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1 Kelly, E.; Lee, K.; Shields, K. F.; Cronk, R.; Behnke, N.; Klug, T.; Bartram, J. 2017. The role of social capital and sense of ownership in rural community-managed water systems: qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. Journal of Rural Studies, 56:156-166. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.021]
Water supply ; Communal ownership ; Water management ; Community management ; Collective action ; Community involvement ; Committees ; Sustainability ; Resource management ; Social capital ; Information exchange ; Decision making ; Women's participation ; Socioeconomic environment ; Equity ; Labour ; Developing countries ; Rural communities / Ghana / Kenya / Zambia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048374)
(0.36 MB)
Many water systems in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries are community-managed. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of community-managed systems is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which calls for universal access to safe water. Social capital and sense of ownership are theorized to influence the effectiveness of community-management. To explore this relationship, we conducted a qualitative study of how and why social capital and sense of ownership facilitate water system sustainability, and their relationship to one another. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with community members, water committee members, local leaders, and external support actors were conducted in eighteen communities with successful community-managed water systems in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. We found that social capital facilitates water system solicitation, water committee elections, resource mobilization, and information sharing. Sense of ownership plays a role in organizing and enabling water system decision processes, physical labor, and resource mobilization. Both social capital and sense of ownership facilitate different forms of community participation that are crucial to processes which support water system sustainability. Further, our results suggest a new theoretical framework where social capital and sense of ownership are inherently linked through community participation and can thereby interact to magnify or undermine each other's effects. Results also suggest that social capital and sense of ownership can have meaningful effects on socioeconomic and gender equality in rural communities by creating opportunities for alternative resource mobilization and female participation. We suggest external support actors actively assess and leverage the social strengths of rural communities, identify successful and skilled community members, encourage female leadership, and emphasize activities and trainings that incorporate social capital and ownership.
2 Crocker, J.; Saywell, D.; Shields, K. F.; Kolsky, P.; Bartram, J. 2017. The true costs of participatory sanitation: evidence from community-led total sanitation studies in Ghana and Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 601-602:1075-1083. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.279]
Sanitation ; Participatory approaches ; Cost analysis ; Community involvement ; Human behaviour ; Hygiene ; Investment ; Development programmes ; Training ; Nongovernmental organizations ; Villages ; Households / Ghana / Ethiopia
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048439)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717313992/pdfft?md5=131bf39ae397a5e19fd7896b69ffd7e7&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969717313992-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048439.pdf
(0.72 MB) (736 KB)
Evidence on sanitation and hygiene program costs is used for many purposes. The few studies that report costs use top-down costing methods that are inaccurate and inappropriate. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory behavior-change approach that presents difficulties for cost analysis. We used implementation tracking and bottom-up, activity-based costing to assess the process, program costs, and local investments for four CLTS interventions in Ghana and Ethiopia. Data collection included implementation checklists, surveys, and financial records review. Financial costs and value-of-time spent on CLTS by different actors were assessed. Results are disaggregated by intervention, cost category, actor, geographic area, and project month. The average household size was 4.0 people in Ghana, and 5.8 people in Ethiopia. The program cost of CLTS was $30.34–$81.56 per household targeted in Ghana, and $14.15–$19.21 in Ethiopia. Most program costs were from training for three of four interventions. Local investments ranged from $7.93–$22.36 per household targeted in Ghana, and $2.35–$3.41 in Ethiopia. This is the first study to present comprehensive, disaggregated costs of a sanitation and hygiene behavior-change intervention. The findings can be used to inform policy and finance decisions, plan program scale-up, perform cost-effectiveness and benefit studies, and compare different interventions. The costing method is applicable to other public health behavior-change programs.
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