Your search found 5 records
1 Bennett, A.; Nijssen, B.; Ou, G.; Clark, M.; Nearing, G. 2019. Quantifying Process Connectivity With Transfer Entropy in Hydrologic Models. Water Resources Research, 55(6):4613-4629. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024555]
Hydrology ; Models ; River basins ; Runoff ; Water balance ; Information transfer ; Precipitation ; Mountains / USA / Canada / Columbia River Basin / Snake River / Willamette River / Olympic Mountains / Canadian Rockies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049255)
(2.36 MB)
Quantifying the behavior and performance of hydrologic models is an important aspect of understanding the underlying hydrologic systems. We argue that classical error measures do not offer a complete picture for building this understanding. This study demonstrates how the information theoretic measure known as transfer entropy can be used to quantify the active transfer of information between hydrologic processes at various timescales and facilitate further understanding of the behavior of these systems. To build a better understanding of the differences in dynamics, we compare model instances of the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, and the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) across a variety of hydrologic regimes in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Our results show differences in the runoff of the SUMMA instance compared to the other two models in several of our study locations. In the Snake River region, SUMMA runoff was primarily snowmelt driven, while VIC and PRMS runoff was primarily influenced by precipitation and evapotranspiration. In the Olympic mountains, evapotranspiration interacted with the other water balance variables much differently in PRMS than in VIC and SUMMA. In the Willamette River, all three models had similar process networks at the daily time scale but showed differences in information transfer at the monthly timescale. Additionally, we find that all three models have similar connectivity between evapotranspiration and soil moisture. Analyzing information transfers to runoff at daily and monthly time steps shows how processes can operate on different timescales. By comparing information transfer with correlations, we show how transfer entropy provides a complementary picture of model behavior.
2 Springmann, M.; Clark, M.; Mason-D’Croz, D.; Wiebe, K.; Bodirsky, B. L.; Lassaletta, L.; de Vries, W.; Vermeulen, S. J.; Herrero, M.; Carlson, K. M.; Jonell, M.; Troell, M.; DeClerck, F.; Gordon, L. J.; Zurayk, R.; Scarborough, P.; Rayner, M.; Loken, B.; Fanzo, J.; Godfray, H. C. J.; Tilman, D.; Rockstrom, J.; Willett, W. 2018. Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits. Nature, 562:519-525. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0]
Climate change ; Food systems ; Food consumption ; Environmental impact ; Ecosystems ; Land use ; Farmland ; Income ; Uncertainty ; Socioeconomic development ; Models ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049453)
(8.12 MB)
The food system is a major driver of climate change, changes in land use, depletion of freshwater resources, and pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through excessive nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Here we show that between 2010 and 2050, as a result of expected changes in population and income levels, the environmental effects of the food system could increase by 50–90% in the absence of technological changes and dedicated mitigation measures, reaching levels that are beyond the planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity. We analyse several options for reducing the environmental effects of the food system, including dietary changes towards healthier, more plant-based diets, improvements in technologies and management, and reductions in food loss and waste. We find that no single measure is enough to keep these effects within all planetary boundaries simultaneously, and that a synergistic combination of measures will be needed to sufficiently mitigate the projected increase in environmental pressures.
3 DeClerck, F. A. J.; Koziell, I.; Sidhu, A.; Wirths, J.; Benton, T.; Garibaldi, L. A.; Kremen, C.; Maron, M.; Rumbaitis del Rio, C.; Clark, M.; Dickens, Chris; Estrada-Carmona, N.; Fremier, A. K.; Jones, S. K.; Khoury, C. K.; Lal, R.; Obersteiner, M.; Remans, R.; Rusch, A.; Schulte, L. A.; Simmonds, J.; Stringer, L. C.; Weber, C.; Winowiecki, L. 2021. Biodiversity and agriculture: rapid evidence review. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 70p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2021.215]
Agrobiodiversity ; Food systems ; Agricultural productivity ; Healthy diets ; Nutrition ; Livelihoods ; Food security ; Food production ; Diversification ; Agroecology ; Ecosystem services ; Habitats ; Environmental security ; Water quality ; Water security ; Climate change mitigation ; Resilience ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Policies ; Investment ; Agricultural landscape ; Soil fertility ; Pollination ; Pest control ; Genetic diversity (as resource) ; Developing countries
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050605)
(7.29 MB)
4 DeClerck, F. A. J.; Koziell, I.; Benton, T; Garibaldi, L. A.; Kremen, C.; Maron, M.; Rumbaitis Del Rio, C.; Sidhu, A.; Wirths, J.; Clark, M.; Dickens, Chris; Carmona, N. E.; Fremier, A. K.; Jones, S. K.; Khoury, C. K.; Lal, R.; Obersteiner, M.; Remans, R.; Rusch, A.; Schulte, L. A.; Simmonds, J.; Stringer, L. C.; Weber, C.; Winowiecki, L. 2021. A whole earth approach to nature positive food: biodiversity and agriculture. Food Systems Summit Briefs. Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn. Center for Development Research (ZEF) in cooperation with the Scientific Group for the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021. 26p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.48565/scfss2021-h174]
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050603)
https://sc-fss2021.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/FSS_Brief_Nature_Positive_Agriculture.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050603.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050603.pdf
(1.23 MB) (1.23 MB)
5 DeClerck, F. A. J.; Koziell, I.; Benton, T.; Garibaldi, L. A.; Kremen, C.; Maron, M.; Del Rio, C. R.; Sidhu, A.; Wirths, J.; Clark, M.; Dickens, Chris; Carmona, N. E.; Fremier, A. K.; Jones, S. K.; Khoury, C. K.; Lal, R.; Obersteiner, M.; Remans, R.; Rusch, A.; Schulte, L. A.; Simmonds, J.; Stringer, L. C.; Weber, C.; Winowiecki, L. 2023. A whole earth approach to nature-positive food: biodiversity and agriculture. In von Braun, J.; Afsana, K.; Fresco, L. O.; Hassan, M. H. A. (Eds.). Science and innovations for food systems transformation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.469-496. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_25]
Food systems ; Biodiversity ; Agriculture ; Nature-based solutions ; Nutrition ; Healthy diets ; Dietary diversity ; Food security ; Ecosystem services ; Climate change ; Environmental factors
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051666)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_25?pdf=chapter%20toc
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051666.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051666.pdf
(0.62 MB) (630 KB)
Agriculture is the largest single source of environmental degradation, responsible for over 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 70% of freshwater use and 80% of land conversion: it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss (Foley JA, Science 309:570–574, 2005, Nature 478:337–342, 2011; IPBES. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, 2019; Willett W et al. The Lancet 393:447–492, 2019). Agriculture also underpins poor human health, contributing to 11 million premature deaths annually. While too many still struggle from acute hunger, a growing number of individuals, including in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), struggle to access healthy foods. Greater consideration for, and integration of, biodiversity in agriculture is a key solution space for improving health, eliminating hunger and achieving nature-positive development objectives.
This rapid evidence review documents the best available evidence of agriculture’s relationships with biodiversity, drawing on the contributions of leading biodiversity experts, and recommends actions that can be taken to move towards more biodiversity/nature-positive production through the delivery of integrated agricultural solutions for climate, biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods. The analysis, which takes a whole-of-food-system approach, brings together a large body of evidence. It accounts for aspects not typically captured in a stand-alone primary piece of research and indicates where there are critical gaps.
This rapid evidence review documents the best available evidence of agriculture’s relationships with biodiversity, drawing on the contributions of leading biodiversity experts, and recommends actions that can be taken to move towards more biodiversity/nature-positive production through the delivery of integrated agricultural solutions for climate, biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods. The analysis, which takes a whole-of-food-system approach, brings together a large body of evidence. It accounts for aspects not typically captured in a stand-alone primary piece of research and indicates where there are critical gaps.
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