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1 Jimenez, A; Livsey, J.; Ahlen, I.; Scharp, C.; Takane, M. 2018. Global assessment of accountability in water and sanitation services using GLAAS [Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water] data. Water Alternatives, 11(2):238-259.

Water supply ; Sanitation ; Drinking water ; Accountability ; Assessment ; Enforcement ; Regulations ; Human rights ; Policies ; Donors ; State intervention ; Urban areas ; Rural areas ; Surveys

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048799)

http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue2/435-a11-2-2/file
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048799.pdf

(0.91 MB) (936 KB)

The Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is one of UN-Water’s regular reports. Its focuses include aspects of investment and the enabling environment for the delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene services. Accountability refers to the mechanisms through which duty bearers, elected officials and service providers report to rights holders and other stakeholders within the service delivery framework. Accountability contributes to good sector performance and the overall sustainability of services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of accountability in the drinking-water and sanitation sector globally, based on the available data from the GLAAS survey of 2014. To achieve this, accountability was defined from a human rights perspective, and particularised for water and sanitation. Next the quantitative and open-ended questions from the GLAAS survey that related to this definition were analysed for all 94 responding countries. Comparisons were drawn between water and sanitation services in urban and rural settings, and regional trends were identified. The results show higher levels of accountability for water than sanitation services, and limited information on wastewater. Potential means to strengthen accountability in water and sanitation globally are seen to include improving access to information on the services provided, enacting participation policies and increasing the capacity of regulatory institutions. Particular attention should be paid to rural services. The GLAAS survey could be modified for a better understanding of the accountability mechanisms for WASH service provision.

2 Livsey, J.; Da, C. T.; Scaini, A.; Lan, T. H. P.; Long, T. X.; Berg, H.; Manzoni, S. 2021. Floods, soil and food – interactions between water management and rice production within an Giang Province, Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 320:107589. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107589]

Flooding ; Soil properties ; Soil fertility ; Water management ; Food production ; Rice ; Intensification ; Sustainability ; Fertilizers ; Rivers ; Sediment / Vietnam / Mekong River Delta / An Giang

(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050587)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880921002930/pdfft?md5=134ab2211e4a05597b92b19b1399b558&pid=1-s2.0-S0167880921002930-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050587.pdf

(3.89 MB) (3.89 MB)

Rapid intensification of Vietnamese rice production has had a positive effect on the nation's food production and economy. However, the sustainability of intensive rice production is increasingly being questioned within Vietnam, particularly in major agricultural provinces such as An Giang. The construction of high dykes within this province, which allow for complete regulation of water onto rice fields, has enabled farmers to grow up to three rice crops per year. However, the profitability of producing three crops is rapidly decreasing as farmers increase their use of chemical fertilizer inputs and pesticides. Increased fertilizer inputs are partly used to replace natural flood-borne, nutrient-rich sediment inputs that have been inhibited by the dykes, but farmers believe that despite this, soil health within the dyke system is degrading. However, the effects of the dykes on soil properties have not been tested. Therefore, a sampling campaign was conducted to assess differences in soil properties caused by the construction of dykes. The results show that, under present fertilization practices, although dykes may inhibit flood-borne sediments, this does not lead to a systematic reduction in nutrients that typically limit rice growth within areas producing three crops per year. Concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and both total and available potassium, and pH were higher in the surface layer of soils of three crop areas when compared to two crop areas. This suggests that yield declines may be caused by other factors related to the construction of dykes and the use of chemical inputs, and that care should be taken when attempting to maintain crop yields. Attempting to compensate for yield declines by increasing fertilizer inputs may ultimately have negative effects on yields.