Your search found 22 records
1 Campbell, L.; Suhardiman, Diana; Giordano, M.; McCornick, Peter. 2015. Environmental impact assessment: theory, practice and implications for Mekong hydropower debate. International Journal of Water Governance, 4:93-116. [doi: https://doi.org/10.7564/14-IJWG65]
Environmental impact assessment ; Environmental management ; Water power ; Public relations ; Participation ; International organizations ; Financial institutions ; Social impact ; River basins ; Funding ; Donors ; Investment ; Decision making ; Government agencies / Southeast Asia / Southeast Asia / Myanmar / Lao People's Democratic Republic / Thailand / Cambodia / Vietnam / Mekong Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047366)
(0.19 MB)
Hydropower development in the Lower Mekong Basin is occurring at a rapid pace. With partial funding from international financial institutions has come pressure on the riparian governments to ensure that the potential environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects are properly considered. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the primary environmental management tools being proposed to fulfill these obligations. This article highlights some of the challenges that are inherent in applying EIA in the Mekong context through critical analysis of both its conceptual and institutional aspects. The main argument of the article is that while EIA application indicates a certain degree of environmental consideration, it is not necessarily sufficient to ensure good environmental practices. Lending institutions such as the World Bank have identified lack of implementation capacity as the biggest constraint to effective EIAs. Focusing on Laos, we show how EIA application should be equipped with necessary institutional arrangements and a transparent public participation process. This will ultimately require a shift within the region to allow environmental and social issues to be given significant weight.
2 Kumwenda, Ian; van Koppen, Barbara; Matete, Mampiti; Nhamo, Luxon. 2015. Trends and Outlook: Agricultural Water Management in southern Africa. Country report - Malawi. [Project report submitted to United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) Feed the Future Program]. Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 52p.
Agriculture ; Water management ; Sustainability ; Water resources ; Water policy ; Climate change ; Irrigation development ; Public investment ; Donors ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Irrigated land ; Irrigation schemes ; Water supply ; Self help ; Agroindustrial sector ; Living standards ; Farmers ; Poverty ; Case studies / Southern Africa / Malawi / Lilongwe / Salima / Ngolowindo Irrigation Scheme / Tapempha Farm Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047386)
(1.92 MB)
3 Zawe, Conrade; Madyiwa, Simon; Matete, Mampiti. 2015. Trends and Outlook: Agricultural Water Management in southern Africa. Country report - Zimbabwe. [Project report submitted to United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) Feed the Future Program]. Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 53p.
Irrigated farming ; Water management ; Sustainability ; Irrigation development ; History ; Irrigated land ; Water availability ; Irrigation schemes ; Sprinkler irrigation ; Public investment ; Donors ; Financing ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Poverty ; Policy ; Case studies / Southern Africa / Zimbabwe / Mutoko / Marondera / Chitora Irrigation Scheme / Chisango Irrigation Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047387)
(2.10 MB)
4 Dukhovny, V. A.; Sokolov, V. I.; Ziganshina, D. R. 2016. The role of donors in addressing water problems in Central Asia. Irrigation and Drainage, 65(Supplement S1):79-85. (Special issue: Selected Papers of the ICID Gwangju Congress by Asian Authors). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1913]
Research programmes ; Development aid ; Donors ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Funding ; International waters ; International cooperation ; International organizations ; World Bank / Central Asia / Aral Sea Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047803)
(0.63 MB)
This paper examines the role of donors in addressing a complex set of water-related challenges in Central Asia and draws some lessons with a view to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of development assistance in the region.
In the first years following independence, collaboration between the republics was strongly supported by development agencies under the leadership of the World Bank. This effort was marked by the establishment of the Interstate Fund of saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) and the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC ICWC) in Central Asia, preparation and signing of interstate agreements in 1993 and 1994, as well as development of a regional water strategy.
Despite significant donor contribution, the last several years have also demonstrated weaknesses in donors’ activities in the region, which is especially discouraging, given the increased tensions over competing uses of water for hydropower upstream and irrigation and ecosystem demands downstream. Among the main weaknesses are:
- lack of sound coordination
- avoidable involvement of international experts and ignorance of local capacity
- cut in support of regional water-related projects
Given the above, donors should rethink their development assistance policies in the region in order to encourage more active interaction between the countries for the benefit of people and the environment.
In the first years following independence, collaboration between the republics was strongly supported by development agencies under the leadership of the World Bank. This effort was marked by the establishment of the Interstate Fund of saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) and the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SIC ICWC) in Central Asia, preparation and signing of interstate agreements in 1993 and 1994, as well as development of a regional water strategy.
Despite significant donor contribution, the last several years have also demonstrated weaknesses in donors’ activities in the region, which is especially discouraging, given the increased tensions over competing uses of water for hydropower upstream and irrigation and ecosystem demands downstream. Among the main weaknesses are:
- lack of sound coordination
- avoidable involvement of international experts and ignorance of local capacity
- cut in support of regional water-related projects
Given the above, donors should rethink their development assistance policies in the region in order to encourage more active interaction between the countries for the benefit of people and the environment.
5 Scanlon, T.; Uguru, O. P.; Jafry, T.; Chinsinga, B.; Mvula, P.; Chunga, J.; Zimba, L. M.; Mwape, M.; Nyundo, L.; Mwiinga, B.; Chungu, K. 2016. The role of social actors in water access in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Malawi and Zambia. Water Resources and Rural Development, 8:25-36. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2016.08.001]
Water availability ; Water supply ; Social groups ; Water governance ; Public sector ; Private sector ; Ownership ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Environmental effects ; Deforestation ; Technology ; Political aspects ; Donors ; Funding ; Human rights ; Delinquent behavior ; Rural communities ; Urban areas / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047917)
(0.57 MB)
Access to water in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to be a challenge to the extent that there are more people without access to water in 2015 than in 1990. This indicates that current approaches to water provision have been ineffective. Governments have failed to provide a structure, mechanisms or approaches that guarantee water for ALL, resulting in a vacuum which has been ‘filled’ by a number of social actors (NGOs, Faith Based Organisations, Donors). This paper examines the social actors involved in water access and provision in Malawi and Zambia, analysing the existing methods and approaches used by them in the sector. It seeks increased understanding of the contributions and the nature of influence of each social actor group. This was achieved by collecting data on social actors through a combination of methods: focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and workshops. Social actor analyses of the data shaped the findings. The findings indicate that water provision is multifaceted requiring improved coordination and cooperation among social actors to streamline and focus on the provision of for ALL. It draws attention to the need for Governments to take a leading role by facilitating long term investment in the sector and promoting initiatives which incorporate the right to water access. It concludes that in order to achieve universal access to water, a new perception of rights and responsibilities is vital in communities, donors, NGOs and the public sector as one step towards reducing the number of people without water in the future.
6 Venot, J.-P.; Kuper, M.; Zwarteveen, M. (Eds.) 2017. Drip irrigation for agriculture: untold stories of efficiency, innovation and development. Oxon, UK: Routledge. 341p. (Earthscan Studies in Water Resource Management)
Drip irrigation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation efficiency ; Innovation ; Irrigation programs ; Development projects ; Irrigation systems ; Groundwater ; Water conservation ; Collective behaviour ; Social participation ; Modernization ; Appropriate technology ; Costs ; Irrigation equipment ; Investment ; Exports ; Agricultural policy ; Agrarian reform ; Gender ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Entrepreneurs ; Small farms ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Donors ; State intervention ; Subsidies ; Green revolution ; Deserts ; Case studies / Africa / Burkina Faso / Algeria / Zambia / Morocco / Chile / Peru / Mexico / India / Saiss Region / Guanajuato / Gujarat / Bittit Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: 631.587 G000 VEN Record No: H048261)
(0.37 MB)
7 Weiler, F.; Klock, C.; Dornan, M. 2018. Vulnerability, good governance, or donor interests?: the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. World Development, 104:65-77. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.001]
Climate change adaptation ; Development aid ; Donors ; Funding ; Financing ; Governance ; Developing countries ; Indicators ; Gross national product ; Political aspects ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048698)
(0.99 MB)
Developed countries provide increasing amounts of aid to assist developing countries adapt to the impacts of climate change. How do they distribute this aid? While donors agreed to prioritise "particularly vulnerable" countries, we know from the general aid allocation literature that donors (also) use aid as a foreign policy tool to promote their own economic and political goals. In this paper, we analyse data on bilateral adaptation aid from 2010 through 2015 to assess to what extent adaptation aid is provided in response to recipient need (that is, vulnerability to climate change impacts) as opposed to recipient merit (that is, good governance) and donors’ interests. In contrast to previous research, we find that donors partly take into account vulnerability to climate change. Countries that are physically more exposed to climate change tend to be more likely to receive some adaptation aid and also receive more adaptation aid per capita, as do poorer countries, small island developing states and—to a lesser extent—least developed countries. Countries with lower adaptive capacity, however, do not receive more adaptation aid; instead, donors reward well-governed countries with adaptation aid as well as use adaptation aid to promote their own economic interests. Furthermore, adaptation aid flows very closely follow general development aid flows. The extent to which adaptation aid is new and additional thus remains unclear.
8 Humphreys, E.; Schwartz, K. 2018. In the shadow of the city: financing water infrastructure in small towns in Burkina Faso. Water Policy, 20(S1):69-83. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.005]
Water resources development ; Public finance ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Towns ; Rural areas ; Water institutions ; Corporate culture ; Water user associations ; Municipal governments ; Central government ; Expenditure ; Projects ; Partnerships ; Donors ; Funding ; Case studies / Burkina Faso / Hounde / Komsilga / Banfora / Moussodougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048708)
(0.25 MB)
The abundant praise awarded for the development of the urban water services sector in Burkina Faso stands in stark contrast with the development of the rural water services sector. This article examines the funding of water infrastructure in four small villages in Burkina Faso. The article finds that public funding for water infrastructure for these municipalities is largely nonexistent. First of all, central government makes very little funding available for rural areas. Funding that is made available is then also prioritized for regions that already are relatively well covered. Secondly, the municipalities themselves also prioritize other sectors over the water sector for the investment of locally generated revenue. As a result, these municipalities rely on donor funding for developing water supply in their villages. This dependence not only leaves these municipalities vulnerable to shifts in donor funding but can also lead to inequalities as some municipalities are better at attracting donor funds than others. Some small towns are thus confronted with a double bias. First an urban bias in which the majority of public finance goes to urban centres. Second, by a donor-bias in which some towns are favoured for project implementation due to favourable site characteristics.
9 Jimenez, A; Livsey, J.; Ahlen, I.; Scharp, C.; Takane, M. 2018. Global assessment of accountability in water and sanitation services using GLAAS [Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water] data. Water Alternatives, 11(2):238-259.
Water supply ; Sanitation ; Drinking water ; Accountability ; Assessment ; Enforcement ; Regulations ; Human rights ; Policies ; Donors ; State intervention ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Surveys
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048799)
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue2/435-a11-2-2/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048799.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048799.pdf
(0.91 MB) (936 KB)
The Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is one of UN-Water’s regular reports. Its focuses include aspects of investment and the enabling environment for the delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene services. Accountability refers to the mechanisms through which duty bearers, elected officials and service providers report to rights holders and other stakeholders within the service delivery framework. Accountability contributes to good sector performance and the overall sustainability of services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of accountability in the drinking-water and sanitation sector globally, based on the available data from the GLAAS survey of 2014. To achieve this, accountability was defined from a human rights perspective, and particularised for water and sanitation. Next the quantitative and open-ended questions from the GLAAS survey that related to this definition were analysed for all 94 responding countries. Comparisons were drawn between water and sanitation services in urban and rural settings, and regional trends were identified. The results show higher levels of accountability for water than sanitation services, and limited information on wastewater. Potential means to strengthen accountability in water and sanitation globally are seen to include improving access to information on the services provided, enacting participation policies and increasing the capacity of regulatory institutions. Particular attention should be paid to rural services. The GLAAS survey could be modified for a better understanding of the accountability mechanisms for WASH service provision.
10 Suhardiman, Diana; Kenney-Lazar, M.; Meinzen-Dick, R. 2019. The contested terrain of land governance reform in Myanmar. Critical Asian Studies, 51(3):368-385. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2019.1630845]
Land governance ; Land policies ; Land reform ; Land use ; Land grabbing ; State intervention ; Civil society organizations ; Donors ; Political aspects ; Legal aspects ; Land law ; Farmers ; Land rights ; Social aspects / Myanmar
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049252)
(1.38 MB)
State control of land plays a critical role in producing land dispossession throughout the Global South. In Myanmar, the state’s approach towards territorial expansion has driven the country’s system of land governance, resulting in widespread and systemic land grabbing. This article investigates ongoing land governance reforms as key terrains for contesting such abuses of power. Employing a relational land governance approach, we view reform processes as shaped by changing power-laden social relations among government, civil society, and international donor actors. Legal and regulatory reforms in Myanmar potentially act as sites of meaningful social change but in practice tend to maintain significant limitations in altering governance dynamics. Civil society organizations and their alliances in Myanmar have played an important role in opening up policy processes to a broader group of political actors. Yet, policies and legal frameworks still are often captured by elite actors, becoming trapped in path dependent power relations.
11 Bryan, E.; Hagos, Fitsum; Mekonnen, D.; Gemeda, D. A.; Yimam, S. 2020. The diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia: stakeholder analysis using Net-Map. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 42p. (IFPRI Discussion Paper 01950) [doi: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133847]
Irrigation ; Small scale systems ; Technology ; Stakeholders ; Participatory approaches ; Institutions ; Government agencies ; Private sector ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Donors ; International organizations ; Funding ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Financing ; Policies / Ethiopia / Oromia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050169)
https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/133847/filename/134058.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050169.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Small-scale irrigation (SSI) provides great benefits to farmers in terms of increased yields and profits, better food and nutrition security and greater resilience to climate shocks. Ethiopia has high potential for expanding SSI and has invested considerably in this area in recent years. Despite these investments, several challenges to further expansion of irrigation technologies remain. Different stakeholders in the country play important roles in overcoming these barriers to further scale technologies for SSI. This paper explores institutional arrangements for the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies by mapping the landscape of key actors involved, their interconnections, and their influence. This paper draws on an analysis of stakeholder data collected through two participatory workshops in Ethiopia, one at the national level and one at the Oromia regional level, using the Net-Map approach. Results show the dominance of government actors in the diffusion of SSI at both the national and regional levels, while most private sector and NGO actors remain in the periphery. Participants in both workshops highlighted the need for increased financing services to support the adoption of SSI and measures aimed at increasing the supply of high-quality irrigation equipment, such as modern water lifting technologies. One notable difference between the national and regional results was that at the regional level, farmers, and to some extent traders and input suppliers, were considered to be more influential in the diffusion of irrigation technologies, while they were considered marginal actors at the national level.
12 Ricciardi, V.; Wane, A.; Sidhu, B. S.; Godde, C.; Solomon, D.; McCullough, E.; Diekmann, F.; Porciello, J.; Jain, M.; Randall, N.; Mehrabi, Z. 2020. A scoping review of research funding for small-scale farmers in water scarce regions. Nature Sustainability, 3(10):836-844. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00623-0]
Small scale farming ; Research support ; Water scarcity ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Donors ; Income ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Gender ; Livelihoods ; Natural resources ; Environmental impact ; Livestock ; Irrigation
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050033)
(4.47 MB) (4.47 MB)
Water scarcity is a global issue that disproportionately affects small-scale farmers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Through geospatial analysis, we estimated that less than 37% of small-scale farms probably have irrigation in water scarce regions across LMICs, compared with 42% of non-small-scale farms. Through a literature synthesis assisted by machine learning, we then systematically mapped the existing research for on-farm interventions that improve the incomes or yields of small-scale farmers in water scarce regions. We mapped over 888 on-farm interventions used to combat water scarcity from 560 publications and showed a research bias towards yields rather than livelihoods. We found gaps in evidence for many commonly proposed solutions, including livestock management, digital technology and solutions to protect natural resources at the farm-level, such as buffer strips. Our findings can be used to set a funding agenda for research on the geographies that are most at risk of water scarcity and the interventions that most lack evidence.
13 Minh, Thai Thi; Zwart, Sander; Appoh, Richard; Schmitter, Petra. 2021. Analyzing the enabling environment to enhance the scaling of irrigation and water management technologies: a tool for implementers. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 18p. (IWMI Working Paper 197) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.201]
Irrigation management ; Water management ; Technology ; Agricultural value chains ; Innovation adoption ; Scaling ; Irrigated farming ; Policies ; Development programmes ; Strategies ; State intervention ; Private sector ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Stakeholders ; Farmer-led irrigation ; Donors ; Government agencies ; Institutions ; Frameworks ; Assessment ; Social aspects ; Political aspects ; Innovation scaling
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H050219)
(3.18 MB)
Agricultural innovation scaling approaches tend to be empirical but do not sufficiently take into account the complex realities of ‘softer elements’ such as people, supply chains, markets, financing mechanisms, policies and regulations, professional knowledge, power relations, incentives and history. As a consequence, scaling initiatives often do not produce the desired impacts and, in some instances, may even produce undesirable impacts.
Designing scaling strategies that are adaptive to context and available resources requires an understanding of the enabling environment in which the scaling processes are embedded. This can be achieved by conducting an analysis to identify enablers and hinderers influencing farmers’ adoption of irrigation and water management technologies and introducing measures to ensure success. The tool described in this working paper provides implementers with a structured guide to carrying out this analysis in a specific context.
Designing scaling strategies that are adaptive to context and available resources requires an understanding of the enabling environment in which the scaling processes are embedded. This can be achieved by conducting an analysis to identify enablers and hinderers influencing farmers’ adoption of irrigation and water management technologies and introducing measures to ensure success. The tool described in this working paper provides implementers with a structured guide to carrying out this analysis in a specific context.
14 Chandrasekara, S. S. K.; Chandrasekara, S. K.; Gamini, P. H. S.; Obeysekera, J.; Manthrithilake, Herath; Kwon, H.-H.; Vithanage, M. 2021. A review on water governance in Sri Lanka: the lessons learnt for future water policy formulation. Water Policy, 23(2):255-273. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.152]
Water governance ; Water policies ; Institutional development ; Coordination ; Administrative structures ; History ; Integrated management ; Water resources ; Water management ; Regulations ; Irrigation management ; Irrigation water ; Water scarcity ; Water institutions ; Government agencies ; Committees ; Donors ; Decision making ; Participatory approaches ; Political aspects / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050376)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/23/2/255/878970/023020255.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050376.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050376.pdf
(0.54 MB) (554 KB)
Sri Lanka has no water scarcity within the country, and per capita, water availability is adequate to cater for the country’s estimated peak population. Nevertheless, the frequent variability of spatial and temporal water availability and extreme events have built up a water scarcity in Sri Lanka, which has been observed during the last two to three decades. Therefore, effective and efficient water governance is most important in today’s context, and regular review and amendment of policies, laws, and regulations are crucial to mitigate water scarcity. Although a few attempts were initiated, none of them succeeded. In this study, historical and present water governance mechanisms, including coordinating mechanisms and implementing water management agencies in Sri Lanka, were comprehensively reviewed. Further, the previously proposed water policies, their status and reasons for the failures of policies were discussed. Finally, the formulation of a novel institutional arrangement or altering the existing institutional arrangement with shared data and allocating non-shared responsibilities to each institution is suggested for better water governance in Sri Lanka.
15 Hornum, S. T.; Bolwig, S. 2021. A functional analysis of the role of input suppliers in an agricultural innovation system: the case of small-scale irrigation in Kenya. Agricultural Systems, 193:103219. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103219]
Agricultural innovation systems ; Small scale systems ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigation schemes ; Infrastructure ; Drip irrigation ; Donors ; Research organization ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Developing countries ; Case studies / Kenya
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050541)
(1.20 MB)
CONTEXT: As a direct link between farmers and manufacturers of technologies, the characteristics and activities of input suppliers can be expected to play an important role in the generation and diffusion of innovations in agricultural systems. While the agricultural innovation systems (AIS) literature recognises the importance of input suppliers, there are few studies from the Global South assessing the nature and implications of their activities.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of how input suppliers can influence the functioning and development of AIS in the Global South.
METHODS: We first adapt the ‘functions of innovation systems’ framework to examine the role of these private-sector actors in an AIS, identifying three activity categories, through which input suppliers can influence the AIS: market creation for technological innovations, the creation and dissemination of knowledge, and influence on technology priorities. We then apply the framework to a case study of the small-scale irrigation sector in Kenya.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The case study documents the emergence of a new cohort of irrigation-equipment suppliers during the period of strong growth in the market for small-scale irrigation technologies since 2000, and examines how they affect the small-scale irrigation agricultural innovation system (SIAIS). We find that Kenyan irrigation-input suppliers perform important activities and roles in the SIAIS aside input supply, notably provision of advisory services, improvement of the supply chain for irrigation technologies, introduction and adaptations of new types of irrigation equipment, and facilitation of access to farm credit. Irrigation-input suppliers in Kenya thus play an important role in the functionality of the SIAIS, particularly regarding knowledge creation and dissemination.
SIGNIFICANCE: The novelty of the paper lies in its empirical assessment of input suppliers in the small-scale irrigation sector and its application of the functions framework. The paper shows that input suppliers can become effective agents of knowledge diffusion once the market has reached a sufficient size and documents how they contributed to knowledge development as they develop, adapt and test specific irrigation equipment. The paper also emphasises that input suppliers can form a key link between national AIS and foreign companies, as they bring in foreign expertise (know-how) to the market along with agricultural technologies. We therefore suggest that policy interventions in support of smallholder irrigation should seek leverage from the growth and capacities of input suppliers as a complement to public research and extension.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of how input suppliers can influence the functioning and development of AIS in the Global South.
METHODS: We first adapt the ‘functions of innovation systems’ framework to examine the role of these private-sector actors in an AIS, identifying three activity categories, through which input suppliers can influence the AIS: market creation for technological innovations, the creation and dissemination of knowledge, and influence on technology priorities. We then apply the framework to a case study of the small-scale irrigation sector in Kenya.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The case study documents the emergence of a new cohort of irrigation-equipment suppliers during the period of strong growth in the market for small-scale irrigation technologies since 2000, and examines how they affect the small-scale irrigation agricultural innovation system (SIAIS). We find that Kenyan irrigation-input suppliers perform important activities and roles in the SIAIS aside input supply, notably provision of advisory services, improvement of the supply chain for irrigation technologies, introduction and adaptations of new types of irrigation equipment, and facilitation of access to farm credit. Irrigation-input suppliers in Kenya thus play an important role in the functionality of the SIAIS, particularly regarding knowledge creation and dissemination.
SIGNIFICANCE: The novelty of the paper lies in its empirical assessment of input suppliers in the small-scale irrigation sector and its application of the functions framework. The paper shows that input suppliers can become effective agents of knowledge diffusion once the market has reached a sufficient size and documents how they contributed to knowledge development as they develop, adapt and test specific irrigation equipment. The paper also emphasises that input suppliers can form a key link between national AIS and foreign companies, as they bring in foreign expertise (know-how) to the market along with agricultural technologies. We therefore suggest that policy interventions in support of smallholder irrigation should seek leverage from the growth and capacities of input suppliers as a complement to public research and extension.
16 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2021. Circular economy solutions to close water, energy and food loops in West Africa. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 4p. (IWMI Water Issue Brief 17) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.222]
Circular economy ; Waste management ; Wastewater ; Energy generation ; Food security ; Resource recovery ; Reuse ; Business models ; Solid wastes ; Faecal sludge ; Organic fertilizers ; Aquaculture ; Ponds ; Public-private partnerships ; Capacity development ; Donors ; Sustainability ; Socioeconomic impact ; Health hazards ; Sanitation ; Urban areas / West Africa / Ghana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050808)
(1.70 MB)
17 Douthwaite, B.; Child, K. 2021. How agricultural research for development achieves developmental outcomes: learning lessons to inform One CGIAR science and technology policy research. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 27p. (WLE Legacy Series 2) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2022.201]
Agricultural research for development ; CGIAR ; Research programmes ; Impact assessment ; Monitoring and evaluation ; Agricultural innovation ; Technology ; Policy innovation ; Agronomy ; Capacity development ; Advisory services ; Soil quality ; Cassava ; Seed certification ; Fertilizers ; Phytosanitary measures ; Solar energy ; Irrigation systems ; Electricity supplies ; Donors ; Funding ; State intervention ; Farmers ; Databases ; Models ; Case studies / Ethiopia / India / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050909)
(1.14 MB)
At the end of 2021, CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) will be replaced by Initiatives housed within One CGIAR. This new modality is intended to achieve higher levels of impact at a faster rate and at reduced cost compared to the CRPs. As One CGIAR begins, there is a unique opportunity to reflect on what has worked in different contexts. In this paper, we provide findings that relate to One CGIAR’s overarching view of how it will achieve positive and measurable impacts, and for agricultural research for development (AR4D) more generally. Specifically, we draw from three related CRP evaluations to identify how different types of AR4D approaches have contributed to successful outcomes. In the final section of the paper, we present our conclusions and provide a list of recommendations for the science and technology policy of One CGIAR and possibly other integrated research for development programs.
18 Chinseu, E. L.; Dougill, A. J.; Stringer, L. C. 2022. Strengthening conservation agriculture innovation systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a stakeholder analysis. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(1):17-30. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1911511]
Conservation agriculture ; Innovation systems ; Stakeholder analysis ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Farming systems ; Agricultural research for development ; Sustainable intensification ; Land management ; Policies ; Government ; Non-governmental organizations ; Donors ; Collaboration / Africa South of Sahara / Malawi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050921)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14735903.2021.1911511
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050921.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050921.pdf
(2.33 MB) (2.33 MB)
Complexity of African agrarian systems necessitates that agricultural research and development transition to agricultural innovation system [AIS] approaches. While AIS perspectives are embraced across sub-Saharan Africa, engagement of stakeholders in agricultural research and development processes as espoused in AIS paradigm remains limited. This paper aims to analyze key stakeholders in the AIS in Malawi using the case of Conservation Agriculture [CA]. We analyze roles, organizational capacity and collaboration of stakeholders in Malawi’s CA innovation system. Although Government has the most extensive role, NGOs dominate the national CA agenda, while smallholder farmers remain passive recipients of CA interventions. Many CA promoters lack technical and financial capacity, and pursue limited collaboration, which diminish prospects of inclusive stakeholder engagement. While insufficient resources lead to inadequate technical support to smallholders, the limited collaboration hinders integration of programmes, multiple sources of innovation and knowledge required to foster social learning and sustainability of CA. Our findings indicate a need to: (1) strengthen understanding of AIS approaches among CA innovation system stakeholders; (2) build stronger partnerships in CA research and development by strengthening stakeholder platforms and social processes; (3) strengthen collaboration advisory mechanisms to facilitate knowledge-sharing, resource mobilization and joint programme implementation with strengthened feedback loops.
19 Iacobuta, G. I.; Brandi, C.; Dzebo, A.; Duron, S. D. E. 2022. Aligning climate and sustainable development finance through an SDG lens. The role of development assistance in implementing the Paris Agreement. Global Environmental Change, 74:102509. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102509]
Sustainable Development Goals ; Climate change adaptation ; Climate change mitigation ; Financing ; International agreements ; Development aid ; Policy coherence ; Donors ; Greenhouse gas emissions
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051060)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378022000474/pdfft?md5=af3fbd4dbb60ea2554b10ee77550ce08&pid=1-s2.0-S0959378022000474-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051060.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051060.pdf
(2.02 MB) (2.02 MB)
Climate change and development are strongly interconnected. An efficient use of financial resources would, thus require alignment between climate finance and development priorities, as set out in the context of both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In this paper, we investigate to what extent climate-related official development assistance (ODA) before and after the Paris Agreement adoption supports the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, we assess to what extent donors align this finance with recipient countries’ climate-related priorities as spelled out in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). First, we find that climate-relevant ODA contributes to multiple SDGs, above all SDG 7 (energy) and SDG 11 (cities). Second, we find that there is substantial alignment between donors’ and recipients’ SDG priorities, but that this alignment has not improved in recent years, since the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. Third, we find that albeit climate-finance continues to be allocated more to climate-change mitigation than to adaptation, the difference became smaller in recent years. This reduced the misalignment with recipient countries’ NDC climate activities, which focus more on adaptation than mitigation. Overall, we identify coherence, gaps and opportunities for further alignment of climate and development actions, and related finance. Such an alignment is essential to increase the likelihood of implementation of the two international agreements and to ensure that action is guided by recipient countries’ needs.
20 Kenney-Lazar, M.; Suhardiman, Diana; Hunt, G. 2023. The spatial politics of land policy reform in Myanmar and Laos. Journal of Peasant Studies, 50(4):1529-1548. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2022.2054700]
Land policies ; Land reform ; Land law ; Political parties ; Land titling ; Land tenure ; Land use ; Customary land rights ; Government ; Non-governmental organizations ; Donors ; Civil society ; Farmers ; Social aspects / Myanmar / Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051094)
(1.56 MB)
Land policy reform has dominated the development agenda across the Global South over the past two decades. In contrast with earlier distributive land reforms, contemporary policies reflect an amalgamation of neoliberal, state territorial, and social justice agendas. This paper demonstrates how land policy changes reflect the spatially extensive and multi-scalar politics of land contestation and control, employing the cases of Myanmar and Laos. Myanmar’s short-lived democratic transition enabled civil society actors to exert uneven influence on policy reform. In contrast, communist party and state dominance in Laos has constrained, although not wholly obstructed, policy intervention by non-governmental groups.
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