Your search found 17 records
1 Yerema, C. T.; Wakamatsu, M.; Islam, M.; Fukai, H.; Managi, S.; Zhang, B. 2020. Differences in water policy efficacy across South African water management areas. Ecological Economics, 175:106707. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106707]
Water policy ; Water management ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; Land use ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Apartheid ; Sanitation ; Infrastructure ; Spatial analysis ; Models / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049752)
(1.87 MB)
The legacy of the inequitable water policy under apartheid continues to impact water services in economically less developed and rural areas in South Africa. Previous studies typically examine this relationship either by using aggregated data at the national level for large-scale research or by using data collected at the provincial or municipal level only for a specific locality. This study attempts to perform nationwide analysis using fine-scale data to give a spatial representation of the efficacy of water policies in South Africa. We used satellite night-time light data as a proxy of economic development and surface water quality at a quaternary water area level to investigate any income or racial inequality regarding water pollution, controlling for the spatial dependency of the observations. We found a spatial discrepancy in the relationship between water quality and economic development: economic development improves water quality in western provinces and in former white-dominated areas, whereas it generally degrades water quality in other regions of the country. These results suggest the inability of the government to equitably provide the same standards of water policies nationwide and the presence of inequitable policies as legacies of apartheid at the lowest level of water policy implementation.
2 Havinga, I.; Bogaart, P. W.; Hein, L.; Tuia, D. 2020. Defining and spatially modelling cultural ecosystem services using crowdsourced data. Ecosystem Services, 43:101091. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101091]
Ecosystem services ; Cultural factors ; Spatial analysis ; Modelling ; Assessment ; Biodiversity ; Economic aspects ; Diffusion of information ; Social media ; Landscape ; Observation / Netherlands / Texel
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049754)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212041620300334/pdfft?md5=a0a68b7cc968f1a2e98b56ff6193556e&pid=1-s2.0-S2212041620300334-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049754.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049754.pdf
(4.65 MB) (4.65 MB)
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are some of the most valuable contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. Nevertheless, these services are often underrepresented in ecosystem service assessments. Defining CES for the purposes of spatial quantification has been challenging because it has been difficult to spatially model CES. However, rapid increases in mobile network connectivity and the use of social media have generated huge amounts of crowdsourced data. This offers an opportunity to define and spatially quantify CES. We inventoried established CES conceptualisations and sources of crowdsourced data to propose a CES definition and typology for spatial quantification. Furthermore, we present the results of three spatial models employing crowdsourced data to measure CES on Texel, a coastal island in the Netherlands. Defining CES as information-flows best enables service quantification. A general typology of eight services is proposed. The spatial models produced distributions consistent with known areas of cultural importance on Texel. However, user representativeness and measurement uncertainties affect our results. Ethical considerations must also be taken into account. Still, crowdsourced data is a valuable source of information to define and model CES due to the level of detail available. This can encourage the representation of CES in ecosystem service assessments.
3 Araya, A.; Prasad, P.V.V.; Zambreski, Z.; Gowda, P.H.; Ciampitti, I. A.; Assefa, Y.; Girma, A. 2020. Spatial analysis of the impact of climate change factors and adaptation strategies on productivity of wheat in Ethiopia. Science of The Total Environment, 731:139094. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139094]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Agricultural productivity ; Wheat ; Crop yield ; Crop modelling ; Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Carbon dioxide ; Irrigation ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Soil types ; Spatial analysis / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049783)
(4.16 MB)
Wheat production is expected to be challenged by future climate change. However, it is unclear how wheat grown in diverse agroecologies will respond to climate change and adaptation management strategies. A geospatial simulation study was conducted to understand the impacts of climate change and adaptation management strategies on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Ethiopia. Simulation results showed that the average long-term baseline (1980–2005) wheat yield ranged from 1593 to 3356 kg/ha. This wheat yield range is within the national average (2100–2700 kg/ha) for this decade. In regions with cooler temperatures (<21 °C), mid-century temperatures and elevated CO2, along with increased N fertilizer slightly improved attainable yield levels above 3000 kg/ha. Whereas, in regions with heat and drought conditions wheat yield declined regardless the increase of N or CO2 levels. Wheat yield increased at a diminishing rate with increase in N fertilizer rate. However, N fertilizer did not increase yields under low rainfall conditions. Two to five irrigation per season contributed to yield improvement for low rainfall locations, while yield did not substantially improve for locations receiving adequate seasonal rainfall. Therefore, based on this study, improved N fertilizer application in combination with increased CO2 could improve wheat yield under future climate in most wheat producing regions (with adequate rainfall) of Ethiopia. Our results provide valuable information regarding impacts of climate change factors and adaptation strategies for producers, researchers, extension professionals and policy makers.
4 Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Dittrich, N.; Cauchois, A. 2020. Spatial and temporal dynamics of croplands in expanding West African cities. Urban Agriculture and Regional Food Systems, 5(1):e20005. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/uar2.20005]
Farmland ; Towns ; Urban agriculture ; Land use change ; Boundaries ; Spatial analysis ; Land tenure ; Population ; Farmers ; Strategies ; Rainfed farming ; Satellite imagery / West Africa / Ghana / Mali / Burkina Faso / Cameroon / Accra / Bamako / Ouagadougou / Bamenda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050173)
https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/uar2.20005
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050173.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050173.pdf
(12.00 MB) (12.0 MB)
The rapid expansion of cities in West Africa has implications for urban cropland. This study aimed to assess the dynamics of cropland in West African cities over time and space, to identify key drivers, and to report the effects of changing cropland on farmers and farmers’ resilience strategies. Cities studied were Accra (Ghana), Bamako (Mali), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), and Bamenda (Cameroon). Methodology involved multi-temporal spatial analysis of satellite images and farmer surveys. Results showed that the share of urban land covered by cropland differed in these cities, with higher shares in Accra and Bamenda, which included rainfed cultivation. Over the past 15 years, Accra has lost large shares of its farming areas, both in the inner-urban areas as well as in the fringe, whereas loss in Bamenda has been less substantial. In Ouagadougou and Bamako, where only irrigated sites were captured, cropland has shifted to the fringes but increased overall. Key drivers influencing the direction of change were official support of urban farming (or lack thereof), population pressure, and the availability of public open spaces that are not suitable for construction. In cities with decreasing cropland, implications included diminishing individual farm sizes, intensification of remaining sites, cessation of farming in the city, and the shift to other sites, which—apart from the physical availability of land and related resources—depends on social relations and informal rules.
5 Mullick, Md. R. A.; Das, N. 2021. Estimation of the spatial and temporal water footprint of rice production in Bangladesh. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25:511-524. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.002]
Water footprint ; Estimation ; Agricultural production ; Rice ; Varieties ; Cultivated land ; Spatial analysis ; Water resources ; Water availability ; Water use ; Sustainability ; Irrigation water / Bangladesh
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050145)
(3.94 MB)
As Bangladesh has expanded its irrigation coverage and has become self-sufficient on rice production to feed its vast population, there has been a strain on the country's water resources. Water footprint (WF) is an effective metric that estimates the overall water use for any product or service. This study quantified the water footprints and their components for the Aus, Aman, and Boro produced in Bangladesh. The analysis was spatially distributed for the year 1997, 2007, and 2017. The combined, estimated, spatially averaged WF for all three rice varieties (based on unit production) decreased over this 20-year period (5365 m3/tonne, 3980 m3/tonne, and 3404 m3/tonne for 1997, 2007, and 2017, respectively). Irrigation-intensive Boro rice had the lowest WF with the highest contribution from the blue WF part. In contrast, the spatially averaged WF based on total production was estimated to be 98,136 Mm3/year, 115,133 Mm3/year and 123,505 Mm3/year in 1997, 2007, and 2017, respectively. This gradual increase of WF due to an increase in total rice production will affect future water availability, particularly during the irrigation-intensive dry season. Exploratory spatial clustering identified the central-north region as a High-High clustered zone for WFblue– indicating a significant pressure on water resources. As a potential means of reducing this pressure, the feasibility of switching from Boro rice to wheat has been studied. The analyses will help policymakers adopt region-specific plans for crop-related water use to ensure food security, considering water resources sustainability as a prime intent.
6 Loc, H. H.; Park, E.; Thu, T. N.; Diep, N. T. H.; Can, N. T. 2021. An enhanced analytical framework of participatory GIS for ecosystem services assessment applied to a Ramsar wetland site in the Vietnam Mekong Delta. Ecosystem Services, 48:101245. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101245]
Ecosystem services ; Assessment ; Participatory approaches ; Geographical information systems ; Wetlands ; National parks ; Nature reserves ; Land cover ; Mapping ; Spatial analysis ; Decision making ; Communities ; Deltas / Vietnam / Mekong Delta / U Minh Thuong National Park
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050295)
(11.50 MB)
Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS), though proven valuable in ecosystem services (ES) research, is occasionally criticized for being expensive in terms of time, cost and administration efforts in case the post-hoc sophisticated spatial analytics/statistics are targeted. This study, based on the enhancement of the pre-developed PPGIS analytical framework, seeks to address these critiques by introducing an in-expensive effective data collection strategy, while substantially facilitating geo-spatial analytics. The U Minh Thuong National Park (UMTNP) in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, a world’s renowned Ramsar site, was chosen to demonstrate the framework. The respondents participated in the participatory mapping on paper maps, using color markers to hand-draw (as polygons) their self-perceived areas associated with different categories ES. By collecting 2D data, the post-hoc spatial analyses could have utilized more meaningful statistical methods. In this study, we introduced the uses of three methods: Ordinary least squares (OLS), Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and Moran’s I to assess the spatial autocorrelation of ES across the landscape. In addition to participatory mapping, the respondents were also engaged in completing a semi-structured questionnaire, which was subsequently analyzed using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. These two multivariate analyses serve to reveal the structured diversity of the people’s perceptions towards the importance of different ES. It was shown that Provisioning ES was the most highly regarded benefit, followed by Regulating, Supporting and Cultural. Regulating and Supporting ES, the two indirect material services share relatively similar appreciation patterns while Cultural ES was unexpectedly the least credited, a stark contrast lineagainst the government designated eco-tourism and historical functions of UMTNP. Geographically, the core areas of the national park have the most overlaps between Provisioning and Regulating services. Supporting services, on the other hand, were the most associated with Provisioning and Regulating services in peripheral areas. Cultural services were synergized with the other three types of ES in the areas reserved for eco-tourism activities. The revealed spatial synergies can determine the areas where potential conflicts between extractive and non-extractive uses could occur, contributing insights for sustainable management of UMTNP and other protected areas worldwide. In addition, this study also contributes to promoting the PPGIS method in ES research and other human geographical studies, those relying on community participation.
7 Nkiaka, E.; Okpara, U. T.; Okumah, M. 2021. Food-energy-water security in Sub-Saharan Africa: quantitative and spatial assessments using an indicator-based approach. Environmental Development, 13p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100655]
Food security ; Energy ; Water security ; Nexus ; Quantitative analysis ; Spatial analysis ; Assessment ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Indicators ; Policies ; Population growth / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050632)
(3.23 MB)
The challenge of achieving food, energy and water (FEW) security is greatest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where millions of people lack access to electricity, reliable drinking water and one in four people are undernourished. To develop targeted policies, it is necessary to identify at-risk countries and the spatial patterns of FEW insecurity in the region. However, country and sub-regional level assessments of FEW security have received scant attention. In this study, we carried out quantitative and spatial assessments of FEW security in SSA using the Pardee Rand FEW Index. Results show that 41 countries in SSA are FEW insecure, with Burundi being the most affected country while the West African sub-region seems to have many FEW insecure countries. Spatial analysis of FEW security reveals the presence of spatial patterns in the distribution of FEW insecurity in SSA suggesting that a sub-regional approach may be used to tackle this challenge. However, literature review shows that this has to be approached with caution given that different contextual factors such as socio-economic and governance conditions may influence FEW security within countries. Our analyses imply that any policy response designed to enhance FEW security needs to address both socio-economic, governance and other contextual factors within countries.
8 Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. 2021. A global analysis of agricultural productivity and water resource consumption changes over cropland expansion regions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 321:107630. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107630]
Agricultural productivity ; Water resources ; Water use ; Farmland ; Spatial analysis ; Ecosystems ; Land use change ; Land cover ; Grasslands ; Precipitation ; Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050681)
(7.26 MB)
Cropland expansion often occurs on grasslands and partial forests. However, there is little quantified understanding of how cropland expansion affected the agricultural productivity and water resource consumption globally. In this study, we used spatially explicit satellite-based data, including land use maps, net primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 2001 to 2018, and the space-for-time substitution technique to investigate the relationships between cropland expansion and agricultural productivity and water resource consumption. Results showed that global cropland area presented a significant net increasing trend with 1.9 × 104 km2/a (p < 0.01) since 2000. Net increased cropland area over the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere occupied 27.1% and 72.9% of global total net increase, respectively. Large-area cropland expansion mainly focused on Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Eastern Europe, Southern America, and Northern America. Particularly, cropland expansion in the Southern America deserved the greatest attention. At the global scale, new expanded croplands caused average NPP decrease and average ET decrease compared to original ecosystems, but performances were evident differences in subregions. Cropland expansion in the Southern America evidently decreased NPP and ET compared to other places. In contrast, new expanded croplands in most subregions of Asia and Northern America performed higher the agriculture productivity, while the increases were done at the expense of more water resource consumption. Although cropland expansion only slightly decreased NPP compared to original ecosystems globally, new expanded croplands often occurred in water-limited or temperature-limited areas according to precipitation and temperature gradations. This study suggests that cropland expansion should more consider sustainable land use and development, and reduce the risks of cropland expansion on natural ecosystems as much as possible.
9 Satterthwaite, E. V.; Bax, N. J.; Miloslavich, P.; Ratnarajah, L.; Canonico, G.; Dunn, D.; Simmons, S. E.; Carini, R. J.; Evans, K.; Allain, V.; Appeltans, W.; Batten, S.; Benedetti-Cecchi, L.; Bernard, A. T. F.; Bristol, S.; Benson, A.; Buttigieg, P. L.; Gerhardinger, L. C.; Chiba, S.; Davies, T. E.; Duffy, J. E.; Giron-Nava, A.; Hsu, A. J.; Kraberg, A. C.; Kudela, R. M.; Lear, D.; Montes, E.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; O’Brien, T. D.; Obura, D.; Provoost, P.; Pruckner, S.; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Selig, E. R.; Kjesbu, O. S.; Starger, C.; Stuart-Smith, R. D.; Vierros, M.; Waller, J.; Weatherdon, L. V.; Wellman, T. P.; Zivian, A. 2021. Establishing the foundation for the global observing system for marine life. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8:737416. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.737416]
Marine ecosystems ; Global observing systems ; Ocean observations ; Biodiversity ; Time series analysis ; Environmental monitoring ; Sustainability ; Climate change ; Coastal zones ; Mangroves ; Sea grasses ; Corals ; Algae ; Data management ; Metadata standard ; Datasets ; Best practices ; Access to information ; Spatial analysis ; Funding ; Capacity development ; Technology transfer ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050793)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.737416/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050793.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050793.pdf
(3.69 MB) (3.69 MB)
Maintaining healthy, productive ecosystems in the face of pervasive and accelerating human impacts including climate change requires globally coordinated and sustained observations of marine biodiversity. Global coordination is predicated on an understanding of the scope and capacity of existing monitoring programs, and the extent to which they use standardized, interoperable practices for data management. Global coordination also requires identification of gaps in spatial and ecosystem coverage, and how these gaps correspond to management priorities and information needs. We undertook such an assessment by conducting an audit and gap analysis from global databases and structured surveys of experts. Of 371 survey respondents, 203 active, long-term (>5 years) observing programs systematically sampled marine life. These programs spanned about 7% of the ocean surface area, mostly concentrated in coastal regions of the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Seagrasses, mangroves, hard corals, and macroalgae were sampled in 6% of the entire global coastal zone. Two-thirds of all observing programs offered accessible data, but methods and conditions for access were highly variable. Our assessment indicates that the global observing system is largely uncoordinated which results in a failure to deliver critical information required for informed decision-making such as, status and trends, for the conservation and sustainability of marine ecosystems and provision of ecosystem services. Based on our study, we suggest four key steps that can increase the sustainability, connectivity and spatial coverage of biological Essential Ocean Variables in the global ocean: (1) sustaining existing observing programs and encouraging coordination among these; (2) continuing to strive for data strategies that follow FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable); (3) utilizing existing ocean observing platforms and enhancing support to expand observing along coasts of developing countries, in deep ocean basins, and near the poles; and (4) targeting capacity building efforts. Following these suggestions could help create a coordinated marine biodiversity observing system enabling ecological forecasting and better planning for a sustainable use of ocean resources.
10 Kuller, M.; Reid, D. J.; Prodanovic, V. 2021. Are we planning blue-green infrastructure opportunistically or strategically? Insights from Sydney, Australia. Blue-Green Systems, 3(1):267-280. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.023]
Urban planning ; Infrastructure ; Strategy planning ; Spatial database ; Ecosystem services ; Spatial analysis ; Stormwater management ; Catchment areas ; Socioeconomic aspects / Australia / Sydney / Georges River Catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050860)
https://iwaponline.com/bgs/article-pdf/3/1/267/984087/bgs0030267.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050860.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050860.pdf
(0.73 MB) (748 KB)
Strategic placement of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is essential in optimising its performance and maximising co-benefits. However, little is known about the current placement and interconnectedness between WSUD assets and the performance of current planning strategies. We evaluated the placement of existing WSUDs in a highly urbanised catchment in Sydney, Australia. We used a three-step process: (1) compiling a comprehensive spatial asset database, (2) performing spatial correlation analysis between asset locations and biophysical, urban form and socioeconomic variables and (3) using a novel approach to facilitate holistic understanding through analysing asset locations compared with the outcome of the spatial suitability analysis tool (SSANTO). WSUD coverage was generally low, with clustering in some municipalities. Placement was constrained by physical variables, such as slope, limited space and varying land uses. However, placement was not detectably influenced by most socioeconomic variables. SSANTO's suitability score at asset locations was only slightly higher than average, suggesting that the placement of existing WSUD was opportunistic, rather than strategically planned. Further development and implementation of tools able to account for spatial constraints will help guide future WSUD placement as a component of green urban stormwater management.
11 Hojati, M.; Robertson, C.; Roberts, S.; Chaudhuri, C. 2022. GIScience research challenges for realizing discrete global grid systems as a digital earth. Big Earth Data, 23p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2021.2012912]
Geographical information systems ; Research ; Spatial analysis ; Technology ; Databases ; Datasets ; Environmental factors ; Models ; Uncertainty
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050877)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20964471.2021.2012912
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050877.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050877.pdf
(7.02 MB) (7.02 MB)
Increasing data resources are available for documenting and detecting changes in environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic processes. Currently, data are distributed across a wide variety of sources (e.g. data silos) and published in a variety of formats, scales, and semantic representations. A key issue, therefore, in building systems that can realize a vision of earth system monitoring remains data integration. Discrete global grid systems (DGGSs) have emerged as a key technology that can provide a common multi-resolution spatial fabric in support of Digital Earth monitoring. However, DGGSs remain in their infancy with many technical, conceptual, and operational challenges. With renewed interest in DGGS brought on by a recently proposed standard, the demands of big data, and growing needs for monitoring environmental changes across a variety of scales, we seek to highlight current challenges that we see as central to moving the field(s) and technologies of DGGS forward. For each of the identified challenges, we illustrate the issue and provide a potential solution using a reference DGGS implementation. Through articulation of these challenges, we hope to identify a clear research agenda, expand the DGGS research footprint, and provide some ideas for moving forward towards a scaleable Digital Earth vision. Addressing such challenges helps the GIScience research community to achieve the real benefits of DGGS and provides DGGS an opportunity to play a role in the next generation of GIS.
12 Alahacoon, Niranga; Edirisinghe, M.; Ranagalage, M. 2021. Satellite-based meteorological and agricultural drought monitoring for agricultural sustainability in Sri Lanka. Sustainability, 13(6):3427. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063427]
Drought ; Monitoring ; Sustainable agriculture ; Weather hazards ; Precipitation ; Rain ; Temperature ; Monsoons ; Spatial analysis ; Remote sensing ; Satellite observation ; Vegetation index ; Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050898)
(5.57 MB) (5.57 MB)
For Sri Lanka, as an agricultural country, a methodical drought monitoring mechanism, including spatial and temporal variations, may significantly contribute to its agricultural sustainability. Investigating long-term meteorological and agricultural drought occurrences in Sri Lanka and assessing drought hazard at the district level are the main objectives of the study. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) were used as drought indicators to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of agriculture and meteorological droughts. Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data from 1989 to 2019 was used to calculate SPI and RAI. MOD13A1 and MOD11A2 data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2001 to 2019, were used to generate the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI). Agricultural drought monitoring was done using VHI and generated using the spatial integration of VCI and TCI. Thus, various spatial data analysis techniques were extensively employed for vector and raster data integration and analysis. A methodology has been developed for the drought declaration of the country using the VHI-derived drought area percentage. Accordingly, for a particular year, if the country-wide annual extreme and severe drought area percentage based on VHI drought classes is =30%, it can be declared as a drought year. Moreover, administrative districts of Sri Lanka were classified into four hazard classes, No drought, Low drought, Moderate drought, and High drought, using the natural-beak classification scheme for both agricultural and meteorological droughts. The findings of this study can be used effectively by the relevant decision-makers for drought risk management (DRM), resilience, sustainable agriculture, and policymaking.
13 Taguta, C.; Senzanje, A.; Kiala, Z.; Malota, M.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe. 2022. Water-energy-food nexus tools in theory and practice: a systematic review. Frontiers in Water, 4:837316. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.837316]
Water resources ; Energy ; Food production ; Nexus ; Decision making ; Tools ; Models ; Geographical information systems ; Spatial analysis ; Case studies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051025)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frwa.2022.837316/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051025.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051025.pdf
(4.70 MB) (4.70 MB)
Sector-based resource management approaches partly contribute to the insecurities in water, energy and food sectors and resources. These approaches fail to acknowledge and capture the interlinkages between these connected resources, a key strength in the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach. However, the multi-centric, multidimensional, and spatiotemporally dynamic WEF nexus is complex and uncertain, thus requiring dedicated tools that can unpack it. Various sources have blamed the slow uptake and practical implementation of the WEF nexus on the unavailability of appropriate tools and models. To confirm those claims with evidence, literature on WEF nexus tools was searched from Scopus and Web of Science and systematically reviewed using the PRISMA protocol. It was found that the WEF nexus tools are being developed increasingly, with a current cumulative number of at least 46 tools and models. However, their majority (61%) is unreachable to the intended users. Some available tools are in code format, which can undermine their applicability by users without programming skills. A good majority (70%) lack key capabilities such as geospatial features and transferability in spatial scale and geographic scope. Only 30% of the tools are applicable at local scales. In contrast, some tools are restricted in geographic scope and scale of application, for example, ANEMI 3 and WEF models for large and household scales, respectively. Most (61%) of the tools lack wide application in actual case studies; this was partly attributed to the tools not being readily available. Thus, efforts should be made to disseminate and ensure end-users’ uptake and application of developed tools. Alternatively, the user-friendly tools should be developed on-demand as requested and inspired by potential clients. Developers should consider utility, transferability and scalability across uses and users when improving existing tools and developing new tools so that they are adaptable, only requiring new, specific location-adapted inputs and data. Where and when it is necessary to capture spatial dynamics of the WEF nexus, tools should be geographic information system (GIS)-enabled for automatic WEF nexus location selection, geospatial mapping, and visualization. Such GIS-enabled WEF nexus tools can provide a bird’s eye view of hotspots and champions of WEF nexus practices.
14 Karg, H.; Bouscarat, J.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Heinrigs, P.; Drechsel, Pay; Amprako, L.; Buerkert, A. 2022. Food flows and the roles of cities in West African food distribution networks. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6:857567. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.857567]
Foodsheds ; Distribution systems ; Food supply chains ; Food systems ; Urbanization ; Towns ; Central places ; Markets ; Marketing channels ; Transportation ; Perishable products ; Resilience ; Policies ; Geographical information systems ; Spatial analysis / West Africa / Ghana / Cameroon / Burkina Faso / Mali / Tamale / Bamenda / Ouagadougou / Bamako
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051175)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2022.857567/pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051175.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051175.pdf
(6.06 MB) (6.06 MB)
In West Africa, rampant urbanization is changing food systems, including the magnitude and composition of food flows and the length of supply chains. An increasing body of literature discusses pathways to sustainable transformation of urban food systems taking into account links between urban and rural spaces. Research and policy have focused on the role of cities as consumption centers receiving food from local, regional, and global hinterlands. This study aims at widening the perspective on the role of cities in food distribution, by bringing into focus a city’s function as a consumption, aggregation, and disaggregation center. The analysis is based on a comprehensive set of primary data on food flows collected in four West African cities across different seasons. The analysis shows that the investigated cities are integrated into multi-scale urban and market networks. Their position within these networks interacts with their reliance on other territories for food supply and with their functions, such as the aggregation of goods. The capital cities of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Bamako (Mali) relied more on lower-rank urban settlements further away, while Tamale, a secondary city in Ghana, acted as an assembly market for local rural producers and in turn supplied larger urban centers. Bamenda, a secondary city in Cameroon, acted as a consumption center sourcing mainly from its hinterland. Beyond that, city functions were context-specific and varied according to type of product and season. Extending the perspective on the role of cities has implications for policy, including bringing into focus and strengthening midstream segments, such as market and transport links.
15 Stuart, E.; Stoler, J.; Pearson, A. L.; Asiki, G. 2023. Spatial heterogeneity of household water insecurity in rural Uganda: implications for development. Water International, 48(2):282-301. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2023.2183641]
Water insecurity ; Heterogeneity ; Households ; Food insecurity ; Conflicts ; Geographical information systems ; Spatial analysis ; Water, sanitation and hygiene ; Drinking water ; Communities / Africa South of Sahara / Uganda
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051920)
(5.58 MB)
Little is known about the micro-scale spatial patterns of household water insecurity and their implications for community water interventions. This cross-sectional study analyses the location data of 250 households surveyed in Arua, Uganda, in August–September 2017 to evaluate correlates and geospatial clustering of household water insecurity, that is, geographical patterns in how water insecurity is experienced. The spatial cluster analysis identified clusters or outliers in every community, though with different spatial patterns. Household water insecurity was positively associated with food insecurity, round-trip fetching time, and water-related conflict within households and with neighbours. The observed spatial heterogeneity provides a new view of how household water insecurity experiences may vary in space and time, and can help practitioners understand the heterogeneity of impact that is often observed in water interventions
16 Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Taguta, C.; Sikka, Alok; Lautze, Jonathan. 2023. Mapping Decision Support Tools (DSTs) on agricultural water productivity: a global systematic scoping review. Agricultural Water Management, 290:108590. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108590]
Decision support systems ; Mapping ; Agricultural water management ; Water productivity ; Integrated development ; Models ; Algorithms ; Spatial analysis ; Systematic reviews ; Geographical information systems ; Remote sensing ; Irrigation scheduling ; Energy balance ; Food security ; Nexus approaches
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052407)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377423004559/pdfft?md5=0ab53b59f378e1d440519afef292c719&pid=1-s2.0-S0378377423004559-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052407.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052407.pdf
(5.01 MB) (5.01 MB)
While there is a proliferation of Decision Support Tools (DSTs) to enhance agricultural water productivity (AWP) and related objectives such as food security, an assessment of their adoption and performance is not known to be undertaken. To develop new or improved DSTs for bespoke applications in optimizing AWP, there needs to be a stock-take of the existing tools, their functionality, user-friendliness and uptake. We compiled and assessed existing DSTs for AWP as a starting point for present and future developers who intend to improve existing or develop new DSTs for optimizing AWP. Secondarily, this review identifies DSTs’ key characteristics, availability, and applicability for different typologies and spatio-temporal scales. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was applied to search for literature from Scopus and WoS databases. The study revealed the existence of 81 documented AWP DSTs whose development started from around the 1970 s, peaked in the 1990 s, and declined after that although the improvement and upgrading of existing DSTs continued. Over half (51%) of the DSTs are not readily available in the public domain. The prevalent spatial and temporal application scales are field and day, respectively. There is limited reporting on the application at scale, partly due to the wide unavailability of DSTs. A gap exists in AWP DSTs with geospatial capabilities (one in 10 or 10% had geographic information systems (GIS) integration capabilities). Most DSTs focus on water and food (yield) components but omit energy and other dimensions of AWP. Regarding format, most tools were available as desktop (35%) and web-based (48%) applications, and codes (27%). Developers should strive to deliver AWP tools in convenient, compatible, and user-friendly for a wide range of users, from novices to experts.
17 Taguta, C.; Nhamo, L.; Kiala, Zolo; Bangira, T.; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Senzanje, A.; Makurira, H.; Jewitt, G. P. W.; Mpandeli, S.; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe. 2023. A geospatial web-based integrative analytical tool for the water-energy-food nexus: the iWEF 1.0. Frontiers in Water, 5:1305373. [doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2023.1305373]
Water resources ; Energy ; Food resources ; Nexus approaches ; Resilience ; Modelling ; Spatial analysis ; Sustainable development ; Resource management ; Decision making / Southern Africa / South Africa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052483)
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/water/articles/10.3389/frwa.2023.1305373/pdf?isPublishedV2=false
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052483.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052483.pdf
(1.08 MB) (1.08 MB)
Introduction: The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has evolved into an important transformative approach for facilitating the timely identification of trade-os and synergies between interlinked sectors for informed intervention and decision-making. However, there is a growing need for a WEF nexus tool to support decision-making on integrated resources management toward sustainable development. Methods: This study developed a geospatial web-based integrative analytical tool for the WEF nexus (the iWEF) to support integrated assessment of WEF resources to support resilience building and adaptation initiatives and strategies. The tool uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish numerical correlations among WEF nexus indicators and pillars, mainly availability, productivity, accessibility, and sufficiency. The tool was calibrated and validated with existing tools and data at varying spatio-temporal scales. Results: The results indicate the applicability of the tool at any spatial scale, highlighting the moderate sustainability in the management of WEF resources at various scales. The developed iWEF tool has improved the existing integrative WEF nexus analytical tool in terms of processing time and providing geospatial capabilities. Discussion: The iWEF tool is a digital platform that automatically guides policy and decision-making in managing risk from trade-os and enhancing synergies holistically. It is developed to support policy and decision-making on timely interventions in priority areas that could be showing signs of stress.
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