8p.
Guidelines ; Water reuse ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Farm ponds ; Filtration ; Mosquitoes ; Disease vectors ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043117)
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/FLASH_OMS_WSHH_Guidance_note4_20100729_17092010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043117.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043117.pdf
(0.45 MB) (6.55MB)
12 Sujarahini, K.; Ramasamy, M.; Dharmaretnam, M. 2001. Night human biting mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon in Batticaloa (dry zone) of Sri Lanka. Journal of Science, Eastern University of Sri Lanka (JSc-EUSL), 2(1)16-25.
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: P 8026 Record No: H043325)
(0.62 MB)
13 Teklu, B. M.; Tekie, H.; McCartney, Matthew; Kibret, S. 2010. The effect of physical water quality and water level changes on the occurrence and density of Anopheles mosquito larvae around the shoreline of the Koka reservoir, central Ethiopia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(12):2595-2603. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2595-2010]
Mosquitoes ; Anopheles ; Breeding places ; Reservoirs ; Malaria / Africa / Ethiopia / Koka Reservoir / Ejersa Village / Kuma Village
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H043432)
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/2595/2010/hess-14-2595-2010.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043432.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H043432.pdf
(0.52 MB)
Entomological studies to determine the effect of the physical characteristics of mosquito larval breeding water bodies and reservoir water level changes on the occurrence of Anopheles mosquito larvae were conducted in two villages at Koka reservoir in central Ethiopia between August and December 2007. Of the two study villages, Ejersa is located close to the reservoir, and Kuma is 5 km away from it. Data on the type, number and physical characteristics of Anopheles larval breeding habitat, species composition and densities of anopheles mosquitoes in and around the study villages were investigated and recorded. Meteorological and reservoir water level data were compared with availability of Anopheles larval breeding sites and densities. Entomological data, derived from weekly larval collections, showed that Anopheles pharoensis Theobald, Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles, Anopheles coustani Laveran and Anopheles squamosus Theobald were breeding in the study area. The mean larval density of An. gambiae s.l. in this study was higher in slightly turbid and shallow aquatic habitat than in turbid and relatively deep aquatic habitat. The density of An. pharoensis in habitat with floating vegetation and with relatively shady conditions was significantly higher than that of less shaded aquatic habitat and greater emergent vegetation. There was also a positive correlation between the occurrence of Anopheles larvae with the water and daily minimum atmospheric temperature. Similarly at Ejersa, over the sampling period, there was a positive correlation between falling reservoir water levels and the number of positive breeding habitats. These results confirm that physical characteristics of the water bodies play an important role in the species composition, total Anopheles larval count, and the density of Anopheles mosquitoes. Suitable breeding habitat in the vicinity of the reservoir village was strongly associated with the reservoir. This is particularly important for An. pharoensis and An. gambiae s.l. which are important vectors of malaria in the area.
14 van der Hoek, Wim. (Ed.) 2002. Malaria and agriculture: abstracts for the SIMA Special Seminar at the 3rd MIM Pan-African Conference on Malaria, Arusha, Tanzania, 20 November 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 19p. (SIMA Document 4)
Vectorborne diseases ; Malaria ; Anopheles gambiae ; Mosquitoes ; Breeding ; Rice ; Irrigation methods ; Irrigated farming ; Environmental effects ; Social aspects / Ivory Coast / China / Ghana / Madagascar / Africa / Benin / Togo / Mali / Peru / Sichuan Province / Savannah Zone / Forest Zone / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044359)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/sima/FILES/word/sima%20doc%204.doc
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044359.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044359.pdf
(0.07 MB) (104KB)
15 Mukhtar, M.; Ensink, J.; Van der Hoek, W.; Amerasinghe, F. P.; Konradsen, F. 2006. Importance of waste stabilization ponds and wastewater irrigation in the generation of vector mosquitoes in Pakistan. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43(5):996-1003.
Wastewater irrigation ; Waste treatment ; Ponds ; Vectorborne diseases ; Public health ; Mosquitoes ; Culex ; Anopheles ; Water quality / Pakistan / Faisalabad
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044368)
(0.09 MB)
The objective of the current study was to investigate the role of waste stabilization ponds (WSP) and wastewater-irrigated sites for the production of mosquitoes of medical importance. Mosquito larvae were collected fortnightly from July 2001 to June 2002 in Faisalabad, Pakistan. In total, 3,132 water samples from WSP and irrigated areas yielded 606,053 Culex larvae of Þve species. In addition, 107,113 anophelines, representing eight species were collected. Anopheles subpictus (Grassi) and Culex mosquitoes, especially Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles), showed an overwhelming preference for anaerobic ponds, which receive untreated wastewater. Facultative ponds generated lower numbers of both Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, whereas the last ponds in the series, the maturation ponds, were the least productive for both mosquito genera. An. subpictus and Anopheles stephensi (Liston) were the dominant Anopheles species in wastewaterirrigated sites, with Anopheles culicifacies (Giles) recorded in low numbers. This was also the pattern in nearby sites, irrigated with river water. Among the Culex species, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was by far the most frequently recorded in both wastewater- and river water-irrigated sites with Cx. quinquefasciatus as the second most abundant species but restricted to wastewater-irrigated areas. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that presence of An. subpictus and Culex mosquitoes was signiÞcantly associated with emergent grass vegetation and low salinity. Regular removal of emergent grass along the margins of the anaerobic ponds and changes in the concrete design of the ponds are likely to reduce the mosquito production, especially of Culex species.
16 Kibret, Solomon; Lautze, Jonathan; Boelee, Eline; McCartney, Matthew. 2012. How does an Ethiopian dam increase malaria?: entomological determinants around the Koka Reservoir. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 17(11):1320-1328. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03077.x]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H045057)
(0.21 MB)
Objectives: To identify entomological determinants of increased malaria transmission in the vicinity of the Koka reservoir in Central Ethiopia.Methods: Larval and adult mosquitoes were collected between August 2006 and December 2007 in villages close to (<1 km) and farther away from (>6 km) the Koka reservoir. Adult mosquitoes were tested for the source of blood meal and sporozoites.Results: In reservoir villages, shoreline puddles and seepage at the base of the dam were the most productive Anopheles-breeding habitats. In villages farther from the dam (control villages), rain pools were important breeding habitats. About five times more mature anopheline larvae and six times more adult anophelines were found in the villages near the reservoir. Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis were the most abundant species in the reservoir villages throughout the study period. The majority of adult and larval anophelines were collected during the peak malaria transmission season (September–October). Blood meal tests suggested that A. arabiensis fed on humans more commonly (74.6%) than A. pharoensis (62.3%). Plasmodium falciparum-infected A. arabiensis (0.97–1.32%) and A. pharoensis (0.47–0.70%) were present in the reservoir villages. No P. falciparum-infected anophelines were present in the control villages.Conclusions: The Koka reservoir contributes to increased numbers of productive Anopheles-breeding sites. This is the likely the cause for the greater abundance of malaria vectors and higher number of malaria cases evidenced in the reservoir villages. Complementing current malaria control strategies with source reduction interventions should be considered to reduce malaria in the vicinity of the reservoir.
17 Kibret, S.; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew; Nhamo, Luxon; Yan, G. 2019. Malaria around large dams in Africa: effect of environmental and transmission endemicity factors. Malaria Journal, 18:1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5]
Malaria ; Vector-borne diseases ; Dams ; Environmental effects ; Disease transmission ; Endemics ; Mosquitoes ; Anopheles ; Breeding habitats ; Water reservoirs ; Slope ; Topography ; Climatic data ; Communities ; Health hazards / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049330)
https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
(3.62 MB) (3.62 MB)
Background: The impact of large dams on malaria has received widespread attention. However, understanding how dam topography and transmission endemicity influence malaria incidences is limited.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
18 Frake, A. N.; Namaona, W.; Walker, E. D.; Messina, J. P. 2020. Estimating spatio-temporal distributions of mosquito breeding pools in irrigated agricultural schemes: a case study at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme. Malaria Journal, 19:38. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-3113-3]
Mosquitoes ; Breeding seasons ; Estimation ; Malaria ; Anthropogenic factors ; Wet season ; Dry season ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation schemes ; Health hazards ; Case studies ; Models / Malawi / Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme / Bwanje Dam
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049855)
https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-020-3113-3
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049855.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049855.pdf
(6.05 MB) (6.05 MB)
Background
The association between irrigation and the proliferation of adult mosquitoes including malaria vectors is well known; however, irrigation schemes are treated as homogenous spatio-temporal units, with little consideration for how larval breeding varies across space and time. The objective of this study was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of pools of water facilitating breeding at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme (BVIS) in Malawi, Africa as a function of environmental and anthropogenic characteristics.
Methods
Irrigation structure and land cover were quantified during the dry and rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, respectively. These data were combined with soil type, irrigation scheduling, drainage, and maintenance to model suitability for mosquito breeding across the landscape under three scenarios: rainy season, dry season with limited water resources, and a dry season with abundant water resources.
Results
Results demonstrate seasonal, asymmetrical breeding potential and areas of maximum breeding potential as a function of environmental characteristics and anthropogenic influence in each scenario. The highest percentage of suitable area for breeding occurs during the rainy season; however, findings show that it is not merely the amount of water in an irrigated landscape, but the management of water resources that determines the aggregation of water bodies. In each scenario, timing and direction of irrigation along with inefficient drainage render the westernmost portion of BVIS the area of highest breeding opportunity, which expands and contracts seasonally in response to water resource availability and management decisions.
Conclusions
Changes in the geography of breeding potential across irrigated spaces can have profound effects on the distribution of malaria risk for those living in close proximity to irrigated agricultural schemes. The methods presented are generalizable across geographies for estimating spatio-temporal distributions of breeding risk for mosquitoes in irrigated schemes, presenting an opportunity for greater geographically targeted strategies for management.
The association between irrigation and the proliferation of adult mosquitoes including malaria vectors is well known; however, irrigation schemes are treated as homogenous spatio-temporal units, with little consideration for how larval breeding varies across space and time. The objective of this study was to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of pools of water facilitating breeding at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme (BVIS) in Malawi, Africa as a function of environmental and anthropogenic characteristics.
Methods
Irrigation structure and land cover were quantified during the dry and rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, respectively. These data were combined with soil type, irrigation scheduling, drainage, and maintenance to model suitability for mosquito breeding across the landscape under three scenarios: rainy season, dry season with limited water resources, and a dry season with abundant water resources.
Results
Results demonstrate seasonal, asymmetrical breeding potential and areas of maximum breeding potential as a function of environmental characteristics and anthropogenic influence in each scenario. The highest percentage of suitable area for breeding occurs during the rainy season; however, findings show that it is not merely the amount of water in an irrigated landscape, but the management of water resources that determines the aggregation of water bodies. In each scenario, timing and direction of irrigation along with inefficient drainage render the westernmost portion of BVIS the area of highest breeding opportunity, which expands and contracts seasonally in response to water resource availability and management decisions.
Conclusions
Changes in the geography of breeding potential across irrigated spaces can have profound effects on the distribution of malaria risk for those living in close proximity to irrigated agricultural schemes. The methods presented are generalizable across geographies for estimating spatio-temporal distributions of breeding risk for mosquitoes in irrigated schemes, presenting an opportunity for greater geographically targeted strategies for management.
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