Your search found 12 records
1 Fung, J.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Moe, C.; Akple, M. 2011. Microbiological quality of urban-vended salad and its association with gastrointestinal diseases in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, 4(2-4):152-166.
Salads ; Gastrointestinal diseases ; Urban environment ; Risks ; Food safety ; Vegetables ; Microbiological analysis ; Water use / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044672)
(0.20 MB)
The influence of consumption of salads on exposure to gastrointestinal diseases was assessed in urban environments in Kumasi, Ghana. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey involving 15 salad sellers and 213 consumers and microbiological laboratory analysis of 96 samples of ready-to-eat salad. Findings showed higher contamination in street-vended salads than those in cafeterias with thermotelerant coliforms levels of 4.00–5.43 log units per 100 g salad, 32% of samples had Salmonella sp., and 17% had helminth eggs. Overall, there was an insignificant inverse relationship between salad consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among street salad consumers (RR = 0.81) and a strong positive relationship with cafeteria consumers (RR = 5.51). However, stratified analysis on relative risk showed a likelihood of strong influence from other risk factors embedded in socio-economic status such as poor sanitation. We recommend more integrated studies on risk factors for gastrointestinal diseases in poor urban areas.
2 Amponsah-Doku, F.; Obiri-Danso, K.; Abaidoo, R. C.; Andoh, L. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Kondrasen, F. 2010. Bacterial contamination of lettuce and associated risk factors at production sites, markets and street food restaurants in urban and peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(2):217-223.
Biological contamination ; Bacteria ; Vegetable growing ; Lettuces ; Salmonella ; Irrigation water ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Urban areas ; Risks ; Health hazards ; Microbiological analysis ; Indicators ; Social aspects ; Farmers / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044754)
(107.32KB)
There is increasing evidence that urban grown vegetables in developing countries can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly true when wastewater is used in irrigation. The microbiological quality of wastewater grown lettuce on farms, markets and at street food vendor sites were evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella using standard methods. Farm irrigation water and market refreshing water (water used in keeping the lettuce fresh) samples were also analysed. Thermotolerant coliforms on lettuce varied from 2.3 × 103 to 9.3 × 108 on farm, 6.0 ×101 to 2.3 × 108 on market and 2.3 × 106 to 2.4 × 109 at street food vendor sites. Indicator bacterial numbers on farm lettuce were higher compared to the irrigation water (1.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 106) used on the farms. Thermotolerant coliform numbers in market refreshing water (9.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 1010) were higher compared to that on the market lettuce. Enterococci numbers on lettuce were lower and ranged from 3.9 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 on farm, 6.0 × 101 to 9.0 × 104 on market and 5.1 × 103 to 2.5 × 106 at street food vendor sites. Salmonella numbers recorded at food vendor sites ranged from 1.5 × 101 to 9.3 × 102. In general, thermotolerant coliforms numbers increased by 18% while enterococci numbers reduced by 64% from the farms to the street foods. Bacterial counts on farm lettuce and irrigation water, market lettuce and refreshing water and street foods all exceeded the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) standards of 103. Wastewater use on farms and refreshing water in markets could be the main contributors to lettuce contamination and that education on use of effective de-contamination or washing methods before eating will contribute to reducing the risk associated with the consumption of such contaminated foods.
3 Woldetsadik, D.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Itanna, F.; Erko, B.; Gebrekidan, H. 2017. Microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) irrigated with wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and effect of green salads washing methods. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4:1-9. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0048-8]
Microbiological analysis ; Leaf vegetables ; Lettuces ; Wastewater irrigation ; Faecal coliforms ; Helminths ; WHO ; Contamination ; Irrigation water ; Risk reduction ; Bacteriological analysis ; Farmland ; Wastewater treatment ; Households ; Water pollution ; Water use / Ethiopia / Addis Ababa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047981)
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40550-017-0048-8.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H047981.pdf
(561 KB)
Background: In Addis Ababa, where irrigation water for vegetable production is commonly derived from the highly polluted Akaki river, information on microbial contamination of water and irrigated vegetable is scanty. An assessment was done to determine the microbiological quality of irrigation water and lettuce harvested from 10 urban farming sites of Addis Ababa. The efficacy of 5 lettuce washing methods were also assessed. A total of 210 lettuce and 90 irrigation water samples were analyzed for faecal coliform and helminth eggs population levels. Results: The mean faecal coliform levels of irrigation water ranged from 4.29-5.61 log10 MPN 100 ml-1, while on lettuce, the concentrations ranged from 3.46-5.03 log10 MPN 100 g-1. Helminth eggs and larvae were detected in 80% of irrigation water and 61% of lettuce samples. Numbers ranged from 0.9-3.1 eggs 1000 ml-1 and 0.8-3.7 eggs 100 g-1 wet weight for irrigation water and lettuce, respectively. The helminth eggs identified included those of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia and Strongloyides larvae. Ascaris lumbricoides and Hookworm were most prevalent in both irrigation water and lettuce samples. Compared with the WHO recommendations and international standards, the faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels in irrigation water and lettuce samples exceeded the recommended levels. Irrespective of the tested washing methods, faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels were somehow reduced. Among the washing methods, potable tap water washing - rinsing (2 min) followed by dipping in 15 000 ppm vinegar solution for a minute supported the highest faecal coliorm reduction of 1.7 log10 units, whereas lowest reduction of 0.8 log10 units was achieved for the same procedure without vinegar. Conclusion: Compared with international standards, both faecal coliform and helminth eggs levels exceeded recommended thresholds in water and lettuce, but still in a potential risk range which can be easily mitigated if farmers and households are aware of the potential risk. Aside preventing occupational exposure, potential risk reduction programs should target households which have so far no guidance on how best to wash vegetables. The result of the present study suggest that the vinegar based washing methods are able to reduce faecal coliform towards low level while the physical washing with running water may help to substantially decrease potential risk of helminth parasitic infections.
4 Akhtar, S. M.; Iqbal, J. 2017. Assessment of emerging hydrological, water quality issues and policy discussion on water sharing of transboundary Kabul River. Water Policy, 19(4):650-672. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.119]
International waters ; International cooperation ; Hydrological factors ; Water quality ; Chemical analysis ; Microbiological analysis ; Water policy ; Water resources ; Water management ; Treaties ; Conflict ; Satellite imagery ; Remote sensing ; River basins ; Flow discharge ; Flood control ; Temporal variation ; Models / Pakistan / Afghanistan / Kabul River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048231)
(1.17 MB)
Transboundary water sharing policy between Pakistan and Afghanistan along with emerging issues over the Transboundary Kabul River have been discussed incorporating long-term hydrological trend analysis, water quality issues and temporal changes in land cover/land use. The annual (1977–2015) mean river flow of 26.32 billion (109 ) cubic metres (BCM) with a range of 13.77 to 42.2 BCM and standard deviation of 6.026 BCM revealed no significant trend in annual inflow data of the Kabul River. Afghanistan planned developments in the basin were analysed in the light of reduction in the transboundary flow. Faecal coliforms, pH (7.90 to 8.06), Escherichia coli and other water quality parameters were found to be within permissible limits, however, dissolved oxygen was just above the permissible limits to sustain aquatic life. Water was found unsuitable for drinking while suitable for agriculture and aquatic life. Remote sensing data used for temporal change detection showed an increase in built-up-areas and cultivated areas along Kabul River inside Pakistan by 50 and 47%, respectively. Significant changes were observed at two locations in the river course. Insights of emerging Kabul River issues and a way forward have been discussed which could serve as the basis for formulation of adaption strategies leading to a ‘Kabul River Water Treaty’.
5 Mark, Y.-A.; Amoah, Philip; Nelson, A. W.; Muspratt, A.; Aikins, S. 2019. Safety assessment on microbial and heavy metal concentration in clarias gariepinus (African catfish) cultured in treated wastewater pond in Kumasi, Ghana. Environmental Technology, 40(3):302-311. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1388851]
Aquaculture ; African catfish ; Biological contamination ; Heavy metals ; Risk assessment ; Wastewater ; Fish ponds ; Microbiological analysis ; Pathogens ; Chemicophysical properties ; Sediment ; Health hazards / Ghana / Kumasi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048447)
(1.16 MB)
This study assesses the microbial and heavy metal distribution in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in waste stabilization pond, and their subsequent suitability for human consumption. Treated wastewater-fed pond (WFP) was used in the culture of the fish with a non-wastewater fed pond (NWFP), fed with ground and rain water as control. Pond water, sediments and fish tissue (gill, liver, gut and skin) samples from both sources were analyzed for pathogens and heavy metal levels. Escherichia coli populations in the sediments and water from the WFP exceeded the maximum permissible limit by 2–3 log units as expected. Significantly higher levels of pathogen contamination were detected in the gut and skin of fish from the WFP than the NWFP. Heavy metal concentrations in all samples fell within the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) permissible limits except for iron and cadmium. There were significantly higher heavy metal concentrations in gill and liver than the muscle. Even though iron recorded the highest concentrations in fish tissue, the concentrations (0.1–2.0 mg kg-1) were below the expected daily nutritional requirement (1–2 mg) for humans and pose no toxicological risk. However, catfish from WFP would require precautionary measures such as cooking/grilling prior to consumption to avoid pathogen infection.
6 Amin, R.; Zaidi, M. B.; Bashir, S.; Khanani, R.; Nawaz, R.; Ali, S.; Khan, S. 2019. Microbial contamination levels in the drinking water and associated health risks in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(2):319-328. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.147]
Drinking water ; Biological contamination ; Health hazards ; Public health ; Water quality ; Groundwater ; Water supply ; Water use ; Waterborne diseases ; Microbiological analysis ; Bacteriological analysis ; Coliform bacteria ; Faecal coliforms / Pakistan / Karachi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049302)
(0.40 MB)
The current study aimed to assess the microbial quality of municipal (tap) and ground (borehole) water in Karachi, Pakistan. A health survey was also conducted to assess possible health risks of the drinking water. Fifty water samples (n = 25 each of tap and ground water) were collected from various locations of five administrative districts of Karachi for bacteriological analysis. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the impact of drinking water on the health of city residents. Microbiological analysis results showed the presence of total coliform in 48 out of 50 (96%) tested samples. The total viable plate count at 37 °C was >200 CFU/ml in the majority of the collected samples which exceeded the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. To evaluate the health risk of contaminated water, a total of 744 residents were interviewed. The information acquired from this field work revealed a high prevalence of waterborne diseases in the order of diarrhea and vomiting > skin problems > malaria > prolonged fever > eye problems and jaundice. To solve water and environmental problems, awareness and regular monitoring programs of water management and safe disposal of waste have been suggested.
7 Acharya, K.; Blackburn, A.; Mohammed, Jemila; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Hiruy, A. M.; Werner, D. 2020. Metagenomic water quality monitoring with a portable laboratory. Water Research, 184:116112. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116112]
Water quality ; Water analysis ; Monitoring ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Microbiological analysis ; Waterborne diseases ; Faecal coliforms ; Chemicophysical properties ; Portable equipment ; Costs ; Case studies / Ethiopia / United Kingdom / Addis Ababa / Birtley / Akaki River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049934)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135420306497/pdfft?md5=3d548784ecadc5dc3734e797551d099c&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135420306497-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049934.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049934.pdf
(1.54 MB) (1.54 MB)
We describe the technical feasibility of metagenomic water quality analysis using only portable equipment, for example mini-vacuum pumps and filtration units, mini-centrifuges, mini-PCR machines and the memory-stick sized MinION of Oxford Nanopore Technologies, for the library preparation and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Using this portable toolbox on site, we successfully characterized the microbiome of water samples collected from Birtley Sewage Treatment Plant, UK, and its environs. We also demonstrated the applicability of the portable metagenomics toolbox in a low-income country by surveying water samples from the Akaki River around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing workflow, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing library preparation, and sequencing was accomplished within one working day. The metagenomic data became available within 24e72 h, depending on internet speed. Metagenomic analysis clearly distinguished the microbiome of pristine samples from sewage influenced water samples. Metagenomic analysis identified the potential role of two bacterial genera not conventionally monitored, Arcobacter and Aeromonas, as predominant faecal pollution indicators/waterborne hazards. Subsequent quantitative PCR analysis validated the high Arcobacter butzleri abundances observed in the urban influenced Akaki River water samples by portable next generation sequencing with the MinION device. Overall, our field deployable metagenomics toolbox advances the capability of scientists to comprehensively monitor microbiomes anywhere in the world, including in the water, food and drinks industries, the health services, agriculture and beyond.
8 Bazaanah, P.; Dakurah, M. 2021. Comparative analysis of the performance of rope-pumps and standardized handpumps water systems in rural communities of the northern and upper east regions of Ghana. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 13:100563. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100563]
Water supply ; Groundwater ; Water systems ; Manual pumps ; Comparative analysis ; Rural communities ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; Microbiological analysis ; Drinking water ; Hygiene ; Wells ; Sustainability ; Gender ; Households / Ghana / Damweo / Saboro / Nalgukania / Piriga / Nayoku
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050451)
(1.53 MB)
Ground water systems form essential components of rural water supply. In Ghana, four handpumps namely, Afridev, India Mark II, Nira AF-85, and Vergnet have been standardized for rural water supply. However, they have failed to deliver satisfactory levels of water supply and sustainability, largely due to inadequate maintenance capacity. An alternative to standardized imported handpumps is the locally manufactured rope-pump, which is considerably cheaper and easier to maintain but has not been standardized for use in Ghana for rural water supply. Framed from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the post-positivist paradigm and quantitative research approach, this study compared the performance of rope-pumps with standardized handpumps, to determine whether rope-pumps technology provide viable alternative for rural water supply. Probability sampling and self-designed questionnaires were used to elicit data from 431 respondents. Descriptive statistics, correlations and independent sample t-test were utilized to analyze the data. Decision rule applied in testing the hypothesis (Ho) with 95% confidence interval was: accept Ho, if p-values are a = 0.05 and do not accept Ho if p-values are = a = 0.05. Findings showed rope-pumps as a potentially viable option to standardized handpumps. There were no significant differences between rope-pumps and standardized handpumps with respect to robustness, sustainability and microbiological quality of water delivered by the two pump types. Rope-pump technology is feasible, sustainable, scalable and will likely meet user needs if standardized and adapted for use by the communities. Measures for technology adaptation, government subsidies, investments, pollution control and standardization are necessary and will remarkably improve water quality from rope-pumps installed in the communities.
9 Kelly, E.; Cronk, R.; Fisher, M.; Bartram, J. 2021. Sanitary inspection, microbial water quality analysis, and water safety in handpumps in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. npj Clean Water, 4:3. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-00093-z]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Water quality ; Biological contamination ; Microbiological analysis ; Risk factors ; Escherichia coli ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Boreholes ; Manual pumps ; Rural areas ; Models / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050530)
(0.61 MB) (628 KB)
In sub-Saharan Africa, over half of the population is exposed to contaminated drinking water. The WHO recommends both sanitary inspection and water quality analysis to assess the risk of water source contamination, but the relationship between these tools is poorly understood. We explore the relationship between sanitary inspection and water quality analysis using data from 1028 boreholes with handpumps in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sanitary inspection scores and E. coli occurrence were compared using the models described in published literature, and an alternative model that better reflects causal pathways of contamination. In the alternative model, sanitary risk factors were categorized as contamination sources, carriers, or barrier breakdowns, and the relationships between risk factor combinations and E. coli occurrence were assessed. We found no associations between sanitary risk score and E. coli occurrence using either the established or alternative model. These results confirm that sanitary inspections and microbial analyses convey distinct information, and perfect correlation is neither expected nor desired. The alternative model demonstrated a slightly better model fit than most established models, and the model fit further improved when the occurrence of rainfall in the past two days was added as a carrier. We recommend that: implementers train water system operators to conduct sanitary inspection; and researchers work to improve our understanding of the effect of individual sanitary risk factors, as well as incorporate contextual data into their assessments of sanitary inspection and water quality.
10 Nijhawan, A.; Howard, G. 2022. Associations between climate variables and water quality in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Water Research, 210:117996. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117996]
Climate change ; Water quality ; Faecal pollution ; Contamination ; Cyanobacteria ; Saltwater intrusion ; Sea level ; Surface water ; Salinity ; Water treatment ; Drinking water ; Water supply ; Microbiological analysis ; Groundwater ; Climate variability ; Rain ; Temperature ; Modelling
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050871)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421011908/pdfft?md5=c6640779a907590ee48884a39d866745&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135421011908-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050871.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050871.pdf
(1.13 MB) (1.13 MB)
Understanding how climate change will affect water quality and therefore, health, is critical for building resilient water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the effect of climate change will be felt most acutely. Evidence of the effect of climate variables such as temperate and rainfall on water quality can generate insights into the likely impact of future climate change. While the seasonal effects on water quality are known, and there is strong qualitative evidence that climate change will impact water quality, there are no reviews that synthesise quantitative evidence from LMICs on links between climate variables and water quality. We mapped the available evidence on a range of climate exposures and water quality outcomes and identified 98 peer-reviewed studies. This included observational studies on the impact of temperature and rainfall events (which may cause short-term changes in contaminant concentrations), and modelling studies on the long-term impacts of sea level rise. Evidence on links between antecedent rainfall and microbiological contamination of water supplies is strong and relatively evenly distributed geographically, but largely focused on faecal indicator bacteria and on untreated shallow groundwater sources of drinking water. The literature on climate effects on geogenic contaminants was sparse. There is substantial research on the links between water temperature and cyanobacteria blooms in surface waters, although most studies were from two countries and did not examine potential effects on water treatment. Similarly, studies modelling the impact of sea level rise on groundwater salinity, mostly from south-Asia and the Middle East, did not discuss challenges for drinking water supplies. We identified key future research priorities based on this review. These include: more studies on specific pathogens (including opportunistic pathogens) in water supplies and their relationships with climate variables; more studies that assess likely relationships between climate variables and water treatment processes; studies into the relationships between climate variables and geogenic contaminants, including risks from heavy metals released as glacier retreat; and, research into the impacts of wildfires on water quality in LMICs given the current dearth of studies but recognised importance.
11 Abi Saab, M. T.; Jomaa, I.; El Hage, R.; Skaf, S.; Fahed, S.; Rizk, Z.; Massaad, R.; Romanos, D.; Khairallah, Y.; Azzi, V.; Sleiman, R.; Abi Saad, R.; Hajjar, C.; Sellami, M. H.; Aziz, R.; Sfeir, R.; Nassif, Marie Helene; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier. 2022. Are fresh water and reclaimed water safe for vegetable irrigation? Empirical evidence from Lebanon. Water, 14(9):1437. (Special issue: Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Feature Papers) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091437]
Wastewater irrigation ; Water reuse ; Vegetable crops ; Freshwater ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Water pollution ; Water management ; Reclaimed water ; Groundwater ; River water ; Water quality ; Contamination ; Crop yield ; Mineral content ; Bioaccumulation factor ; Physicochemical properties ; Microbiological analysis ; Pathogens ; Heavy metals ; Soil properties ; Irrigation methods / Middle East / North Africa / Lebanon / Bekaa Valley / Litani River / Ablah
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051092)
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/9/1437/pdf?version=1651834841
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051092.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051092.pdf
(1.41 MB) (1.41 MB)
The use of polluted water to irrigate is an increasing problem in the developing world. Lebanon is a case in point, with heavily polluted irrigation waters, particularly in the Litani River Basin. This study evaluated the potential health risks of irrigating vegetables (radishes, parsley, onions, and lettuce) using three water sources (groundwater, river water, and treated wastewater) and three irrigation methods (drip, sprinkler, and surface) over two growing seasons in 2019 and 2020. Water, crop, and soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, pathogens, and metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Zn). In addition, the bioaccumulation factor, estimated dietary intakes, health risk index, and target hazard quotients were calculated to assess the health risk associated with metal contamination. The study showed that, for water with less than 2 log E. coli CFU/100 mL, no pathogens (Escherichia coli, salmonella, parasite eggs) were detected in irrigated vegetables, irrespective of the irrigation method. With over 2 log E. coli CFU/100 mL in the water, 8.33% of the sprinkler-and surface-irrigated vegetables, and 2.78% of the drip-irrigated root crops (radishes and onions), showed some degree of parasitic contamination. E. coli appeared only on root crops when irrigated with water having over 3 log CFU/100 mL. The concentrations of most metals were significantly lower than the safe limits of the FAO/WHO of the Food Standards Programme Codex, except for zinc and chromium. The trends in the bioaccumulation factor and the estimated dietary intakes of metals were in the order of Cu < Cd < Ni < Cr < Zn. The target hazard quotient values for all metals were lower than 1.0. Under trial conditions, the adoption of drip irrigation with water with less than 3 log E. coli CFU/100 mL proved to be safe, even for vegetables consumed raw, except for root crops such as onions and radishes that should not be irrigated with water having over 2 log E. coli CFU/100 mL. Treated wastewater had no adverse effect on vegetable quality compared to vegetables irrigated with other water sources. These results support efforts to update the Lebanese standards for water reuse in agriculture; standards proposed in 2011 by the FAO, and currently being reviewed by the Lebanese Institution of Standards. This research will inform a sustainable water management policy aimed at protecting the Litani River watershed by monitoring water quality.
12 Stoler, J.; Guzman, D. B.; Adams, E. A. 2023. Measuring transformative WASH: a new paradigm for evaluating water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. WIREs WATER, e1674. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1674]
Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Gender ; Mental health ; Monitoring and evaluation ; Participatory research ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Indicators ; Microbiological analysis ; Water quality ; Households ; Water insecurity ; Water security
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051945)
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wat2.1674
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051945.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051945.pdf
(2.17 MB) (2.17 MB)
Progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6, clean water and sanitation for all, is behind schedule and faces substantial financial challenges. Rigorous water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions have underperformed, casting doubt on their efficacy and potentially undermining confidence in WASH funding and investments. But these interventions have leaned on a narrow set of WASH indicators—linear growth and diarrhea—that reflect a 20th-century prioritization of microbiological water quality as the most important measurement of WASH intervention success. Even when water is microbiologically safe, hundreds of millions of people face harassment, assault, injury, poisoning, anxiety, exhaustion, depression, social exclusion, discrimination, subjugation, hunger, debt, or work, school, or family care absenteeism when retrieving or consuming household water. Measures of WASH intervention success should incorporate these impacts to reinforce the WASH value proposition. We present a way forward for implementing a monitoring and evaluation paradigm shift that can help achieve transformative WASH.
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