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1 Zeitoun, M.; Abdallah, C.; Dajani, M.; Khresat, S.; Elaydi, H.; Alfarra, A. 2019. The Yarmouk Tributary to the Jordan River I: agreements impeding equitable transboundary water arrangements. Water Alternatives, 12(3):1064-1094.

International waters ; International agreements ; Treaties ; International cooperation ; Rivers ; Water resources ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Water use ; Political aspects ; Conflicts ; Dams / Jordan / Israel / Syrian Arab Republic / Yarmouk River / Jordan River Basin / Tiberias

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049353)

http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/volume-12/v12issue3/555-a12-3-11/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049353.pdf

(0.90 MB) (924 KB)

This article explores the ways in which two international water agreements on the Yarmouk tributary to the Jordan River induce or impede transformation to equitable transboundary water arrangements. The agreements in question were reached between Jordan and Syria in 1987, and between Jordan and Israel in 1994. Following a brief review of theory and a summary of the body of knowledge on 'model' agreements, the article combines official river-gauging data with interviews and textual analysis to query the text and role of the agreements, particularly in relation to key dams and other infrastructure. Both agreements are found to i) lack important clauses that could govern groundwater abstraction, environmental concerns, water quality, and the ability to adapt to changing water quality, availability and need; and ii) include both ambiguous and rigid clauses that result in generally inequitable allocation of water and thus of the benefits derived from its use. Due to their omissions and to their reflection of the asymmetries in power between the states, both agreements are found to be 'blind' to existing use, to be incapable of dealing with urgent governance needs, and to impede more equitable arrangements.

2 Zeitoun, M.; Dajani, M.; Abdallah, C.; Khresat, S.; Elaydi, H.. 2019. The Yarmouk Tributary to the Jordan River II: infrastructure impeding the transformation of equitable transboundary water arrangements. Water Alternatives, 12(3):1095-1122.

International waters ; International agreements ; Treaties ; River basins ; Infrastructure ; Weirs ; Dams ; Water reservoirs ; International cooperation ; Water use ; Political aspects / Jordan / Israel / Syrian Arab Republic / Yarmouk River Basin / Jordan River Basin / Adassiyeh Weir / Wehdeh Dam

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049354)

http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/volume-12/v12issue3/556-a12-3-12/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049354.pdf

(2.09 MB) (2.09 MB)

This article explores the ways in which key components of infrastructure built on the Yarmouk tributary to the Jordan River induce or impede the transformation of existing transboundary water arrangements. Focussing on the Jordanian-Israeli Adassiyeh Weir and on the Jordanian-Syrian Wehdeh Dam, the article interprets archival documents, official river-gauging data, and interviews through a frame that highlights depoliticisation by hydrocracies within the politics of international infrastructure. The weir is found to be operated in a manner that prioritises Jordan's commitment to Israel when flows are low, and to be designed to bound the volume that Jordan can make use of during low or very high flows. The dam appears oversized but regulates the flow to the downstream weir when its reservoir does not lie empty. The design and operation of the infrastructure is found to partially and selectively depoliticise contentious transboundary water issues in a manner that privileges the more powerful actors. Transformation of the arrangements is impeded as the distribution and use of the flows is not questioned by the water authorities or the international diplomatic community, and alternative arrangements are not considered.