Your search found 8 records
1 Mulema, A. A.; Boonabaana, B.; Debevec, L.; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Alemu, M.; Kaaria, S. 2021. Spiraling up and down: mapping women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions using the community capitals framework in rural Ethiopia. Community Development, 52(1):113-130. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2020.1838589]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Agriculture ; Rural communities ; Social capital ; Human capital ; Natural capital ; Cultural capital ; Collective action ; Social networks ; Livelihood diversification ; Off farm employment ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Political aspects ; Households ; Decision making / Ethiopia / Adami Tulu / Yaya Gulele
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050056)
(2.09 MB)
The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women’s empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds “power with”, “power within”, “power to” and “power over” in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women’s empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.
2 Maharjan, A.; Tuladhar, S.; Hussain, A.; Mishra, A.; Bhadwal, S.; Ishaq, S.; Saeed, B, A.; Sachdeva, I; Ahmad, B.; Ferdous, J.; Hassan, S. M. T. 2021. Can labour migration help households adapt to climate change? evidence from four river basins in South Asia. Climate and Development, 17p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1867044]
Migrant labour ; Climate change adaptation ; Households ; River basins ; Vulnerability ; Agricultural sector ; Livestock ; Water supply ; Livelihood diversification ; Remittances ; Stakeholders / South Asia / India / Nepal / Bangladesh / Pakistan / Hindu Kush Himalayan Region / Gandaki River Basin / Indus River Basin / Upper Ganga River Basin / Teesta River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050232)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17565529.2020.1867044?needAccess=true
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050232.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050232.pdf
(1.86 MB) (1.86 MB)
The study focuses on four river basins, Gandaki, Indus, Upper Ganga and Teesta, in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region in South Asia. The region is considered one of the more environmentally vulnerable areas in the world due to recurrent natural hazards that can be exacerbated by future climate change. The dependence of the population on natural resources based livelihoods makes the region particularly vulnerable to adverse climate change impacts. Labour migration can help household adaptation, particularly when it incurs significant cash investment. The paper analyses the determinants of household adaptation, including migration, in three sectors, namely, agriculture, livestock, and water. It shows that household adaptation to the negative effects of climate change was very poor in the region, with less than a third of the households undertaking adaptation measures. While labour migration showed a positive influence on household adaptation, it was statistically significant only in agriculture. Nevertheless, migration influenced household adaptation indirectly through livelihood diversification, access to services provide of external stakeholders, and changes in household composition. The study identified location, access to climate information, and services provided by external stakeholders as important factors in household adaptation to climate change.
3 Quandt, A. 2021. Coping with drought: narratives from smallholder farmers in semi-arid Kenya. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 57:102168. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102168]
Climate change ; Drought ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Coping strategies ; Semiarid zones ; Livelihood diversification ; Households ; Communities ; Hunger ; Conflicts ; Policies ; Livestock / Kenya / Burat / Kinna / Isiolo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050358)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420921001345/pdfft?md5=eee7394653bbda6c9017a94bf0a8c00a&pid=1-s2.0-S2212420921001345-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050358.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050358.pdf
(1.86 MB) (1.86 MB)
Globally, drought impacts more people than any other natural hazard. However, drought is also the most complex natural hazard, and its impacts are not evenly distributed across the landscape or among human populations. Just as the impacts of drought vary, so do the coping strategies used by people during drought. The research to-date on drought coping strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa are highly quantitative, focused on top-down interventions, and do not emphasize individual perceptions, experience, and autonomous decision-making when coping with drought. This paper aims to fill these gaps by examining the human experience of coping with drought through narratives from farmers in Burat and Kinna, Isiolo County, Kenya. This paper highlights (1) their perceived impacts of drought, and (2) the various coping strategies used. A total of 83 interviews were conducted in 20 households. Results found that the perceived impacts of drought were decreased agricultural productivity, livestock hunger, death, and relocation, a lack of water in rivers, human hunger and disease, and violent conflict. The strategies for coping with drought included changing agricultural practices, adopting irrigation, relying on aid, charcoal burning, casual labor, livelihood diversification, and others. Importantly, these coping strategies can be classified into four categories: livelihood diversification, longer-term livelihood strategies, short-term coping activities, and erosive coping strategies. This research contributes to the effort to better document and understand farmers’ perceptions and strategies to cope with drought through qualitative research methods and from the perspective of the individual smallholder farmer, which is important for making context-specific policy and project recommendations aimed at smallholder farmers.
4 Minh, Thai Thi; Osei-Amponsah, Charity. 2021. Towards poor-centred value chain for sustainable development: a conceptual framework. Sustainable Development, 29(6):1223-1236. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2220]
Value chain analysis ; Sustainable development ; Poverty ; Livelihood diversification ; Multi-stakeholder processes ; Frameworks ; Strategies ; Communities ; Households ; Assets ; Social aspects ; Governance ; Participation ; Markets
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050494)
(1.89 MB) (1.89 MB)
Value chain for development (VCD) has increasingly been promoted for poverty reduction; yet, there is inadequate evidence on its effectiveness. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this article offers reasons why evidence on VCD impacts on poverty reduction is uncertain. It also suggests a conceptual framework for the poor-centred value chain for sustainable development to guide a better analysis of VCD participation and poverty impacts. The framework is particularly useful for researchers involved in research for development related projects in the VCD space. As it provides an analytical lens to understand the broader contextual situation of the poor, co-design solutions with multi-stakeholders and implement appropriate “fit-toneeds” strategies that ensure the poor benefits from their VCD participation. The article contributes to the existing VCD discourse by reflecting on the multidimensional nature and dynamism of poverty reduction, the poor's heterogeneity and their value chain readiness and VCD impacts on poverty.
5 Nixon, R.; Ma, Z.; Zanotti, L.; Khan, B.; Birkenholtz, T.; Lee, L.; Mian, I. 2022. Adaptation to social-ecological change in northwestern Pakistan: household strategies and decision-making processes. Environmental Management, 69(5):887-905. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01583-7]
Climate change adaptation ; Social aspects ; Ecological factors ; Households ; Decision making ; Livelihood diversification ; Environmental management ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Hydropower ; Economic value ; Communities ; Case studies / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Nowshera / Charssada / Swat River / Kabul River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051077)
(0.97 MB)
Values are important factors shaping people’s perceptions of social–ecological changes and the associated impacts, acceptable risk, and successful adaptation to various changes; however, little empirical work has examined how values interact to influence adaptation decision-making. We drew on 25 semi-structured interviews with community leaders, farmers, fisherfolk, and individuals in the tourism industry in northwestern Pakistan to identify types of adaptations employed by households and explore what values were present in these households’ adaptation decisions. Our results show that households frequently employed environmental management and livelihood diversification to adapt to a wide range of social–ecological change. We found that multiple values influenced household adaptation and that employing an adaptation strategy often involved a tradeoff of values. We also found that household adaptations were embedded in multi-scalar social, cultural, economic, and political processes that could constrain or conflict with such adaptations. Overall, our research illustrates the complex influence of values on household adaptation decisions and highlights the need to further understand how adaptations are aligned, or misaligned, with stakeholders’ diverse values in order to inform more equitable adaptation to social–ecological change.
6 Feliciano, D.; Recha, J.; Ambaw, G.; MacSween, K.; Solomon, D.; Wollenberg, E. 2022. Assessment of agricultural emissions, climate change mitigation and adaptation practices in Ethiopia. Climate Policy, 22(4):427-444. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2028597]
Climate change mitigation ; Climate change adaptation ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Agricultural practices ; Assessment ; Land use ; Land management ; Food security ; Agroforestry ; Livestock production ; Crop yield ; Organic fertilizers ; Carbon sequestration ; Stakeholders ; Knowledge sharing ; Developing countries ; Livelihood diversification / Ethiopia / Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) / Kembata Tembaro / Doyogena / Tula Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051450)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2022.2028597
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051450.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051450.pdf
(2.41 MB) (2.41 MB)
The agricultural sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in Ethiopia, as it is the basis of the economy and the primary source of employment. This study investigated the implementation of mitigation and adaptation practices in smallholder farms in Ethiopia, estimated GHG emissions associated with mitigation practices, and identified potential mitigation options and barriers and enabling factors for implementation. Twenty-five smallholder farmers were selected by a local development agency and interviewed in the field about their land use and land management practices and the Mitigation Options Tool (MOT) was used to estimate GHG emissions, to identify mitigation options and co-benefits, and as a platform for promoting learning and knowledge exchange across different types of stakeholders. All farmers interviewed in the field acknowledged changes in the climate, but only some were implementing adaptation practices to cope with such changes, namely, crop rotations, planting new crop types, and the early sowing of crops. Fewer mitigation practices were implemented, namely reduced tillage and application of manure in cereal crops and potatoes. These practices were mainly implemented because of their benefits for soil conservation (e.g. fertility, soil water holding capacity, yield stabilization, erosion avoidance) rather than for mitigation (carbon sequestration) purposes. Greenhouse gas emissions from the application of synthetic fertilizer to crops, and from livestock production varied widely across farmers depending on the amount of fertilizer applied and the number and type of livestock raised. Tenancy rights and extension services were identified as potential enablers of the adoption of climate change mitigation and adaptation practices by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia, and competing uses for straw was a potential barrier for the incorporation of residues in the soil. Barriers and enabling factors should be assessed thoroughly through further engagement with farmers as well as data on the amount of organic matter added to the soil, as these practices have co-benefits in terms of soil conservation, which are especially relevant for climate change adaptation in semi-dry climates. The MOT could be used in the future as a facilitator for knowledge exchange between researchers and practitioners in Ethiopia, and in other developing countries where data availability is low, to support the identification of effective climate change mitigation and adaptation actions.
7 Zvobgo, L.; Johnston, P.; Olagbegi, O. M.; Simpson, N. P.; Trisos, C. H. 2023. Role of Indigenous and local knowledge in seasonal forecasts and climate adaptation: a case study of smallholder farmers in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe. Environmental Science and Policy, 145:13-28. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.017]
Indigenous Peoples' knowledge ; Local knowledge ; Weather forecasting ; Decision making ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Climate change adaptation ; Farmland ; Vulnerability ; Households ; Climate variability ; Livelihood diversification ; Indicators ; Agricultural extension ; Policies ; Case studies / Zimbabwe / Chiredzi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051912)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901123000898/pdfft?md5=5955d7b3cba76974a31e92f8f47c7cae&pid=1-s2.0-S1462901123000898-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051912.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051912.pdf
(3.76 MB) (3.76 MB)
Accessible, reliable and diverse sources of climate information are needed to inform climate change adaptation at all levels of society, particularly for vulnerable sectors such as smallholder farming. Globally, many smallholder farmers use Indigenous knowledge (IK) and local knowledge (LK) to forecast weather and climate; however, less is known about how the use of these forecasts connects to decisions and actions for reducing climate risks. We examined the role of IK and LK in seasonal forecasting and the broader climate adaptation decision-making of smallholder farmers in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe. The data were collected from a sample of 100 smallholder farmers. Seventy-three of the 100 interviewed farmers used IK and LK weather and climate forecasts, and 32% relied solely on IK and LK forecasts for climate adaptation decision-making. Observations of cuckoo birds, leaf-sprouting of Mopane trees, high summer temperatures, and Nimbus clouds are the main indicators used for IK and LK forecasts. The use of IK and LK climate forecasts was significantly positively associated with increasing farmer age and farmland size. Farmers using IK and LK forecasts implemented, on average, triple the number of adaptation measures compared with farmers not using IK and LK. These findings demonstrate the widespread reliance of farmers on IK and LK for seasonal forecasts, and the strong positive link between the use of IK and LK and the implementation of climate adaptation actions. This positive association between IK and LK usage and the implementation of adaptation actions may be widespread in smallholder farming communities throughout Africa and globally. Recognition and inclusion of IK and LK in climate services is important to ensure their continued potential for enhancing climate change adaptation.
8 Magesa, B. A.; Mohan, G.; Matsuda, H.; Melts, I.; Kefi, M.; Fukushi, K. 2023. Understanding the farmers’ choices and adoption of adaptation strategies, and plans to climate change impact in Africa: a systematic review. Climate Services, 30:100362. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100362]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Sustainable development ; Farmers ; Smallholders ; Livelihood diversification ; Precipitation ; Food security ; Farming systems ; Vulnerability ; Indicators ; Poverty reduction ; Food insecurity ; Models ; Household surveys ; Irrigation schemes ; Organic fertilizers ; Inorganic fertilizers ; Crop production ; Agroforestry ; Climate-smart agriculture / South Africa / Africa / Ethiopia / Malawi / Ghana / United Republic of Tanzania / Kenya / Zimbabwe / Burkina Faso / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052074)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405880723000237/pdfft?md5=e2175d4b9bd12db7695ef961ea5e949f&pid=1-s2.0-S2405880723000237-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052074.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052074.pdf
(6.40 MB) (6.40 MB)
The study evaluates the farmers' choices and adoption of adaptation measures and plans by smallholder farmers to reduce the effects of climate change on their farming activities. We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. We found 66 associated studies to understand farmers’ adaptation measures to climate change impacts in Africa. The paper summarizes four categories, including i) crop varieties and management; ii) water and soil management; iii) financial schemes, migration, and culture; and finally, iv) agriculture and weather services. The findings revealed that majority of studies identified crop diversification (51.5%), planting drought-tolerant varieties (45%), changing planting dates (42%), and planting early maturing crops (22%) as dominant strategies. These adaptation strategies are a welcome development and may be beneficial for responding to the impacts of climate change. However, they might not be effective during times of more extreme climate changes in the coming decades. Hence, more transformative changes, such as building more infrastructures for irrigation, promoting crop insurance, using improved varieties, and increasing opportunities for livelihood diversification, should be considered in addition to the existing adaptation strategies and potentially contributes towards SDG 1 (No Poverty) and 2 (Zero Hunger).
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