Your search found 7 records
1 Closas, Alvar; Molle, Francois. 2016. Groundwater governance in the Middle East and North Africa. [Project report of the Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Taking Stock and Addressing the Challenges]. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 192p. (Groundwater Governance in the Arab World - Report 1)
Groundwater management ; Water governance ; Water resources ; Aquifers ; Groundwater extraction ; Water law ; Regulations ; Decentralization ; Water policy ; Groundwater irrigation ; Surface water ; Agriculture ; Incentives ; Water supply ; Water pricing ; Groundwater depletion ; Water users ; Strategies ; Traditional methods ; Wells ; Community management ; Cooperatives ; Conflict ; State intervention ; Political aspects ; Oases / Middle East / North Africa / Morocco / Algeria / Tunisia / Libya / Egypt / Sudan / Lebanon / Syria / Jordan / Yemen / Saudi Arabia / Bahrain / Oman / Iran / Turkey / Souss Region / Mitidja Plain / Merguellil Basin / Nile Delta / Western Desert / Bekaa Valley / Azraq
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048385)
(4.48 MB)
2 Kumar, M. D.; Pandit, C. M. 2018. India’s water management debate: is the ‘civil society’ making it everlasting? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(1):28-41. (Special issue: Politics and Policies for Water Resources Management in India). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1204536]
Water management ; Civil societies ; Water supply ; Domestic water ; Water use ; Water harvesting ; Traditional methods ; Irrigation systems ; Water pricing ; Groundwater ; Canals ; Dams ; Irrigated farming ; Rainfed farming ; Energy / India
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048473)
(1.08 MB)
This article discusses the bias of the growing constituency of civil society activists in India against conventional water management solutions implemented by the government, and the ‘alternatives’ they champion, which force the government to enter into an endless debate with these groups. The article goes into the fundamental reasons for this bias, and identifies four types of civil society activist: ‘professional’, ‘ideologue’, ‘romantic’ and ‘doomsday prophet’. The article also argues that water bureaucracies in India should adopt evidence-based policy making, subjecting the ‘alternatives’ to the same degree of scrutiny as the conventional ones, to end the policy dilemma, while enhancing the overall quality of design, execution and management of projects for better outcomes.
3 Rosenstock, T. S.; Nowak, A.; Girvetz, E. (Eds.) 2019. The climate-smart agriculture papers: investigating the business of a productive, resilient and low emission future. Cham, Switzerland: SpringerOpen. 321p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92798-5]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Climate change adaptation ; Resilience ; Emission ; Forecasting ; Sustainable agriculture ; Farming systems ; Crop production ; Varieties ; Drought tolerance ; Nutrition ; Seed production ; Soils ; Agroforestry ; Participatory approaches ; Public-private cooperation ; Stakeholders ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Entrepreneurship ; Income ; Agricultural extension ; Innovation ; Supply chain ; Risks ; Uncertainty ; Models ; Policies ; Households ; Welfare ; Women ; Livestock ; Infectious diseases ; Rural finance ; Traditional methods ; Stress ; Religion ; Case studies / Africa / Angola / Zimbabwe / Ethiopia / Kenya / Mozambique / Tanzania / Uganda / Namibia / Planalto / Lushoto
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049125)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92798-5.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049125.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049125.pdf
(8.51 MB) (8.51 MB)
4 de Bont, C.; Komakech, H. C.; Veldwisch, G. J. 2019. Neither modern nor traditional: farmer-led irrigation development in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. World Development, 116:15-27. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.018]
Farmer managed irrigation systems ; Groundwater irrigation ; Initiatives ; Traditional methods ; Modernization ; Irrigated farming ; Wells ; Food crops ; Cash crops ; Markets ; Agrarian structure ; Smallholders ; Land access ; State intervention / Africa South of Sahara / United Republic of Tanzania / Kilimanjaro / Kahe
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049169)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18304248/pdfft?md5=b48636491a19a986bdbfb32de90fda20&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X18304248-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049169.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049169.pdf
(0.91 MB) (932 KB)
The debate around what kind of irrigation, large- or small-scale, modern or traditional, best contributes to food security and rural development continues to shape irrigation policies and development in the Global South. In Tanzania, the irrigation categories of ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ are dominating irrigation policies and are shaping interventions. In this paper, we explore what these concepts really entail in the Tanzanian context and how they relate to a case of farmer-led groundwater irrigation development in Kahe ward, Kilimanjaro Region. For our analysis, we rely on three months of qualitative fieldwork in 2016, a household questionnaire, secondary data such as policy documents and the results of a mapping exercise in 2014–2015. In the early 2000s, smallholders in Kahe started developing groundwater. This has led to a new, differentiated landscape in which different forms of agricultural production co-exist. The same set of groundwater irrigation technologies has facilitated the emergence of different classes of farmers, ranging from those engaging with subsistence farming to those doing capitalist farming. The level of inputs and integration with markets vary, as does crop choice. As such, some farms emulate the ‘modern’ ideal of commercial farming promoted by the government, while others do not, or to a lesser extent. We also find that national policy discourses on irrigation are not necessarily repeated at the local level, where interventions are strongly driven by prioritization based on conflict and funding. We conclude that the policy concepts of traditional and modern irrigation do not do justice to the complexity of actual irrigation development in the Kahe case, and obfuscate its contribution to rural development and food security. We argue that a single irrigation technology does not lead to a single agricultural mode of production, and that irrigation policies and interventions should take into account the differentiation among irrigators.
5 Srivastava, A.; Chinnasamy, P. 2021. Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of southern India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(3):281. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0]
Water management ; Tank irrigation ; Traditional methods ; Semiarid zones ; Water storage ; Water balance ; Water budget ; Hydrology ; Groundwater recharge ; Water availability ; Sustainability ; Surface water ; Rain ; Evapotranspiration ; River basins ; Catchment areas ; Runoff ; Land use change ; Land cover change ; Case studies / India / Tamil Nadu / Madurai / Vandiyur Tank Cascade System / Vaigai River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050279)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42452-021-04232-0.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050279.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050279.pdf
(12.70 MB) (12.7 MB)
Most arid and semi-arid regions of the Southern-Indian peninsula experience frequent drought. To combat this, historically many water recharge structures, such as tank cascade systems, have been constructed. However, in recent years, performance of these tanks, especially for irrigation and groundwater recharge, is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically understood. This study, for the first time, aimed to explore spatio-temporal variation of water mass balance components and their impact on the Vandiyur tank cascade system (VTCS) in the city of Madurai, India. Study estimated water mass balance components for rural, peri-urban, and urban catchments across VTCS. Catchment-specific algorithms and water budget equation were used to estimate the volume of hydrological parameters. Additionally, land use/land cover maps were developed to understand the significance of using a water balance approach in understanding the behavior of hydrological components governing the water budget of a catchment. Results indicated a rapid increase in the urban area, up to 300%, in peri-urban and urban regions. Urbanization was considered the primary cause of high catchment runoff (40–60% of rainfall). Due to this, seasonal water availability within each tank across catchment was observed inconsistent (0–15%), wherein summer recorded approximately the least tank storage (0–8%). In general, study provided an approach for a practical, water-focused application demonstrating how the principles of mass balance can help to foster robust water accounting, monitoring, and management. It further emphasized the use of a water balance approach in identifying vulnerable catchments for appropriate tank-rehabilitation-based interventions.
6 Fadul, E.; de Fraiture, C.; Masih, I. 2021. Flexibility as a strategy to cope with uncertain water supply in spate irrigation. Irrigation and Drainage, 16p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2608]
Water supply ; Irrigation systems ; Coping strategies ; Uncertainty ; Flooding ; Modernization ; Decision making ; Traditional methods ; Rivers ; Sediment ; Farmers / Sudan / Gash Agricultural Scheme
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050429)
(1.96 MB)
Unpredictable flash floods in ephemeral rivers are the water source for spate irrigation systems. An important element in the success and sustainability of spate irrigation systems is their ability to cope with highly uncertain water supply and high sediment load. Flexibility is considered one of the key ingredients of coping strategies. However, the concept of flexibility in the context of spate irrigation systems is poorly defined. A framework to assess and operationalize flexibility in spate irrigation is lacking. In this paper we develop a conceptual framework by answering four principal questions and exploring eight flexibility characteristic features and five subfeatures. We explore the flexibility of traditional, improved and modernized spate irrigation systems to cope with high, low and untimely flood events. Flexible spate irrigation systems are highly dependent on system capabilities to deal with uncertainty and enable adjustments to change. The framework can be used as a guideline for water managers, farmers and decision makers for assessing and providing flexibility in spate irrigation systems.
7 Ochungo, P.; Khalaf, N.; Merlo, S.; Beldados, A.; M’Mbogori, F. N.; Tiki, W.; Lane, P. J. 2022. Remote sensing for biocultural heritage preservation in an African semi-arid region: a case study of indigenous wells in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing, 14(2):314. (Special issue: Remote Sensing for Archaeological Heritage Preservation) [doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020314]
Traditional methods ; Wells ; Cultural heritage ; Preservation ; Remote sensing ; Semiarid zones ; Land degradation ; Land use change ; Land cover change ; Forests ; Grasslands ; Landsat ; Time series analysis ; Mapping ; Case studies / Africa / Kenya / Ethiopia / Marsabit / Borana
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050875)
(9.60 MB) (9.60 MB)
The region of Southern Ethiopia (Borana) and Northern Kenya (Marsabit) is characterised by erratic rainfall, limited surface water, aridity, and frequent droughts. An important adaptive response to these conditions, of uncertain antiquity, has been the hand-excavation of a sequence of deep wells at key locations often along seasonal riverbeds and valley bottoms where subterranean aquifers can be tapped. Sophisticated indigenous water management systems have developed to ensure equitable access to these critical water resources, and these are part of well-defined customary institutional leadership structures that govern the community giving rise to a distinctive form of biocultural heritage. These systems, and the wells themselves, are increasingly under threat, however, from climate change, demographic growth, and socio-economic development. To contribute to an assessment of the scale, distribution and intensity of these threats, this study aimed to evaluate the land-use land-cover (LULC) and precipitation changes in this semi-arid to arid landscape and their association with, and impact on, the preservation of traditional wells. Multitemporal Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite imagery covering the period 1990 to 2020, analysed at a temporal resolution of 10 years, was classified using supervised classification via the Random Forest machine learning method to extract the following classes: bare land, grassland, shrub land, open forest, closed forest, croplands, settlement and waterbodies. Change detection was then applied to identify and quantify changes through time and landscape degradation indices were generated using the Shannon Diversity Index fragmentation index within a 15 km buffer of each well cluster. The results indicated that land cover change was mostly driven by increasing anthropogenic changes with resultant reduction in natural land cover classes. Furthermore, increased fragmentation has occurred within most of the selected buffer distances of the well clusters. The main drivers of change that have directly or indirectly impacted land degradation and the preservation of indigenous water management systems were identified through an analysis of land cover changes in the last 30 years, supporting insights from previous focused group discussions with communities in Kenya and Ethiopia. Our approach showed that remote sensing methods can be used for the spatially explicit mapping of landscape structure around the wells, and ultimately towards assessment of the preservation status of the indigenous wells.
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