Your search found 10 records
1 Kafle, Kashi; Paliwal, N.; Benfica, R. 2019. Who works in agriculture?: exploring the dynamics of youth involvement in the agri-food systems of Tanzania and Malawi. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 40p. (IFAD Research Series 36)
Agricultural sector ; Youth employment ; Participation ; Agrifood systems ; Rural urban relations ; Agricultural unemployment ; Labour ; Farmers ; Population ; Age structure ; Age groups ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Models / United Republic of Tanzania / Malawi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049175)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/41094871/36_research.pdf/a7be58db-7159-2719-040f-beeec6b40f3f
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049175.pdf
(1.07 MB) (1.07 MB)
This analysis examines the dynamics of employment in agriculture and the agri-food system in Tanzania and Malawi by assessing the population age structure and movements of youth (aged 15-24) and young adults (aged 25-34) in and out of agriculture and the agri-food system. Using internationally comparable integrated household and agriculture surveys, we discover that the average age of a person who works in farming as own-farm labour is 34 years in Tanzania and 31 years in Malawi. Examination of the movements into and out of the agri-food system demonstrates a high degree of short-term stability of youth and young adult participation in farming in both countries. Specifically, 59 per cent of rural Tanzanian youth and 56 per cent of rural Malawian youth are consistently engaged in farming. Yet there is considerable mobility between different sectors of employment. More than 57 per cent of the youth cohort that was not involved in the agri-food system during the baseline entered the sector in the subsequent wave, and 12 per cent of those involved in the agri-food system during the baseline moved out of the sector in the subsequent wave. Even though the high degree of stability in farming participation is encouraging, it is likely that the poor economic prospects outside farming are what is driving strong participation in single-occupation farming. Given that increasing youth employment is a priority public policy for the Governments of Tanzania and Malawi, it is recommended that the countries attempt to diversify the rural economy by developing the many economic opportunities within the agri-food system.
2 Kafle, Kashi; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Horbulyk, Ted. 2019. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: a profile of affected districts reliant on groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 694:133767. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133767]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Drinking water ; Cooking ; Households ; Gender ; Public health ; Diabetes ; Hypertension / Sri Lanka / Mullaitivu / Vavuniya / Trincomalee / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Matale / Ampara / Badulla / Monaragala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049322)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719337088/pdfft?md5=b382fae99c90fac17e9317a17f42a220&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969719337088-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049322.pdf
(1.40 MB) (1.40 MB)
This analysis provides new estimates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence – including CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) – across ten districts most affected by CKD in Sri Lanka, including an examination of rural households' historical reliance on groundwater consumption. A carefully designed household survey provides information on whether these households self-reported having a member in the decade prior to 2018, who had been clinically diagnosed with CKD. Households were classified according to whether or not they had used groundwater (from household wells, agro-wells or springs) as their primary source for drinking or cooking for at least five years between 1999 and 2018. More than 98% of households reported having consumed groundwater as their primary source of drinking or cooking water for at least five of those years and >15% of households reported having at least one CKD-affected member in the ten-year period up to 2018, but these numbers varied across and within districts. The reported characteristics of symptomatic individuals reveal that the incidence of CKD was significantly higher among females (62%) than males (38%). In addition to CKD, about 63% of symptomatic individuals had hypertension and about one-third of them also had diabetes. About 33% of the symptomatic individuals had neither diabetes nor hypertension, where this group most closely fits commonly used definitions of CKDu. With a survey response of over 8000 households comprising as many as 30,000 individuals, these data illustrate the scale of CKD in the most-affected districts of Sri Lanka on an aggregate basis as well as revealing differences across districts and at the sub-district level.
3 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Kafle, Kashi; Stifel, David. 2019. Increasing irrigation efficiency in Jordan: demand and supply side constraints and opportunities. Report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Mercy Corps’ “Water Innovation Technologies” Project. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 58p.
Irrigation efficiency ; Water management ; Irrigation practices ; Supply balance ; Constraints ; Technology ; Farm management ; Water conservation ; Agriculture ; Water use ; Groundwater table ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation equipment ; Pumping ; Maintenance ; Farmers ; Large farms ; Small farms ; Information needs / Jordan / Azraq / Mafraq
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049502)
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049502.pdf
(2.02 MB)
4 Kafle, Kashi; Benfica, R.; Winters, P. 2020. Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 102(3):999-1019. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajae.12007]
Migration ; Deprivation ; Household consumption ; Expenditure ; Migrants ; Living standards ; Socioeconomic environment ; Economic aspects ; Models / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Ethiopia / Malawi / Nigeria / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049532)
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H049532.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049532.pdf
(0.54 MB)
This analysis revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that migration is driven by absolute income maximization, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration decisions. Using per capita consumption expenditure and multidimensional wealth index as well-being measures, we find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its absolute well-being level but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the community in which it resides. We also discover that the effect of relative deprivation on migration is amplified in rural, agricultural, and male-headed households. Results are robust to alternative specifications including the use of Hausman Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV) estimator and pooled data across the five countries. Results confirm that the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship also holds in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that policies designed to check rural–urban migration through rural transformation and poverty reduction programs should use caution because such programs can increase economic inequality, which further increases migration flow.
5 Balasubramanya, Soumya; Stifel, David; Horbulyk, Ted; Kafle, Kashi. 2020. Chronic kidney disease and household behaviors in Sri Lanka: historical choices of drinking water and agrochemical use. Economics and Human Biology, 37:100862. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100862]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Drinking water treatment ; Groundwater ; Public health ; Risk factors ; Households ; Behaviour ; Agricultural practices ; Agrochemicals ; Farmland ; Water supply ; Wells ; Water purification ; Reverse osmosis ; Socioeconomic environment ; Rural areas ; Models / Sri Lanka / Mullaitivu / Vavuniya / Trincomalee / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Matale / Ampara / Badulla / Monaragala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049541)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X19302576/pdfft?md5=493e1025b9a9e466cbbde1bcad6be90c&pid=1-s2.0-S1570677X19302576-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049541.pdf
(1.37 MB) (1.37 MB)
This paper examines whether there are systematic differences in the historical behaviors of households that are affected and unaffected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Sri Lanka pertaining to their water source choices, water treatment practices, and agrochemical use. This analysis is motivated by the Sri Lankan government’s largest policy response to this epidemic – to encourage communities to switch from untreated well water to publicly provided alternatives. We use recall methods to elicit information on the drinking water source and treatment choices of households over an 18-year period from 2000– 2017. Our analysis is based on a survey of 1497 rural ground-water dependent households in the most CKD-affected areas of the 10 districts of Sri Lanka with the highest prevalence of CKD. Our main findings are that (a) households that have ever used a pump to extract (typically deep) drinking water from a household well are more likely to be affected by CKD; (b) we fail to find a relationship between disease status and households’ use of buckets to extract (typically shallow) groundwater from their wells; and (c) those who have ever treated their shallow well water by boiling it are less likely to be affected by CKD. We also find that a greater share of CKD affected households historically used agrochemicals, used wells that were geographically removed from surface water sources, and displayed lower proxies of wealth. The implications of these findings are fourfold. First, since the systematic differences in the historical patterns of water sources and treatments used by CKD affected and non-affected households are modest, the sources of water and the treatment practices themselves may not be the sole risk factors in developing CKD. Second, although we find a negative association between boiling water and the probability of CKD, it is not obvious that a public policy campaign to promote boiling water is an appropriate response. Third, the hydrochemistry of deep and shallow well water needs to be better understood in order to shed light on the positive relationship between deep well water and disease status, and on why boiling shallow but not deep well water is associated with a lower probability of CKD. Fourth, there is a need for a deeper understanding of other risk factors and of the efficacy of preventative programs that provide alternative sources of household drinking water.
6 Kafle, Kashi; Omotilewa, Oluwatoba; Leh, Mansoor. 2020. Who benefits from farmer-led irrigation expansion in Ethiopia?. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: African Development Bank (AfDB). 42p. (African Development Bank Working Paper 341)
Groundwater irrigation ; Farmer managed irrigation systems ; Socioeconomic environment ; Land suitability ; Solar energy ; Agricultural practices ; Crops ; Diversification ; Cultivation ; Land use ; Pumps ; Households ; Living standards ; Population density ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Investment / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050118)
https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/wps_no_341_who_benefits_from_farmer-led_irrigation_expansion_in_ethiopia.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050118.pdf
(2.04 MB) (2.04 MB)
Despite increasing popularity of farmer-led irrigation in Ethiopia, little is known about socio-economics of farmers who receive public support in accelerating its expansion. We investigate this question by combining spatial land suitability for groundwater- and solar irrigation with pre-existing socioeconomic data. We find that if public support in farmer-led irrigation expansion were to be provided to farmers who own land areas that are also spatially highly suitable for irrigation, high-value crop cultivators and wealthier farmers would most likely benefit from such investments. Specifically, we find evidence that farmers in land areas more suitable for groundwater irrigation cultivated more high value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and cash crops. Cultivation of staple crops such as cereals, oilseeds, legumes and root crops were negatively associated with groundwater irrigation suitability. In addition, we find a positive correlation between farmers’ wealth status (measured by consumption expenditure, asset index, and land size) and groundwater irrigation suitability. Controlling for regional differences and current irrigation coverage, one percent increase in irrigation suitability score was associated with 0.2% increase in per-capita consumption expenditure. Land areas that were suitable for irrigation were more likely to belong to large-holders than smallholders. Results imply that policies which aim to facilitate farmer-led irrigation development in Ethiopia should not rely only on spatial suitability for irrigation. Household socio-economics and existing agricultural practices are equally important.
7 Horbulyk, Theodore; Kafle, Kashi; Balasubramanya, Soumya. 2021. Community response to the provision of alternative water supplies: a focus on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in rural Sri Lanka. Water International, 46(1):37-58. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1868124]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Aetiology ; Water supply ; Drinking water ; Water use ; Reverse osmosis ; Rainwater ; Wells ; Rural communities ; Households ; Risk assessment ; Safety ; Decision making ; Villages ; Institutions ; Nongovernmental organizations / Sri Lanka / Mullaitivu / Vavuniya / Trincomalee / Anuradhapura / Polonnaruwa / Kurunegala / Matale / Ampara / Badulla / Monaragala
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050264)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508060.2020.1868124?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050264.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
Until recently, households in the most chronic kidney disease-affected rural areas of Sri Lanka used untreated groundwater for drinking and cooking, but, by 2018, that share was only 35%. About 50% of households consume water treated by reverse osmosis; others rely on piped water, water delivery by tanker and rainwater harvesting. Based on a new and representative survey of 1500 households, households’ propensities to treat drinking water and adopt improved water sources are shown to be associated with their perceptions of water safety and trust in the institutions that provide alternatives to untreated well water.
8 Kafle, Kashi; Songsermsawas, T.; Winters, P. 2021. Impacts of agricultural value chain development in a mountainous region: evidence from Nepal. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 33p. (IFAD Research Series 65)
Agricultural value chains ; Farm income ; Small scale systems ; Smallholders ; Market access ; Household income ; Food security ; Dietary diversity ; Resilience ; Rural poverty ; Commodities ; Agricultural prices ; Price indices ; Food insecurity ; Livestock ; Highlands ; Villages ; Minority groups ; Women ; Econometric models / Nepal / Karnali / Achham / Dailekh / Jajarkot / Jumla / Kalikot / Salyan / Surkhet
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050432)
https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/42926104/research_65.pdf/74dee600-7e5e-98ea-944d-d5d10bbc0eae?t=1620738318823
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050432.pdf
(1.65 MB) (1.65 MB)
This analysis investigates the potential mechanism and the practical significance of the impacts of agricultural value chain development in a geographically challenging rural area of a developing country. We use data from a carefully designed primary survey administered in the hill and mountainous region in Western Nepal. Using the inverse probability weighted regression adjustment method, we show that linking small-scale producers with regional and local traders can help increase agricultural income. We unpack the potential mechanism of the impact pathway and show that the increase in agricultural income is a consequence of higher agricultural revenues, owing to a higher volume of sales at lower prices. We argue that value chain intervention in rural areas, where land is not fully exploited, can lead to acreage expansion or crop switching, which eventually results in higher supply at lower output prices. The positive impact on household income is practically significant in that it translated into improved food security, dietary diversity and household resilience. These findings are robust to various specifications. Targeted value chain interventions that strengthen and stabilize small-scale producers’ access to markets can contribute to rural poverty reduction via an increase in agricultural income.
9 Kafle, Kashi; Omotilewa, O.; Leh, Mansoor; Schmitter, Petra. 2022. Who is likely to benefit from public and private sector investments in farmer-led irrigation development? Evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Development Studies, 58(1):55-75. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1939866]
Farmer-led irrigation ; Public sector ; Private sector ; Investment ; Groundwater irrigation ; Land suitability ; Socioeconomic environment ; Smallholders ; Microirrigation ; Irrigation systems ; Solar energy ; Household consumption ; Assets ; Crop production ; Rural areas / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050546)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00220388.2021.1939866
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050546.pdf
(3.69 MB) (3.69 MB)
In recent years, farmer-led irrigation development has gained the interest of development partners and governments in the Global South following its success in enhancing agricultural production and livelihoods in South Asia. However, little is known about the socio-economic situation of farmers who receive public support for its expansion. Considering its rapid expansion in sub-Saharan Africa, we take the case of Ethiopia and explore the relationship between irrigation suitability and farmers’ socio-economic status. We find that high-value crop producers and wealthier farmers are most likely to make private investments and also benefit from public support in farmer-led irrigation expansion if investments are directed to land areas highly suitable for irrigation. Cultivation of high-value crops (fruit, vegetables) was common in areas more suitable for irrigation but staple crop cultivation (cereals, legumes) was negatively associated with irrigation suitability. Wealth status (consumption expenditure, asset index, and land size) was also positively correlated with irrigation suitability. A 10 per cent increase in groundwater irrigation suitability score was associated with a 2 per cent increase in per-capita consumption expenditure. Results imply that policies aiming to facilitate farmer-led irrigation development should combine biophysical information on land and water suitability for irrigation with household socio-economic characteristics and existing agricultural systems.
10 Kafle, Kashi; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Stifel, D.; Khadka, Manohara. 2024. Solar-powered irrigation in Nepal: implications for fossil fuel use and groundwater extraction. Environmental Research Letters, 19(8):084012. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5f46]
Solar powered irrigation systems ; Fossil fuels ; Groundwater ; Water extraction ; Pumps ; Energy consumption ; Government ; Subsidies ; Social networks ; Equity ; Farmers ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; Policies / Nepal / Koshi / Madhesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052991)
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5f46/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052991.pdf
(1.82 MB) (1.82 MB)
In recent years, use of solar-powered irrigation pumps (SIPs) has increased significantly in the agricultural plains (terai) of Nepal. Federal and local governments there have subsidized the pumps in an effort to expand irrigated agriculture using renewable energy. We use data from a cross-sectional survey of 656 farming households in the terai to examine how SIPs affect fossil fuel use and groundwater extraction. We find that most SIP users continued to use their fossil-fuel pumps, as very few completely replaced them with solar pumps. Farmers who received SIPs operated their irrigation pumps more hours than those who did not receive SIPs. Taken together, these findings suggest that groundwater use has increased, as SIP recipients ‘stack’ their pumps. We also find that solar pumps were more likely to be owned by richer households and those with better social networks than those who were poorer and had relative social disadvantage. As Nepal expands the use of solar pumps in agriculture, policy efforts may benefit from managing expectations about the carbon-mitigation potential of this technology, managing groundwater risks as SIP use expands, and making SIPs more inclusive.
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