Your search found 15 records
1 Simmons, Robert; Noble, Andrew; Pongsakul, P.; Sukreeyapongse, O.; Chinabut, N. 2005. Metals and food contamination: cadmium in paddy fields in Thailand and Vietnam. Paper presented at Inter Regional Workshop on Environmental Health Impacts from Exposure to Metals, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, 31 May - 3 June, 2005. 32p.
(Location: IWMI-HQ Call no: IWMI 633.18 G800 SIM, CD Col Record No: H038810)
(28 MB)
2 Dissanayake, Priyanka; Amin, M. M.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Clemett, Alexandra. 2007. Baseline water quality survey for Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Unpublished project report produced as part of the Wastewater Agriculture and Sanitation For Poverty Alleviation in Asia (WASPA Asia) 28p. + annexes. (WASPA Asia Project Report 7)
Water quality ; Wastewater ; Electrical conductivity ; Salinity ; Drainage ; Nitrogen ; Wastewater irrigation ; Infiltration ; Crop production ; Phosphorus ; Metals ; Analysis / Bangladesh / Rajshahi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G584 DIS Record No: H041018)
(2MB)
This project is funded by the European Commission under its Asia Pro Eco II Program. It is undertaken by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka; COSI, Sri Lanka; the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), the Netherlands; NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Bangladesh; and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden. The project pilot cities are Rajshahi City in Bangladesh and Kurunegala City in Sri Lanka.
3 Huon, S.; Ribolzi, Olivier; Aubry, E.; Soulileuth, B.; Longchamp, M.; Angeli, N.; Sengtaheuanghoung, O. 2008. Iron and manganese concentration levels in watercress cultivated within the main stream of the Houay Pano catchment, northern Lao PDR. Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Special issue no.17:113-128.
Catchment areas ; Watercress ; Metals ; Sedimentary materials ; Swamps ; Environmental effects / Laos / Houay Pano catchment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H041772)
(0.46 MB)
4 Qadir, Manzoor; Scott, C. A. 2010. Non-pathogenic trade-offs of wastewater irrigation. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.101-126. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Nutrients ; Soil properties ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Risk assessment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042606)
(0.27 MB)
The volume and extent of urban wastewater generated by domestic, industrial and commercial water use has increased with population, urbanization, industrialization, improved living conditions and economic development. Most developing-country governments do not have sufficient resources to treat wastewater. Therefore, despite official restrictions and potential health implications, farmers in many developing countries use wastewater in diluted, untreated or partly treated forms with a large range of associated benefits. Aside from microbiological hazards, the practice can pose a variety of other potential risks: excessive and often imbalanced addition of nutrients to the soil; build-up of salts in the soils (depending on the source water, especially sodium salts); increased concentrations of metals and metalloids (particularly where industries are present) reaching phytotoxic levels over the long term; and accumulation of emerging contaminants, like residual pharmaceuticals. As these possible trade-offs of wastewater use vary significantly between sites and regions, it is necessary to carefully monitor wastewater quality, its sources and use for location-specific risk assessment and risk reduction.
5 Simmons, R.; Qadir, Manzoor; Drechsel, Pay. 2010. Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.209-238. (Also in French).
Wastewater irrigation ; Pollutants ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Soil amendments ; Bioremediation ; Nutrients ; Arsenic ; Salinity ; Irrigation methods
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI 631.7.5 G000 DRE Record No: H042611)
(0.26 MB)
There is a significant imbalance between the number of publications describing potential and actual environmental and health impacts from chemically contaminated wastewater, and reports outlining concrete options to minimize the related risks where conventional wastewater treatment is not available. This gap applies more to inorganic and organic contaminants than excess salts or nutrients. This chapter outlines some of the options available that could be considered in and around the farm, looking at heavy metals, salts, excess nutrients and organic contaminants. The emphasis is placed on low-cost options applicable in developing countries. While such measures can reduce negative impacts to a certain extent, it remains crucial to ensure that hazardous chemicals are replaced in production processes; industrial wastewater is treated at source and/or separated from other wastewater streams used for irrigation purposes; and fertilizer application rates and related possible subsidies adjusted to avoid over- fertilization.
6 Jimenez Cisneros, B. E. 2011. Natural and human environments in areas undergoing wastewater irrigation. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 6(015):1-28. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20116015]
Natural environment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Sanitation ; Diseases ; Food security ; Diarrhoea ; Groundwater ; Water quality ; Infiltration ; Helminthoses ; Soil ; Fertilizers ; Nutrients ; Reclamation ; Metals ; Salinity ; Yields ; Economic aspects
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H044254)
(0.23 MB)
This paper is a review of the international literature concerning both the positive and negative effects on the environment and public health of the use of treated or non-treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. It includes not only physical but also social and economic aspects. The extent of the use of treated and non-treated wastewater for agriculture is discussed along with its drivers. The data clearly show that non-treated wastewater is used more commonly than treated wastewater. This occurs mainly in around urban and peri-urban areas where municipal wastewater is produced that is better suited to this practice. The impacts observed on agricultural production, human health, the quality of the irrigation water, groundwater and surface water sources, food security, animal health, the local economy, reduction of poverty and food exports are presented, considering especially developing countries. These factors are further discussed to gain an understanding of how the practice, if well managed, contributes to sustainable development. Barriers to increasing the reuse of wastewater to irrigate are explained, considering the social perception in both developed and developing countries. The importance of reusing wastewater to reclaim water and nutrients are summarized. The positive and negative impacts resulting from the expected increase in the practice are discussed, together with control measures to obtain maximum benefits.
7 Simmons, R.; Qadir, Manzoor; Drechsel, Pay. 2011. Mesures mises en oeuvre aux champs pour reduire les risques pour la santé humaine et l’environnement lies aux constituants chimiques des eaux usees. In French. [Farm-based measures for reducing human and environmental health risks from chemical constituents in wastewater]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.227-257. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Pollutants ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Soil amendments ; Bioremediation ; Nutrients ; Arsenic ; Salinity ; Irrigation methods
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044468)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044468.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044468.pdf
(0.80 MB) (5.96MB)
There is a significant imbalance between the number of publications describing potential and actual environmental and health impacts from chemically contaminated wastewater, and reports outlining concrete options to minimize the related risks where conventional wastewater treatment is not available. This gap applies more to inorganic and organic contaminants than excess salts or nutrients. This chapter outlines some of the options available that could be considered in and around the farm, looking at heavy metals, salts, excess nutrients and organic contaminants. The emphasis is placed on low-cost options applicable in developing countries. While such measures can reduce negative impacts to a certain extent, it remains crucial to ensure that hazardous chemicals are replaced in production processes; industrial wastewater is treated at source and/or separated from other wastewater streams used for irrigation purposes; and fertilizer application rates and related possible subsidies adjusted to avoid over- fertilization.
8 Qadir, Manzoor; Scott, C. A. 2011. Contraintes non pathogenes liees a l’irrigation avec des eaux usees. In French. [Non-pathogenic trade-offs of wastewater irrigation]. In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.109-138. (Also in English).
Wastewater irrigation ; Water quality ; Nutrients ; Soil properties ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Risk assessment
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI Record No: H044463)
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Research_Themes/Theme_3/PDF/French%20book.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044463.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H044463.pdf
(1.23 MB) (5.96MB)
The volume and extent of urban wastewater generated by domestic, industrial and commercial water use has increased with population, urbanization, industrialization, improved living conditions and economic development. Most developing-country governments do not have sufficient resources to treat wastewater. Therefore, despite official restrictions and potential health implications, farmers in many developing countries use wastewater in diluted, untreated or partly treated forms with a large range of associated benefits. Aside from microbiological hazards, the practice can pose a variety of other potential risks: excessive and often imbalanced addition of nutrients to the soil; build-up of salts in the soils (depending on the source water, especially sodium salts); increased concentrations of metals and metalloids (particularly where industries are present) reaching phytotoxic levels over the long term; and accumulation of emerging contaminants, like residual pharmaceuticals. As these possible trade-offs of wastewater use vary significantly between sites and regions, it is necessary to carefully monitor wastewater quality, its sources and use for location-specific risk assessment and risk reduction.
9 Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.) 2015. Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 287p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9545-6]
Wastewater treatment ; Water reuse ; Economic analysis ; Urbanization ; Sewage sludge ; Health hazards ; Pathogens ; Cost benefit analysis ; Finance ; Environmental risk assessment ; Ecosystem services ; Socioeconomic environment ; Agriculture ; Resource management ; Recycling ; Aquifers ; Groundwater recharge ; Industrial uses ; Businesses ; Models ; Energy consumption ; Nutrients ; Phosphorus ; Nitrogen ; Composting ; Water pollution ; Water quality ; WHO ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Salinity ; Gender ; Private sector ; Institutions ; Legislation ; Regulations ; Farmers ; Crops ; Landscape ; Irrigation ; Biogas ; Markets / Mexico / Cyprus / India / Australia / Iran / Bangalore / Amani Doddakere Lake / Mezquital Valley Aquifer / Ezousa Aquifer / Akrotiri Aquifer / Bolivar Aquifer / Mashhad Plain Aquifer
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: IWMI, e-copy SF Record No: H046957)
(0.28 MB)
10 Qadir, Manzoor; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Jimenez, B.; Siebe, C.; Siemens, J.; Hanjra, Munir A. 2015. Environmental risks and cost-effective risk management in wastewater use systems. In Drechsel, Pay; Qadir, Manzoor; Wichelns, D. (Eds.). Wastewater: economic asset in an urbanizing world. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.55-72.
Environmental impact assessment ; Risk management ; Cost benefit analysis ; Wastewater treatment ; Wastewater irrigation ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Water quality ; On-farm research ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Salinity ; Pollutants ; Nutrients
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy SF Record No: H046961)
11 Qadir, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016. Contaminant management in water reuse systems. In Eslamian, S. (Ed.). Urban water reuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 525-532.
Water reuse ; Contamination ; Pollution control ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater treatment ; Freshwater ; Risk management ; Metals ; Semimetals ; Cadmium ; Salts ; Ions ; Crop management ; Soil management ; Nutrients ; Irrigation management ; Drainage ; Salinity control ; Organic compounds ; Diversification ; Public health
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047361)
(0.84 MB)
Although wastewater has been increasingly used to grow a range of crops for income generation and livelihood resilience in urban and peri-urban areas, irrigation with untreated or partially treated wastewater may result in negative impacts on irrigated crops, soils, and groundwater along with implications for human and environmental health through chemical and microbial risks. With the potential for environmental risks due to concentrations above the maximum allowable levels, the major chemical constituent groups that need to be addressed in wastewater-irrigated environments are metals and metalloids, essential nutrients, salts and specific ionic species, and persistent organic pollutants. To avoid potential negative impacts, conventional wastewater treatment options, which can control the release of these contaminants into the environment, remain the key to protecting water quality for beneficial uses in agriculture, aquaculture, and agroforestry systems. Effective legislation, monitoring, and enforcement are also essential and often neglected management strategies. At the farm level, some low-cost irrigation, soil, and crop management options, discussed in this chapter, are available to reduce the risk from contaminants added through wastewater irrigation.
12 Yehia, M.; Baghdady, A.; Howari, F. M.; Awad, S.; Gad, A. 2017. Natural radioactivity and groundwater quality assessment in the northern area of the Western Desert of Egypt. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12:331-344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.002]
Groundwater assessment ; Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Deserts ; Water analysis ; Irrigation ; Domestic water ; Drinking water ; Chemicophysical properties ; Radioactivity ; Health hazards ; Radiation damage ; Metals ; Toxicity ; Hydrogeology / Egypt / Western Desert
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048296)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581817300198/pdfft?md5=f35be392d885522b974103ccb1196ff7&pid=1-s2.0-S2214581817300198-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H048296.pdf
(1.35 MB) (1.35 MB)
The chemical composition and natural radioactivity of the northern area of the western desert groundwater were determined to evaluate hydrogeochemical facies and assess groundwater quality for different uses. Many the groundwater samples belong to the Na+- Cl-, Na2SO4 - type, followed by Ca2+- Mg2+- Cl- type. Only a few samples are of the Na+- HCO3 - type. The spatial distributions of the major ions describe similar anomalies, with the highest concentrations found at the extreme northeastern margin of the oasis, as well as in its northern and northwestern parts. Fe is the most abundant toxic metal, followed by Cu and Mn. Anomalies of Cr, Ni and Zn are also detected. Rock/water interactions strongly affect the chemical composition of the groundwater. Dissolution and cation exchange are the main processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry. Most of the irrigation groundwater problems in the study area may be resolved using an effective drainage system. The estimated total annual dose due to ingestion of 238U, 232Th and 40K in groundwater samples reveals that the groundwater is safe for human consumption. However, the toxic metal content of the Bahariya groundwater exceeds the permissible levels for both irrigation and consumption, and the water must be filtered through suitable membranes to exclude these toxic metals. Regular monitoring of the quality of this water for drinking is strictly required.
13 Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Turral, H. 2018. Agricultural pollution sources and pathways. In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H. (Eds.). More people, more food, worse water?: a global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.41-51.
Water pollution ; Agricultural wastes ; Crops ; Aquaculture ; Livestock ; Water quality ; Pollutants ; Nutrients ; Pesticides ; Sediment ; Metals ; Organic matter ; Pathogens ; Salts
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048858)
(656 KB)
14 Nyachoti, S.; Godebo, T. R.; Okwori, O. F.; Jeuland, M. A.; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2022. Dietary exposures to metals in relation to chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Exposure and Health, 14(1):63-73. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00418-4]
Kidney diseases ; Chronic course ; Dietary factors ; Rice ; Toxic substances ; Metals ; Risk factors ; Arsenic ; Lead ; Cadmium ; Selenium / Sri Lanka
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050676)
(2.29 MB)
Exposure to metals has been hypothesized as possible cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka; however, evidence is inconclusive. We measured the concentrations of nephrotoxic metals (As, Pb, and Cd), as well as Se in rice (a staple grain in Sri Lanka) and other grains consumed in CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results showed comparable mean concentrations (in µg/kg) of 24.5±18, 7.3±6.4, and 14.2±15 for As, Pb, and Cd, respectively, in rice from endemic regions and 17.7±4.7, 12.7±6.8, and 17.8±16 in rice from non-endemic regions. Selenium concentrations (in mg/kg) were 0.05±0.02 in rice cultivated in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Arsenic and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in rice compared to other grains, which themselves had higher Se than rice. All samples were below the Codex standards established for Cd (400 µg/kg for rice; 100 µg/kg for cereal grains), Pb (200 µg/kg) and inorganic As (200 µg/kg) for white rice. Our findings show that dietary exposure to low levels of As, Pb, Cd, and inadequate Se in staple grains cannot be clearly linked to CKDu, suggesting that the disease could be multifactorial. Additional research is needed to determine the contribution of other risk factors such as lifestyle habits and heat stress to plan preventive strategies for reducing CKDu health cases in Sri Lanka.
15 Ali, W.; Zhang, H.; Mao, K.; Shafeeque, Muhammad; Aslam, M. W.; Yang, X.; Zhong, L.; Feng, X.; Podgorski, J. 2022. Chromium contamination in paddy soil-rice systems and associated human health risks in Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 826:153910. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153910]
Chromium ; Contamination ; Paddy soils ; Rice fields ; Human health ; Health hazards ; Risk assessment ; Metals ; Physicochemical properties ; Bioaccumulation factor ; Translocation ; Modelling / Pakistan / Sindh / Punjab
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051385)
(1.81 MB)
Chromium (Cr) contamination in paddy soil-rice systems threatens human health through the food chain. This study used a new dataset of 500 paddy soil and plant tissue samples collected in the rice-growing regions of Sindh and Punjab Provinces of Pakistan. Overall, 97.4% of grain samples exceeded the Cr threshold values of 1.0 mg kg-1, determined by the China National Food Standard (CNFS). The Cr in paddy soil, 62.6% samples exceeding the China natural background threshold value (90 mg kg-1) for Cr concentration in paddy soil, and lower than the (pH-dependant > 7.5 threshold value for Cr 350 mg kg-1) as determined by China Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for paddy soil (GB15618-2018). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling showed spatially nonstationary correlations, confirming the heterogeneous relationship between dependent (rice grain Cr) and independent paddy soil (pH, SOM, and paddy soil Cr) and plant tissue variables (shoot Cr and root Cr) throughout the study area. The GWR model was then used to determine the critical threshold (CT) for the measured Cr concentrations in the paddy soil system. Overall, 38.4% of paddy soil samples exceeding CT values confirm that the paddy soil Cr risk prevails in the study area. Furthermore, the GWR model was applied to assess the loading capacity (LC), the difference between the CT, and the actual concentration of Cr in paddy soil. Loading capacity identified potential paddy soil Cr pollution risk to rice grain and assessed the risk areas. Overall LC% of samples paddy soil Cr risk areas grade: low-risk grade I (34.6%); moderate-risk grade II (15.8%); high-risk grade III (11.2%); and very high-risk grade IV (38.4%) have been assessed in the study area.
The human health index, total hazard quotient (THQ « 1), indicates no potential health risk originating from Cr exposure to the population. However, the excess Cr level in paddy soil and rice grain is still a concern. The current study's results are also valuable for the national decision-making process regarding Cr contamination in the paddy soil-rice system.
The human health index, total hazard quotient (THQ « 1), indicates no potential health risk originating from Cr exposure to the population. However, the excess Cr level in paddy soil and rice grain is still a concern. The current study's results are also valuable for the national decision-making process regarding Cr contamination in the paddy soil-rice system.
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