Your search found 8 records
1 Rahut, D. B.; Ali, A.; Imtiaz, M.; Mottaleb, K. A.; Erenstein, O. 2016. Impact of irrigation water scarcity on rural household food security and income in Pakistan. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3):675-683. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.179]
Water scarcity ; Irrigation water ; Rural areas ; Household income ; Food security ; Poverty ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cereal crops ; Wheat ; Maize ; Rice ; Crop yield ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048086)
(0.16 MB)
As Pakistan is currently facing a severe shortage of irrigation water, this paper analyzes the determinants of water scarcity and its impact on the yield of cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice), household income, food security and poverty levels by employing the propensity-score-matching approach. This study is based on a comprehensive set of cross-sectional data collected from 950 farmers from all four major provinces in Pakistan. The empirical analysis indicated that farmers with a water-scarcity problem have lower yield and household income, and are food insecure. Poverty levels were higher: in the range of 7–12% for a household facing a water-scarcity problem. The policy implications of the study are that the public and private sector in Pakistan needs to invest in irrigation water management to maintain the productivity of cereal crops which is important for household food security and poverty reduction.
2 Ali, A.; Rahut, D. B.; Mottaleb, K. A. 2018. Improved water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty: empirical evidence from rural Pakistan. Water Policy, 20(4):692-711. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.044]
Water management ; Food security ; Poverty ; Rural areas ; Irrigation practices ; Water conservation ; Agriculture ; Crop yield ; Farmers ; Household income ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Balochistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048884)
(0.28 MB)
Using a comprehensive data set collected through field survey of 950 farmers across Pakistan, the current study evaluates water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty. The results show that rural households mainly adopted four water-management practices (bund making, deep plowing, the adoption of stress-tolerant varieties, and irrigation supplements) and that the wealth, education, and gender of the farmer (male) positively influences the adoption of improved water-management practices. The propensity score matching approach shows that the adoption of improved water-management practices improves wheat and rice yields, household income and food security levels, and reduces poverty levels. The food security levels of households adopting improved water-management practices are higher: in the range of 3–12%. Higher wheat yields are in the range of 26.8–70.4 kg/acre and higher rice yields are in the range of 48.4–85.2 kg/acre. Higher household income levels are in the range of rupees 2,573–4,926 and the lower poverty levels are in the range of 2–7%. Hence, agricultural policy should promote improved water-management practices among rural households.
3 Aryal, J. P.; Farnworth, C. R.; Khurana, R.; Ray, S.; Sapkota, T. B.; Rahut, D. B.. 2020. Does women’s participation in agricultural technology adoption decisions affect the adoption of climate-smart agriculture?: insights from Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Review of Development Economics, 18p. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12670]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Gender ; Women's participation ; Technology transfer ; Farmers ; Climate change ; Agricultural production ; Wheat ; Rice ; Farm inputs ; Zero tillage ; Decision making ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment ; CGIAR ; Research programmes ; Policies ; Models / India / Indo-Gangetic Plains / Bihar / Haryana / Karnal / Vaishali
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049728)
(0.34 MB)
Increased participation of women in the agricultural technology adoption decision by farm households is one of the key indicators of gender empowerment in the agricultural sector. This study examines whether women’s participation in the household decision to adopt agricultural technology affects the adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), using data collected from 1,267 farm households from two Indian states of Bihar and Haryana. When we considered the sex of the household head (using a dummy variable for male-headed vs female-headed household) as a basis of analyzing the role of gender in the adoption of CSA, we found that women in Haryana had no role in the adoption of CSA. On the contrary, when we considered women’s participation in technology adoption decisions as a basis of gender analysis, we found that women’s participation in technology adoption decisions in Haryana is much higher as compared to Bihar. Consequently, the likelihood to adopt CSA is higher in Haryana than in Bihar. We also found that wealth, training, and access to extension and market positively influenced CSA adoption. Qualitative analysis shows that women farmers prioritize family food security rather than farm income, and therefore, they are more likely to focus on CSA to ensure food security.
4 Rahut, D. B.; Aryal, J. P.; Marenya, P. 2021. Ex-ante adaptation strategies for climate challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa: macro and micro perspectives. Environmental Challenges, 3:100035. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100035]
Climate change adaptation ; Strategies ; Agricultural practices ; Sustainable land management ; Livelihoods ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Risk management ; Indicators ; Farmers ; Households ; Economic aspects / Africa South of Sahara / Ethiopia / Kenya / United Republic of Tanzania / Malawi / Mozambique
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050327)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010021000147/pdfft?md5=a2a81698a09ee557e82ef826913a026f&pid=1-s2.0-S2667010021000147-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050327.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050327.pdf
(1.55 MB) (1.55 MB)
Farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are facing serious consequences from climate change, which pose obstacles to meeting UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as zero hunger, ending poverty, ensuring healthy lives, and promoting wellbeing. In light of these growing challenges, we used data collected in 2018 from farm households in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique to investigate the climate threats encountered by farmers and the ex-ante climate risk adaptation strategies they adopted. Drought, floods, hailstorms, and crop pests and diseases were the most common climate threats in these countries. Unlike previous studies, we also assessed the adaptive capacity at the macro level by using secondary data. We reviewed the factors that affect the adaptive capacity of each nation to address climate risks. At the micro-level, we assessed the factors influencing the choice of ex-ante adaptation measures by using primary data collected from 4351 farm households. Micro-level data also include the variables that indicate the adaptive capacity of farm households, such as asset ownership, demographic characteristics, and participation in local institutions. Results showed five major ex-ante climate risk adaptation strategies – change in farming practice, sustainable land management, seek alternative livelihood, saving, and other unspecified strategies – are prevalent in the region. We used a multivariate probit model to investigate the factors explaining the choice of ex-ante climate risk adaptation strategy. Results showed that female-headed households and households with married heads were more likely than male-headed households to change farming practices to adapt to climate risk. Surprisingly, land ownership was found to be insignificant in all cases. Relatively rich families tended to apply either change in farming practice or saving as a measure to adapt to climate risks. Training on climate-smart agriculture was found to enhance the adoption of sustainable land management as adaptation strategies by farm households. Our findings exhibit substantial differences within and among countries regarding the adoption of ex-ante climate adaptation strategies by farm households. In comparison to farmers in Mozambique's northern region, farmers in all other locations were more likely to apply agricultural measures such as change in farming practice and sustainable land management, while they were more likely to apply non-agricultural measures to adapt to risk. Macro-level indicators show that national adaptive capacity is substantially low in all countries, but considerably varies across them.
5 Gebre, G. G.; Rahut, D. B.. 2021. Prevalence of household food insecurity in East Africa: linking food access with climate vulnerability. Climate Risk Management, 33:100333. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100333]
Food insecurity ; Household food security ; Food access ; Climate change ; Vulnerability ; Crop production ; Livestock ; Policies ; Indicators / East Africa / Ethiopia / Kenya / United Republic of Tanzania
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050423)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096321000620/pdfft?md5=5377373325c7177ca6204781325888a7&pid=1-s2.0-S2212096321000620-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050423.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050423.pdf
(0.82 MB) (844 KB)
The prevalence of food insecurity is much higher in East Africa than in other parts of the world. Climate change and associated variability are important contributors to food insecurity in the region. Using primary data collected in 2018/19 from Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania, this study examines the links between the prevalence of household food insecurity (the access to food dimension) and vulnerability to climate change in East Africa. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was constructed to measure the prevalence of household food insecurity, and an ordered probit econometrics model was used to investigate the factors affecting the prevalence rates. The aggregate results show that 52% of the total sampled households in the region were food-secure; 15% and 26% were mildly food-secure and moderately food-insecure, respectively; and the remaining 7% were severely food-insecure. The ordered probit results suggest that exposure to climate change extremes and crop losses caused by these extremes significantly contribute to the prevalence of food insecurity across countries in East Africa. The results also indicate that households’ adaptive capacity plays a significant role in reducing the prevalence of food insecurity. The demographic/human, social, financial, physical, and natural assets/capital of the household also play a significant role in reducing household-level food insecurity in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
6 Tanti, P. C.; Jena, P. R.; Aryal, J. P.; Rahut, D. B.. 2022. Role of institutional factors in climate-smart technology adoption in agriculture: evidence from an eastern Indian state. Environmental Challenges, 7:100498. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100498]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Technology ; Adaptation ; Strategies ; Agricultural extension ; Diversification ; Crop rotation ; Institutions ; Households ; Villages ; Social capital ; Models / India / Odisha / Balangir / Kendrapara
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050995)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010022000580/pdfft?md5=05a592685165a482b6189c9f5d5daf77&pid=1-s2.0-S2667010022000580-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050995.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050995.pdf
(1.62 MB) (1.62 MB)
Climate change threatens rural livelihoods by adversely affecting agricultural production through reduced crop yields, harvest loss, and increased cost of production. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices have emerged as a possible solution to ensure food security by adapting to climate risks on the one hand, and mitigating GHG emissions from agriculture, on the other hand. However, resource-poor farmers often face both financial and knowledge constraints to adopt CSA practices, and thus, institutional support plays a crucial role in overcoming those barriers. Therefore, this study uses primary data collected from 248 farm households in the Eastern Indian state of Odisha to examine the role of institutional factors in CSA adoption. Almost 95% of the sample farmers experienced the effects of climate change, and many have adopted CSA practices such as rescheduling planting (78%), crop rotation (56%), crop diversification (35%), micro-irrigation (17%), and drought-resistant seeds (16%). Probit models are estimated to explore the key determinants of the adoption of these five major practices. Results show that factors such as government extension service, farmer field school participation, subsidies, access to energy, and perception of climate shocks are the major determinants. Further, the coefficient of interaction between landholding and credit availability on the decision to adopt CSA is positive. Thus, agricultural policies to improve institutional support, such as subsidies on farm machinery, extension support, credit facility, and field demonstration of technologies, are crucial to upscale CSA adoption in the region.
7 Aryal, J. P.; Sapkota, T. B.; Rahut, D. B.; Gartaula, H. N.; Stirling, C. 2022. Gender and climate change adaptation: a case of Ethiopian farmers. Natural Resources Forum, 46(3):263-288. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12259]
Climate change adaptation ; Gender equality ; Farmers ; Households ; Risk ; Vulnerability ; Models ; Policies ; Smallholders ; Women ; Food security ; Participation ; Livestock ; Farm income ; agricultural technology / Ethiopia / Amhara / Oromia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051606)
(2.75 MB)
The adverse impacts of climate change, in many cases, aggravate existing gender inequalities and hinder developing countries from achieving the targets set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is, therefore, crucial to understand whether there exists a gender gap in climate change adaptation and investigate the factors explaining the gap to reduce the vulnerability of the farming households to surging climatic risks. Using data from 2279 farm households in Ethiopia and applying a multivariate probit model and exogenous switching treatment effect regression method, this study examines the existing gender gap in climate change adaptations among farmers in Ethiopia and factors contributing to this relationship. The results show a significant gender gap in climate change adaptation in farming households due to the differences in both observable and unobservable characteristics of male- and female-headed households. It indicates that reducing the gap can enhance climate change adaptation by female-headed households by almost 19%. Women's workload in household chores significantly reduces their likelihood to adopt climate change adaptation measures. Therefore, unless policies proposed target institutional factors, including social and cultural barriers, traditional gender norms and division of labor, and other intrinsic behavioral issues, addressing only observed characteristics may not fully address the gender gap. To bring about transformational changes in the existing gender norms and social attitudes, long-term gender-informed policies are essential, along with short-term projects, to address the gender gap in climate change adaptation through the provision of equitable opportunities for all.
8 Ma, W.; Rahut, D. B.. 2024. Climate-smart agriculture: adoption, impacts, and implications for sustainable development. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 29:44. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-024-10139-z]
Climate-smart agriculture ; Sustainable development ; Smallholders ; Farmers ; Agricultural practices ; Farm income ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Villages ; Crop yield ; Research ; Development programmes ; Food security ; Social networks ; Civil society ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Policies
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052791)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11027-024-10139-z.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052791.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052791.pdf
(0.80 MB) (820 KB)
The 19 papers included in this special issue examined the factors influencing the adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices among smallholder farmers and estimated the impacts of CSA adoption on farm production, income, and well-being. Key findings from this special issue include: (1) the variables, including age, gender, education, risk perception and preferences, access to credit, farm size, production conditions, off-farm income, and labour allocation, have a mixed (either positive or negative) influence on the adoption of CSA practices; (2) the variables, including labour endowment, land tenure security, access to extension services, agricultural training, membership in farmers’ organizations, support from non-governmental organizations, climate conditions, and access to information consistently have a positive impact on CSA adoption; (3) diverse forms of capital (physical, social, human, financial, natural, and institutional), social responsibility awareness, and digital advisory services can effectively promote CSA adoption; (4) the establishment of climate-smart villages and civil-society organizations enhances CSA adoption by improving their access to credit; (5) CSA adoption contributes to improved farm resilience to climate change and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; (6) CSA adoption leads to higher crop yields, increased farm income, and greater economic diversification; (7) integrating CSA technologies into traditional agricultural practices not only boosts economic viability but also contributes to environmental sustainability and health benefits; and (8) there is a critical need for international collaboration in transferring technology for CSA. Overall, the findings of this special issue highlight that through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts, CSA can play a pivotal role in achieving food security, poverty alleviation, and climate resilience in farming communities worldwide and contribute to the achievements of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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