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1 Humphreys, E.; Schwartz, K. 2018. In the shadow of the city: financing water infrastructure in small towns in Burkina Faso. Water Policy, 20(S1):69-83. (Special issue: Water Services in Small Towns - Experiences from the Global South). [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.005]
Water resources development ; Public finance ; Water supply ; Infrastructure ; Towns ; Rural areas ; Water institutions ; Corporate culture ; Water user associations ; Municipal governments ; Central government ; Expenditure ; Projects ; Partnerships ; Donors ; Funding ; Case studies / Burkina Faso / Hounde / Komsilga / Banfora / Moussodougou
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048708)
(0.25 MB)
The abundant praise awarded for the development of the urban water services sector in Burkina Faso stands in stark contrast with the development of the rural water services sector. This article examines the funding of water infrastructure in four small villages in Burkina Faso. The article finds that public funding for water infrastructure for these municipalities is largely nonexistent. First of all, central government makes very little funding available for rural areas. Funding that is made available is then also prioritized for regions that already are relatively well covered. Secondly, the municipalities themselves also prioritize other sectors over the water sector for the investment of locally generated revenue. As a result, these municipalities rely on donor funding for developing water supply in their villages. This dependence not only leaves these municipalities vulnerable to shifts in donor funding but can also lead to inequalities as some municipalities are better at attracting donor funds than others. Some small towns are thus confronted with a double bias. First an urban bias in which the majority of public finance goes to urban centres. Second, by a donor-bias in which some towns are favoured for project implementation due to favourable site characteristics.
2 Dickin, S.; Bisung, E.; Nansi, J.; Charles, K. 2020. Empowerment in water, sanitation and hygiene index. World Development, 137:105158. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105158]
Women's empowerment ; Gender equality ; Water supply ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ; Decision making ; Public health ; Indicators ; Households ; Policies / Burkina Faso / Banfora
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050082)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302850/pdfft?md5=ea32674a103d1fa634063642fd2cf387&pid=1-s2.0-S0305750X20302850-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050082.pdf
(0.79 MB) (804 KB)
Water, sanitation and hygiene services are often promoted as critical for women's empowerment and gender equality. Tools for monitoring water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) have focused largely on technical standards related to public health outcomes, overlooking those related to broader human wellbeing such as gender and social equality. The Empowerment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Index (EWI) is a novel survey-based index designed to measure agency, participation and empowerment in the water and sanitation sector. The EWI can be used to assess gender outcomes of a WASH intervention and to monitor changes over time. Drawing on a multi-level conceptualization of empowerment, the EWI is comprised of a suite of indicators at individual, household, and societal levels. The EWI uses responses collected from a male and female respondent at the same household, and represents the proportion of women and men who are empowered, as well as the level of empowerment. We report the methodological approach and data from this pilot study in Burkina Faso. The findings highlight the importance of better understanding household- and community-level power and gender relations, such as decision-making related to household water or sanitation spending. By enabling measurement of women’s empowerment, practitioners and policy-makers can identify and incorporate more targeted strategies that address gender disparities and promote empowerment, and also monitor and evaluate their effectiveness.
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