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1 Kehrein, P.; van Loosdrecht, M.; Osseweijer, P.; Garfí, M.; Dewulf, J.; Posada, J. 2020. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants - market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 6(4):877-910. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00905A]
Municipal wastewater ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Technology ; Water reuse ; Health hazards ; Fertilizers ; Membrane filtration ; Oxidation ; Sewage sludge ; Waste incineration ; Cellulose ; Energy recovery ; Methane ; Biogas ; Thermal energy ; Nutrients ; Markets ; Policies / Netherlands / Belgium / Flanders
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049692)
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ew/c9ew00905a
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049692.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049692.pdf
(2.11 MB) (2.11 MB)
In recent decades, academia has elaborated a wide range of technological solutions to recover water, energy, fertiliser and other products from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Drivers for this work range from low resource recovery potential and cost effectiveness, to the high energy demands and large environmental footprints of current treatment-plant designs. However, only a few technologies have been implemented and a shift from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource facilities still seems far away. This critical review aims to inform decision-makers in water management utilities about the vast technical possibilities and market supply potentials, as well as the bottlenecks, related to the design or redesign of a municipal wastewater treatment process from a resource recovery perspective. Information and data have been extracted from literature to provide a holistic overview of this growing research field. First, reviewed data is used to calculate the potential of 11 resources recoverable from municipal wastewater treatment plants to supply national resource consumption. Depending on the resource, the supply potential may vary greatly. Second, resource recovery technologies investigated in academia are reviewed comprehensively and critically. The third section of the review identifies nine non-technical bottlenecks mentioned in literature that have to be overcome to successfully implement these technologies into wastewater treatment process designs. The bottlenecks are related to economics and value chain development, environment and health, and society and policy issues. Considering market potentials, technological innovations, and addressing potential bottlenecks early in the planning and process design phase, may facilitate the design and integration of water resource facilities and contribute to more circular urban water management practices.
2 Ali, M.; Hong, P.-Y.; Mishra, H.; Vrouwenvelder, J.; Saikaly, P. E. 2022. Adopting the circular model: opportunities and challenges of transforming wastewater treatment plants into resource recovery factories in Saudi Arabia. Water Reuse, 12(3):346-365. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.038]
Circular economy ; Models ; Resource recovery ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Water reuse ; Freshwater ; Municipal wastewater ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Water demand ; Technology ; Sludge ; Seawater ; Bioplastics ; Cellulose ; Ammonium ; Phosphates ; Infrastructure / Saudi Arabia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051475)
https://iwaponline.com/jwrd/article-pdf/12/3/346/1113980/jwrd0120346.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051475.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051475.pdf
(1.28 MB) (1.28 MB)
With the ever-growing population, water, energy, and resources need to be used carefully, reused, and renewed. There is an increasing global interest in resource recovery from ‘waste’, which is driven by sustainability and environmental concerns and motivated by the potential for economic benefits. A new era in waste (water) management is being realized where wastewater treatment is becoming part of the circular economy by integrating the production of reusable water with energy and resource recovery. In this new perspective, wastewater is no longer seen as a waste to be treated with energy expenditure but rather as a valuable source of freshwater, energy, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous), and materials (e.g., bioplastics, cellulose fibres, and alginate). In this review paper, the conversion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into resource recovery factories (RRFs) is presented as one of the ways forward to achieve a circular economy in the water sector for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The advanced technologies, some highlighted in the article, can be installed, integrated, or retrofitted into existing WWTPs to create RRFs enabling the recovery of freshwater, cellulose, alginate-like exopolymers (bio-ALE), and biogas from municipal wastewater achieving climate neutrality, decarbonization, and production of new and promising resources. The article highlights the need for modular, adaptive, and/or decentralized approaches using sustainable technologies such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS)-gravity-driven membrane (AGS-GDM), anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactor (AnEMBR), and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for conducive localized water reuse. The increase in reuse will reduce the pressure on non-renewable water resources and decrease dependency on the energy-intensive desalination process. This article also outlines the water challenges that are arising in KSA and what are the major water research programmes/themes undertaken to address these major challenges.
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