Your search found 12 records
1 Boot, M. T.; Cairncross, S. (Eds.) 1993. Actions speak: The study of hygiene behaviour in water and sanitation projects. The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. ix, 139p.
Public health ; Waterborne diseases ; Sanitation ; Monitoring ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Social aspects ; Disease transmission
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: 614 G000 BOO Record No: H023083)
2 International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2018. Dams and malaria in Africa: time for action. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 8p. (IWMI Water Policy Brief 40) [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.211]
Mosquito-borne diseases ; Malaria ; Water storage ; Water level ; Water security ; Water management ; Reservoir operation ; Dam construction ; Health hazards ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Irrigation ; Disease transmission ; Disease control ; River basins ; Slope / Africa / Ethiopia / Zambia / Zimbabwe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H048781)
(926 KB)
3 Kibret, S.; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew; Nhamo, Luxon; Yan, G. 2019. Malaria around large dams in Africa: effect of environmental and transmission endemicity factors. Malaria Journal, 18:1-12. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5]
Malaria ; Vector-borne diseases ; Dams ; Environmental effects ; Disease transmission ; Endemics ; Mosquitoes ; Anopheles ; Breeding habitats ; Water reservoirs ; Slope ; Topography ; Climatic data ; Communities ; Health hazards / Africa South of Sahara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049330)
https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-019-2933-5
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049330.pdf
(3.62 MB) (3.62 MB)
Background: The impact of large dams on malaria has received widespread attention. However, understanding how dam topography and transmission endemicity influence malaria incidences is limited.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
Methods: Data from the European Commission’s Joint Research Center and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were used to determine reservoir perimeters and shoreline slope of African dams. Georeferenced data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) were used to estimate malaria incidence rates in communities near reservoir shorelines. Population data from the WorldPop database were used to estimate the population at risk of malaria around dams in stable and unstable areas.
Results: The data showed that people living near (< 5 km) large dams in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 14.4 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2015. Overall, across sub-Saharan Africa between 0.7 and 1.6 million malaria cases per year are attributable to large dams. Whilst annual malaria incidence declined markedly in both stable and unstable areas between 2000 and 2015, the malaria impact of dams appeared to increase in unstable areas, but decreased in stable areas. Shoreline slope was found to be the most important malaria risk factor in dam-affected geographies, explaining 41–82% (P < 0.001) of the variation in malaria incidence around reservoirs.
Conclusion: Gentler, more gradual shoreline slopes were associated with much greater malaria risk. Dam-related environmental variables such as dam topography and shoreline slopes are an important factor that should be considered in efforts to predict and control malaria around dams.
4 Baker, R. E.; Yang, W.; Vecchi, G. A.; Metcalf, J. E.; Grenfell, B. T. 2020. Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2] pandemic. Science, 10p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc2535]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Pandemics ; Infection ; Climatic factors ; Disease transmission ; Population ; Susceptibility ; Immunity ; Humidity ; Models
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049701)
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/15/science.abc2535.full.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049701.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049701.pdf
(2.53 MB) (2.53 MB)
Preliminary evidence suggests that climate may modulate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Yet it remains unclear whether seasonal and geographic variations in climate can substantially alter the pandemic trajectory, given high susceptibility is a core driver. Here, we use a climate-dependent epidemic model to simulate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic probing different scenarios based on known coronavirus biology. We find that while variations in weather may be important for endemic infections, during the pandemic stage of an emerging pathogen the climate drives only modest changes to pandemic size. A preliminary analysis of non-pharmaceutical control measures indicates that they may moderate the pandemic-climate interaction via susceptible depletion. Our findings suggest, without effective control measures, strong outbreaks are likely in more humid climates and summer weather will not substantially limit pandemic growth.
5 Everard, M.; Johnston, P.; Santillo, D.; Staddon, C. 2020. The role of ecosystems in mitigation and management of Covid-19 and other zoonoses. Environmental Science and Policy, 111:7-17. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.017]
Disease management ; Mitigation ; Coronavirus disease ; Zoonoses ; Ecosystem services ; Pandemics ; Disease transmission ; Risk reduction ; Water security ; Natural resources ; Biodiversity ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Sanitation ; Climate change ; Social aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049755)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901120306122/pdfft?md5=5a1de8fe24d4fe0be72f3981ef88f7f2&pid=1-s2.0-S1462901120306122-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049755.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049755.pdf
(1.22 MB) (1.22 MB)
There is rising international concern about the zoonotic origins of many global pandemics. Increasing human-animal interactions are perceived as driving factors in pathogen transfer, emphasising the close relationships between human, animal and environmental health. Contemporary livelihood and market patterns tend to degrade ecosystems and their services, driving a cycle of degradation in increasingly tightly linked socio-ecological systems. This contributes to reductions in the natural regulating capacities of ecosystem services to limit disease transfer from animals to humans. It also undermines natural resource availability, compromising measures such as washing and sanitation that may be key to managing subsequent human-to-human disease transmission. Human activities driving this degrading cycle tend to convert beneficial ecosystem services into disservices, exacerbating risks related to zoonotic diseases. Conversely, measures to protect or restore ecosystems constitute investment in foundational capital, enhancing their capacities to provide for greater human security and opportunity. We use the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impact-Response) framework to explore three aspects of zoonotic diseases: (1) the significance of disease regulation ecosystem services and their degradation in the emergence of Covid-19 and other zoonotic diseases; and of the protection of natural resources as mitigating contributions to both (2) regulating human-to-human disease transfer; and (3) treatment of disease outbreaks. From this analysis, we identify a set of appropriate response options, recognising the foundational roles of ecosystems and the services they provide in risk management. Zoonotic disease risks are ultimately interlinked with biodiversity crises and water insecurity. The need to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic ongoing at the time of writing creates an opportunity for systemic policy change, placing scientific knowledge of the value and services of ecosystems at the heart of societal concerns as a key foundation for a more secure future. Rapid political responses and unprecedented economic stimuli reacting to the pandemic demonstrate that systemic change is achievable at scale and pace, and is also therefore transferrable to other existential, global-scale threats including climate change and the ‘biodiversity crisis’. This also highlights the need for concerted global action, and is also consistent with the duties, and ultimately the self-interests, of developed, donor nations.
6 Kyei-Baafour, E.; Tornyigah, B.; Buade, B.; Bimi, L.; Oduro, A. R.; Koram, K. A.; Gyan, B. A.; Kusi, K. A. 2020. Impact of an irrigation dam on the transmission and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in a seasonal malaria transmission area of northern Ghana. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2020:1386587. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1386587]
Malaria ; Disease transmission ; Irrigation ; Dams ; Infectious diseases ; Parasites ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Dry season ; Wet season ; Communities / Ghana / Bongo
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049812)
http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jtm/2020/1386587.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049812.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049812.pdf
(1.27 MB) (1.27 MB)
Water bodies such as dams are known to alter the local transmission patterns of a number of infectious diseases, especially those transmitted by insects and other arthropod vectors. The impact of an irrigation dam on submicroscopic asexual parasite carriage in individuals living in a seasonal malaria transmission area of northern Ghana was investigated. A total of 288 archived DNA samples from two cross-sectional surveys in two communities in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana were analysed. Parasite density was determined by light microscopy and PCR, and parasite diversity was assessed by genotyping of the polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum msp2 block-3 region. Submicroscopic parasitaemia was estimated as the proportional difference between positive samples identified by PCR and microscopy. Dry season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher (71.0%, ) at the dam site compared with the nondam site (49.2%). Similarly, wet season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher at the dam site (54.5%, ) compared with the nondam site (33.0%). There was no difference in parasite density between sites in the dry season () and in the wet season (). Multiplicity of infection (MOI) based on PCR data was significantly higher at the dam site compared with the nondam site during the dry season () but similar between sites during the wet season. MOI at the nondam site was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season (2.49, 1.26, ) but similar between seasons at the dam site. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of carrying submicroscopic parasites at the dam site in both dry season (OR = 7.46, 95% CI = 3.07–18.15) and in wet season (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.04–2.86). The study findings suggest that large water bodies impact year-round carriage of submicroscopic parasites and sustain Plasmodium transmission.
7 Mahendran, R.; Pathirana, S.; Piyatilake, I. T. S.; Perera, S. S. N.; Weerasinghe, M. C. 2020. Assessment of environmental variability on malaria transmission in a malaria-endemic rural dry zone locality of Sri Lanka: the wavelet approach. PLoS ONE, 15(2):e0228540. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228540]
Malaria ; Disease transmission ; Endemics ; Environmental factors ; Rural areas ; Arid zones ; Epidemiology ; Rivers ; Rain ; Humidity ; Models / Sri Lanka / Kataragama / Menik Ganga
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049856)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228540&type=printable
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049856.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049856.pdf
(3.19 MB) (3.19 MB)
Malaria is a global public health concern and its dynamic transmission is still a complex process. Malaria transmission largely depends on various factors, including demography, geography, vector dynamics, parasite reservoir, and climate. The dynamic behaviour of malaria transmission has been explained using various statistical and mathematical methods. Of them, wavelet analysis is a powerful mathematical technique used in analysing rapidly changing time-series to understand disease processes in a more holistic way. The current study is aimed at identifying the pattern of malaria transmission and its variability with environmental factors in Kataragama, a malaria-endemic dry zone locality of Sri Lanka, using a wavelet approach. Monthly environmental data including total rainfall and mean water flow of the “Menik Ganga” river; mean temperature, mean minimum and maximum temperatures and mean relative humidity; and malaria cases in the Kataragama Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area were obtained from the Department of Irrigation, Department of Meteorology and Malaria Research Unit (MRU) of University of Colombo, respectively, for the period 1990 to 2005. Wavelet theory was applied to analyze these monthly time series data. There were two significant periodicities in malaria cases during the period of 1992–1995 and 1999–2000. The cross-wavelet power spectrums revealed an anti-phase correlation of malaria cases with mean temperature, minimum temperature, and water flow of “Menik Ganga” river during the period 1991–1995, while the in-phase correlation with rainfall is noticeable only during 1991–1992. Relative humidity was similarly associated with malaria cases between 1991–1992. It appears that environmental variables have contributed to a higher incidence of malaria cases in Kataragama in different time periods between 1990 and 2005.
8 Foladori, P.; Cutrupi, F.; Segata, N.; Manara, S.; Pinto, F.; Malpei, F.; Bruni, L.; La Rosa, G. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: what do we know?: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 743:140444. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444]
COVID-19 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Wastewater treatment ; Treatment plants ; Faeces ; Sewage ; Disease transmission ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Pandemics ; Monitoring
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049955)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720339668/pdfft?md5=cf32f7ecde41e4fb13f3164badf40c61&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969720339668-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049955.pdf
(0.90 MB) (924 KB)
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been found in the faeces of infected patients in numerous studies. Stool may remain positive for SARS-CoV-2, even when the respiratory tract becomes negative, and the interaction with the gastrointestinal tract poses a series of questions about wastewater and its treatments. This review aims to understand the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and sewage and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed.
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60–140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
9 Donde, O. O.; Atoni, E.; Muia, A. W.; Yillia, P. T. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic: water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as a critical control measure remains a major challenge in low-income countries. Water Research, 191:116793. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116793]
COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Water ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Public health ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Disease transmission ; Disease control ; Morbidity ; Mortality
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050207)
(0.61 MB)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the deadly respiratory disease called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global public health emergency that has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. We review literature on the transmission and control of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the challenges of focusing on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) as critical control measures in low-income countries. A significantly higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related deaths has been reported for the United States of America and other high-income countries in Europe and Asia, regardless of advanced medical facilities in those countries. In contrast, much lower COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality rates have been documented in many low-income countries, despite having comparatively higher socioeconomic burdens and suboptimal medical facilities. By September 29, 2020 over one million deaths have been reported. On the same day, the cumulative total of COVID-19 related morbidity for Africa was 35,954 with 3.5% of the global COVID-19 related deaths. We present arguments for the relatively low COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates in many low-income countries and discuss the critical importance of WASH for preventing the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. We observe that the key recommendations put forward by the World Health Organization to effectively control the pandemic have been difficult to implement in low-income countries. We conclude that the pandemic reinforces previous pronouncements that adequate and effective WASH measures are crucial for public health and recommend closer coordination between public health and WASH sectors.
10 de Araujo, J. C.; Gavazza, S.; Leao, T. L.; Florencio, L.; da Silva, H. P.; Albuquerque, J. de. O.; Borges, M. A. de L.; Alves, R. B. de O.; Rodrigues, R. H. A.; dos Santos, E. B. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance in low-income countries: potential and challenges. Journal of Water and Health, 19(1):1-19. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.168]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Sewage ; Surveillance ; COVID-19 ; Disease transmission ; Wastewater treatment plants ; Microbiology ; Monitoring ; Sanitation ; Urban areas ; Communities ; Precipitation / Brazil / Recife
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050231)
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article-pdf/19/1/1/845169/jwh0190001.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050231.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050231.pdf
(0.65 MB) (664 KB)
This paper reviews the recent findings in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples. We discuss how wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) can be used as a complementary tool to help the fight against COVID-19 spread, particularly in low-income countries with low sewage coverage and where the testing coverage is deficient, such as Brazil. One of the major challenges on WBS is the use of different protocols to estimate the number of infected people in a community from the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Therefore, we assembled and reviewed all the relevant data available to date about this topic. Virus concentration and detection methods were reviewed as well, and some of them can be performed in most of the microbiology and environmental engineering laboratories in low-income countries, as discussed. Moreover, the monitoring and sampling plan should represent the local reality. Thus, we suggest unique strategies for sewage sampling and monitoring in different sewerage network points and the slums, despite the possible logistics difficulties involved. Considering the low levels of sanitation in most urban agglomerates in Brazil, WBS can potentially assume a crucial role as a cost-effective strategy to monitor the circulation of the virus and assess the real prevalence of COVID-19.
11 Kibret, S.; McCartney, Matthew; Lautze, Jonathan; Nhamo, Luxon; Yan, G. 2021. The impact of large and small dams on malaria transmission in four basins in Africa. Scientific Reports, 11:13355. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92924-3]
Malaria ; Disease transmission ; Dams ; River basins ; Vector-borne diseases ; Risk ; Water reservoirs ; Infrastructure ; Population density / Africa South of Sahara / Limpopo River Basin / Omo-Turkana River Basin / Volta River Basin / Zambezi River Basin
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050499)
(1.51 MB) (1.51 MB)
Expansion of various types of water infrastructure is critical to water security in Africa. To date, analysis of adverse disease impacts has focused mainly on large dams. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of both small and large dams on malaria in four river basins in sub-Saharan Africa (i.e., the Limpopo, Omo-Turkana, Volta and Zambezi river basins). The European Commission’s Joint Research Center (JRC) Yearly Water Classification History v1.0 data set was used to identify water bodies in each of the basins. Annual malaria incidence data were obtained from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) database for the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. A total of 4907 small dams and 258 large dams in the four basins, with 14.7million people living close (< 5 km) to their reservoirs in 2015, were analysed. The annual number of malaria cases attributable to dams of either size across the four basins was 0.9–1.7 million depending on the year, of which between 77 and 85% was due to small dams. The majority of these cases occur in areas of stable transmission. Malaria incidence per kilometre of reservoir shoreline varied between years but for small dams was typically 2–7 times greater than that for large dams in the same basin. Between 2000 and 2015, the annual malaria incidence showed a broadly declining trend for both large and small dam reservoirs in areas of stable transmission in all four basins. In conclusion, the malaria impact of dams is far greater than previously recognized. Small and large dams represent hotspots of malaria transmission and, as such, should be a critical focus of future disease control efforts.
12 Kulkarni, M. A.; Duguay, C.; Ost, K. 2022. Charting the evidence for climate change impacts on the global spread of malaria and dengue and adaptive responses: a scoping review of reviews. Globalization and Health, 18:1. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00793-2]
Climate change adaptation ; Malaria ; Dengue ; Disease transmission ; Public health ; Vector-borne diseases ; Climate variability ; Precipitation ; Models ; Early warning systems
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050929)
https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12992-021-00793-2.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050929.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050929.pdf
(1.16 MB) (1.16 MB)
Background: Climate change is expected to alter the global footprint of many infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. Knowledge of the range and geographical context of expected climate change impacts on disease transmission and spread, combined with knowledge of effective adaptation strategies and responses, can help to identify gaps and best practices to mitigate future health impacts. To investigate the types of evidence for impacts of climate change on two major mosquito-borne diseases of global health importance, malaria and dengue, and to identify the range of relevant policy responses and adaptation strategies that have been devised, we performed a scoping review of published review literature. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Epistemonikos) were systematically searched for relevant published reviews. Inclusion criteria were: reviews with a systematic search, from 2007 to 2020, in English or French, that addressed climate change impacts and/or adaptation strategies related to malaria and/or dengue. Data extracted included: characteristics of the article, type of review, disease(s) of focus, geographic focus, and nature of the evidence. The evidence was summarized to identify and compare regional evidence for climate change impacts and adaptation measures.
Results: A total of 32 reviews met the inclusion criteria. Evidence for the impacts of climate change (including climate variability) on dengue was greatest in the Southeast Asian region, while evidence for the impacts of climate change on malaria was greatest in the African region, particularly in highland areas. Few reviews explicitly addressed the implementation of adaptation strategies to address climate change-driven disease transmission, however suggested strategies included enhanced surveillance, early warning systems, predictive models and enhanced vector control.
Conclusions: There is strong evidence for the impacts of climate change, including climate variability, on the transmission and future spread of malaria and dengue, two of the most globally important vector-borne diseases. Further efforts are needed to develop multi-sectoral climate change adaptation strategies to enhance the capacity and resilience of health systems and communities, especially in regions with predicted climatic suitability for future emergence and re-emergence of malaria and dengue. This scoping review may serve as a useful precursor to inform future systematic reviews of the primary literature.
Results: A total of 32 reviews met the inclusion criteria. Evidence for the impacts of climate change (including climate variability) on dengue was greatest in the Southeast Asian region, while evidence for the impacts of climate change on malaria was greatest in the African region, particularly in highland areas. Few reviews explicitly addressed the implementation of adaptation strategies to address climate change-driven disease transmission, however suggested strategies included enhanced surveillance, early warning systems, predictive models and enhanced vector control.
Conclusions: There is strong evidence for the impacts of climate change, including climate variability, on the transmission and future spread of malaria and dengue, two of the most globally important vector-borne diseases. Further efforts are needed to develop multi-sectoral climate change adaptation strategies to enhance the capacity and resilience of health systems and communities, especially in regions with predicted climatic suitability for future emergence and re-emergence of malaria and dengue. This scoping review may serve as a useful precursor to inform future systematic reviews of the primary literature.
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