Your search found 18 records
1 Mekonnen, D.; Siddiqi, A.; Ringler, C. 2016. Drivers of groundwater use and technical efficiency of groundwater, canal water, and conjunctive use in Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 32(3):459-476. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1133402]
Groundwater ; Irrigation canals ; Irrigation systems ; Water use ; Conjunctive use ; Surface water ; Watercourses ; Technological changes ; Tube wells ; Pumping ; Irrigation water ; Models ; Crop yield ; Wheat ; Farmers ; Households / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Indus Basin Irrigation System
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047432)
(1.65 MB)
This paper explores the major determinants of heavy reliance on groundwater and the extent to which conjunctive use of ground and surface water affects the production efficiency of Pakistan’s irrigators. The results show that the major drivers of groundwater use in Pakistan’s agriculture are the variability and uncertainty associated with surface water delivery and that any effort to address the groundwater–energy nexus challenge should first consider fixing the problems associated with surface water supplies. The findings also suggest that having access to groundwater does not directly translate into improvements in technical efficiency of production.
2 Anwar, Arif A.; Ahmad, W.; Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Ul Haq, Z. 2016. The potential of precision surface irrigation in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Irrigation Science, 34:(5)379-396. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-016-0509-5]
Irrigation systems ; Surface irrigation ; Irrigation canals ; Soil texture ; Infiltration ; Discharges ; Performance indexes ; Water rates ; Farmers ; Crop production ; Evapotranspiration / South Asia / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Indus Basin Irrigation System / Maira Branch Canal
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H047549)
(2.22 MB)
In this research we explore the potential of precision surface irrigation to improve irrigation performance under the warabandi system prevalent in the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Data on field dimensions, field slopes along with characteristic soil infiltration properties and outlet discharge were collected through a survey of a sample tertiary unit of Maira Branch Canal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The performance of all fields in the tertiary unit was analysed and reported in aggregate, with detailed results of one field presented for illustration. The objective is to determine the optimum field layout, defined as the number of border strips, for the observed field characteristics to maximize performance. The results indicate that performance improvement is relatively easily achievable through changes in field layout within current irrigation services. Estimated application efficiency is sensitive to the selected depth of application, and it is important that a practical depth of application is selected. We recommend a depth of application of 50 mm and show how this is achievable and leads to a low quarter distribution uniformity of 0.750 and an application efficiency of 80 %. We also explore the feasibility of a 10-day warabandi rather than the 7-day warabandi and show that there is no significant change in the performance under a 10-day warabandi.
3 Rahut, D. B.; Ali, A.; Imtiaz, M.; Mottaleb, K. A.; Erenstein, O. 2016. Impact of irrigation water scarcity on rural household food security and income in Pakistan. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3):675-683. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.179]
Water scarcity ; Irrigation water ; Rural areas ; Household income ; Food security ; Poverty ; Farmers ; Socioeconomic environment ; Cereal crops ; Wheat ; Maize ; Rice ; Crop yield ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048086)
(0.16 MB)
As Pakistan is currently facing a severe shortage of irrigation water, this paper analyzes the determinants of water scarcity and its impact on the yield of cereal crops (wheat, maize and rice), household income, food security and poverty levels by employing the propensity-score-matching approach. This study is based on a comprehensive set of cross-sectional data collected from 950 farmers from all four major provinces in Pakistan. The empirical analysis indicated that farmers with a water-scarcity problem have lower yield and household income, and are food insecure. Poverty levels were higher: in the range of 7–12% for a household facing a water-scarcity problem. The policy implications of the study are that the public and private sector in Pakistan needs to invest in irrigation water management to maintain the productivity of cereal crops which is important for household food security and poverty reduction.
4 Ali, A.; Rahut, D. B.; Mottaleb, K. A. 2018. Improved water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty: empirical evidence from rural Pakistan. Water Policy, 20(4):692-711. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.044]
Water management ; Food security ; Poverty ; Rural areas ; Irrigation practices ; Water conservation ; Agriculture ; Crop yield ; Farmers ; Household income ; Models / Pakistan / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Balochistan
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H048884)
(0.28 MB)
Using a comprehensive data set collected through field survey of 950 farmers across Pakistan, the current study evaluates water-management practices and their impact on food security and poverty. The results show that rural households mainly adopted four water-management practices (bund making, deep plowing, the adoption of stress-tolerant varieties, and irrigation supplements) and that the wealth, education, and gender of the farmer (male) positively influences the adoption of improved water-management practices. The propensity score matching approach shows that the adoption of improved water-management practices improves wheat and rice yields, household income and food security levels, and reduces poverty levels. The food security levels of households adopting improved water-management practices are higher: in the range of 3–12%. Higher wheat yields are in the range of 26.8–70.4 kg/acre and higher rice yields are in the range of 48.4–85.2 kg/acre. Higher household income levels are in the range of rupees 2,573–4,926 and the lower poverty levels are in the range of 2–7%. Hence, agricultural policy should promote improved water-management practices among rural households.
5 Fahad, S.; Wang, J. 2018. Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 79:301-309. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.018]
Climate change adaptation ; Weather hazards ; Risk assessment ; Farmers' attitudes ; Flooding ; Drought ; Rural areas ; Living standards ; Households ; Socioeconomic environment / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Charsadda / Mardan / Peshawar / Nowshera
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049039)
(1.61 MB)
Pakistan is the world’s most susceptible country to extreme climatic events, such as floods and droughts. This study aims to investigate the risks related to climate variability and the adaptation measures utilized by farm households in their farms to cope with the adverse shocks of climatic disasters. A dataset of 600 respondents was collected using structured questionnaire from four districts namely Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Findings of the research showed that soil fertility loss, water scarcity, changes in crop yields and crop diseases were the main determinants of climate variability. Further study participants were also utilizing several adaptation techniques such as change in crop type and variety, change fertilizer, seed quality, pesticide, plant shade trees; water storage and farm diversification. Results of our study further showed that in the study area, study participants were facing various constraints in adoption of certain adaptation measures to deal with climate variability, such as shortage of labor, insecure land tenure system, lack of market access, poverty, land of governmental support, lack of access to assets, lack of water sources, lack of credit sources and lack of knowledge and information were the main constraints faced by the farm households. Findings of this research provide useful insights to the responsible authorities for policy implementation. Our study further suggests that the government should provide proper support to the farmers in the shape of access to farm inputs, access to information and extension services on climate variability and adaptation.
6 Ali, R.; Bunzli, M.-A.; Colombo, L.; Khattak, S. A.; Pera, S.; Riaz, M.; Valsangiacomo, C. 2019. Water quality before and after a campaign of cleaning and disinfecting shallow wells: a study conducted during and after floods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(1):28-37. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.272]
Water quality ; Drinking water ; Biological contamination ; Faecal coliforms ; Wells ; Disinfection ; Bacteriological analysis ; Chemical contamination ; Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Health hazards ; Flooding / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049305)
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-pdf/9/1/28/583088/washdev0090028.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049305.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049305.pdf
(0.43 MB) (444 KB)
This study reports on a water quality assessment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene program implemented by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in the districts of Charsadda and Nowshera in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the aftermath of the severe flood of 2010. During emergency operations, over 4,500 shallow wells were cleaned using the standard protocol suggested by the World Health Organization. Bacteriological analysis and chemical-physical parameters such as temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH were tested before and after cleaning. Four to five years after the emergency operation, in 2014–15, a set of 105 representative wells was analyzed again, considering the same parameters and looking for additional contaminants (pesticides, arsenic and fluoride). The post-flood well-cleaning campaign was effective in the immediate reduction of fecal contamination of water (from 85% to 20% as measured 7–30 days after cleaning); however in the following months/years the rate of fecal contamination rose again (up to 62% of all measured domestic wells, n = 105). Along with laboratory analysis data, this study investigated the source of contamination of shallow wells and identified human practices in several cases. This information was useful for the design of future SDC interventions in the WASH sector.
7 Young, W. J.; Anwar, Arif; Bhatti, Tousif; Borgomeo, Edoardo; Davies, S.; Garthwaite, W. R. III; Gilmont, M.; Leb, C.; Lytton, L.; Makin, Ian; Saeed, B. 2019. Pakistan: getting more from water. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 191p. (Water Security Diagnostics)
Water security ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water governance ; Water policy ; Groundwater management ; Agricultural water use ; Water productivity ; Water availability ; Water allocation ; Water balance ; Water demand ; Water quality ; Water extraction ; Institutional reform ; Irrigation systems ; Irrigated sites ; Irrigated farming ; Water supply ; Hydropower ; Energy ; Nexus ; Environmental sustainability ; Legal frameworks ; Law reform ; Infrastructure ; Investment ; Economic aspects ; Financing ; Income ; Sanitation ; Climate change ; Flood control ; Risk reduction ; Planning ; Rivers ; Reservoirs ; Dams ; Sediment ; Political aspects ; Monitoring ; Models / Pakistan / Indus Basin / Punjab / Sindh / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Balochistan / Karachi
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049423)
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/251191548275645649/pdf/133964-WP-PUBLIC-ADD-SERIES-22-1-2019-18-56-25-W.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049423.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H049423.pdf
(9.43 MB) (9.43 MB)
This report builds on prior work to provide a new, comprehensive, and balanced view of water security in Pakistan, stressing the importance of the diverse social, environmental, and economic outcomes from water. The report highlights the complex water issues that Pakistan must tackle to improve water security and sheds new light on conventional assumptions around water. It seeks to elevate water security as an issue critical for national development. The report assesses current water security and identifies important water-related challenges that may hinder progress in economic and human development. It identifies unmitigated water-related risks, as well as opportunities where water can contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction. The report analyzes how the performance and architecture of the water sector are related to broader economic, social, and environmental outcomes. It models alternative economic trajectories to identify where intervention can lead to a more water-secure future. A consideration of water sector architecture and performance and how these determine outcome leads to recommendations for improving aspects of sector performance and adjusting sector architecture for better outcomes. The sector performance analysis considers (a) management of the water resource, (b) delivery of water services, and (c) mitigation of water-related risks. The description of sector architecture considers water governance, infrastructure, and financing.
8 Fahad, S.; Inayat, T.; Wang, J.; Dong, L.; Hu, G.; Khan, S.; Khan, A. 2020. Farmers’ awareness level and their perceptions of climate change: a case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 96:104669. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104669]
Climate change adaptation ; Farmers ; Awareness ; Strategies ; Land ownership ; Socioeconomic aspects ; Drought ; Policies ; Diversification ; Government agencies ; Households ; Models / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049835)
(1.68 MB)
Climate change is an environmental threat to all the sectors, especially the agricultural sector around the globe. Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable regions to extreme climatic events in developing world especially in Southeast Asia. Pakistan has detrimentally affected by the climatic variations due to its high exposure to extreme climatic events. Several studies have reported the farm households’ perception, adaptation and mitigation about climate change but there is inadequate knowledge available on the awareness of farm households about climate change in Pakistan. To fill this research gap, the purpose of research aims to examine the Pakistani farm household’s awareness level of climate change and its associated factors. By using structured questionnaire in data of 400 study participants were collected from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan through a household’s survey. A stratified random sampling technique was utilized for collection of primary data. A probit model approach was employed to analyze the farm households’ awareness of climate change and its associated socioeconomic and demographic variables. Results of our study exposed that 73 % farm households were aware of climate change. Socio economics and demographic variables such as age of farm households, education level, farming experience, land ownership status, extension and information sources access were pointedly related to farm households’ awareness of climate change. Further, results of our study showed that the evaluation of farm households’ adaptation behavior suggests that farm households are active in using several adaptation strategies such as crop diversification and use of irrigation etc. It is expected that the findings of the present research will be helpful to guide governmental agencies and policymakers and contribute to the construction of sustainable adaptation measures in Pakistan and other regions in the framework of climate change.
9 Janjua, S.; Hassan, I. 2020. Use of bankruptcy methods for resolving interprovincial water conflicts over transboundary river: case study of Indus River in Pakistan. River Research and Applications, 36(7):1334-1344. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3621]
Water resources ; International waters ; Conflicts ; Bankruptcy ; Gross national product ; River basins ; Water allocation ; Agriculture ; Water requirements ; Water scarcity ; Groundwater ; Surface water ; Water deficit ; Sustainability ; Salinity ; Case studies / Pakistan / Indus River / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H049969)
(0.88 MB)
Sustainable transboundary water governance is often challenged by conflicts between agents, which necessitates the design of cooperative and self-enforcing alternatives to facilitate equitable water distribution. A pervasive and critical problem related to many transboundary rivers is that the total allocation or demand of riparian states is usually much more than that of the total available water. This problem is a major cause of disputes, both nationally and internationally. A key challenge concerns how to allocate the available water among riparian states with competing and often conflicting needs under an uncertain supply–demand gap. To address this pervasive allocation problem related to transboundary rivers, the bankruptcy method is used. The bankruptcy method distributes water among riparian states when their total demand exceeds the total available water. We investigate the utility of this method in the Indus River – a river that is shared among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely, Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) – using five commonly used bankruptcy rules and the Shapely value. Two new bankruptcy rules namely the “groundwater-based rule” and “the proposed rule” are also proposed to address the usage of groundwater: the land affected by salinity and the gross domestic product (GDP) of each province. Additionally, this paper introduces a new method to compare and contrast the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed rules. The findings suggest that the groundwater-based rule has the lowest dispersion and is the preferred method for water allocation in the Indus River Basin. The use of the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed methods has the potential to address the supply–demand mismatches of shared rivers. The proposed framework for selecting the best rule is recommended as an effective tool to facilitate negotiation over practical water allocation within transboundary river basins.
10 Janjua, S.; Hassan, I.; Islam, S. 2020. Role and relevance of three enabling conditions to resolve inter-provincial water conflicts in the Indus Basin within Pakistan. Water Policy, 22(5):811-824. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.230]
Water management ; Transboundary conflicts ; Conflict management ; Cooperation ; River basins ; Water governance ; Agreements ; Treaties ; Water allocation ; Political aspects ; Committees ; Commissions / Pakistan / Indus Basin / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050031)
(0.27 MB)
Addressing water access, allocation, and use becomes a complex problem when it crosses multiple boundaries: political, jurisdictional, and societal, as well as ecological, biogeochemical, and physical. This paper focuses on transboundary water management (TWM) problems among the riparians with conflicting needs and competing demands. The complexity of TWM problems arises because of interdependencies among variables, processes, actors, and institutions operating at various scales. For such situations, the traditional notion of necessary and sufficient causal conditions is not adequate to resolve TWM problems. In essence, the resolution of many TWM issues becomes contingent upon the changes that occur within the context of the problem. A key for initiating and sustaining the resolution of complex TWM issues appears to be a set of enabling conditions, not any easily identifiable and replicable causal conditions or mechanisms. Thus, before analyzing and addressing contingent and situational factors important for any TWM issues, this paper argues for a reframing of these issues and examining the role and relevance of three enabling conditions. Using the inter-provincial water conflicts for the Indus basin within Pakistan as an illustrative case, it shows why over 30 years of dialog and discourse could not create any formal water allocation agreement. Then, it discusses how the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991 created the enabling conditions to address inter-provincial water conflicts within Pakistan in an adaptive way.
11 Aftab, A.; Ahmed, A.; Scarpa, R. 2021. Farm households' perception of weather change and flood adaptations in northern Pakistan. Ecological Economics, 182:106882. (Online first) [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106882]
Flooding ; Flood control ; Climate change adaptation ; Households ; Resilience ; Disaster risk management ; Rural communities ; Villages ; Agricultural extension ; Farmers ; Government ; Socioeconomic aspects / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Nowshera
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050203)
(1.86 MB)
This research investigates farm households' adaptations to climate change-driven monsoon floods in the rural district of Nowshera, Pakistan. Some households in these flood-affected communities have undertaken autonomous adaptations to flooding. We surveyed five hundred farm households from both flood-affected and unaffected villages to investigate the factors driving the uptake of the following autonomous flood adaptations: plinth elevation, grain storage, participation in communal flood preparations and the creation of edge-of-field tree lined shelterbelts. We used both binary and multivariate probit regressions to investigate the correlation across adaptation options. Empirical results suggest that access to agricultural extension services, off-farm work opportunities, past duration of standing floodwaters, farm to river distance, receiving post-flooding support and tribal diversity are the main drivers of flood adaptations. Moreover, we report the complementary uptake of adaptations in pairs. Given the prediction of climate change-driven flooding in the Hindu Kush, we recommend cost-effective policies that increase the resilience of vulnerable agricultural-dependent rural communities. In addition, we report that respondents perceived a change in weather towards hotter and dryer weather over the last ten years.
12 Janjua, S.; Hassan, I.; Muhammad, S.; Ahmed, S.; Ahmed, A. 2021. Water management in Pakistan's Indus Basin: challenges and opportunities. Water Policy, 23(6):1329-1343. [doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.068]
Water management ; River basins ; Groundwater ; Water extraction ; Water policies ; Sustainability ; Water availability ; Water supply ; Surface water ; Water demand ; Water storage ; Infrastructure ; Water allocation ; Irrigated farming ; Irrigation systems ; Climate change / Pakistan / Indus Basin / Punjab / Sindh / Baluchistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H050758)
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-pdf/23/6/1329/971899/023061329.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050758.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H050758.pdf
(0.58 MB) (590 KB)
The Indus River System is a major source of life in Pakistan. A vast array of Pakistan's agricultural and domestic consumption needs are critically dependent on the Indus River System. The Indus River contributes towards 25% of the country's gross domestic product, providing water for almost 90% of the food production in Pakistan. Linked to the water security issues, Pakistan is potentially at risk of facing a severe food shortage in the near future. The World Bank report of 2020–2021 estimates that the water shortage will increase to 32% by 2025, which will result in a food shortage of almost 70 million tons. Water shortage could also result in confrontation between the provinces as river sharing has always been a source of problem for Pakistan. According to recent estimates, siltation and climate change will reduce the water storage capacity by 2025 to almost 30%. As for the per capita water storage capacity in Pakistan, it is about 150 m3, which is quite meagre in comparison with that in other countries. Irrigated agriculture will soon be adversely affected due to the reduced surface water supplies and the consequent increase in groundwater abstraction. To make matters worse, over the past decades, a great deal of distrust has developed among the provinces of Pakistan regarding the water distribution issue, and the successive federal governments have failed to formulate a cohesive inter-provincial National Water Policy. Along with the shortages and increasing demand for water, administrative corruption also plagues the water sector and is quite common. The beneficiaries of this water reallocation system are not only the rural elite, for example the large and politically influential landlords, but also the small and medium capitalist farmers. If not properly addressed, these complications of decreasing water resources could result in serious political and economic hostility among the provinces. If it wants to harness its potential to increase storage capacity, Pakistan must improve its water-use efficiency and manage its groundwater and surface water resources in a sustainable way. Strengthening the institutions and removing mistrust among the provinces are the key elements for maintaining a sustainable irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin.
13 Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Anwar, Arif A. 2022. Statistical verification of 16-day rainfall forecast for a farmers advisory service in Pakistan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 317:108888. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108888]
Farmers ; Advisory services ; Rain ; Weather forecasting ; Precipitation ; Information dissemination ; Decision making ; Weather data ; Models / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192322000818/pdfft?md5=cdd1f03708ec8f965a5701e5d9c51971&pid=1-s2.0-S0168192322000818-main.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051020.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H051020.pdf
(6.48 MB) (6.48 MB)
Rainfall forecast is useful for farmers to avoid expensive irrigation decisions both in rain-fed and irrigated agricultural areas. In developing countries, farmers have limited knowledge of weather forecast information sources and access to technology such as the internet and smartphones to make use of these forecasts. This paper presents a case of developing Farmers Advisory Service (FAS) in Pakistan that is based on rainfall forecast data. The analysis emphasizes on statistical verification of 16-day rainfall forecast data from a global weather forecast model (Global Forecast System). In-situ data from 15 observatories maintained by Pakistan Meteorological Department in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has been considered for verification. Scores of various indicators are calculated for the rainfall forecast ranging from simple forecasts of dichotomous outcomes to forecasts of a continuous variable. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to understand how scores of dichotomous indicators vary by changing the threshold to define a rainfall event and forecast lead time interval. The quality of forecast varies across the stations based on the selected skill scores. The findings of verification, sensitivity analysis, and attributes of FAS provide insight into the process of developing a decision support service for the farmers based on the global weather forecast data.
14 Nixon, R.; Ma, Z.; Zanotti, L.; Khan, B.; Birkenholtz, T.; Lee, L.; Mian, I. 2022. Adaptation to social-ecological change in northwestern Pakistan: household strategies and decision-making processes. Environmental Management, 69(5):887-905. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-021-01583-7]
Climate change adaptation ; Social aspects ; Ecological factors ; Households ; Decision making ; Livelihood diversification ; Environmental management ; Water supply ; Water quality ; Hydropower ; Economic value ; Communities ; Case studies / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Nowshera / Charssada / Swat River / Kabul River
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H051077)
(0.97 MB)
Values are important factors shaping people’s perceptions of social–ecological changes and the associated impacts, acceptable risk, and successful adaptation to various changes; however, little empirical work has examined how values interact to influence adaptation decision-making. We drew on 25 semi-structured interviews with community leaders, farmers, fisherfolk, and individuals in the tourism industry in northwestern Pakistan to identify types of adaptations employed by households and explore what values were present in these households’ adaptation decisions. Our results show that households frequently employed environmental management and livelihood diversification to adapt to a wide range of social–ecological change. We found that multiple values influenced household adaptation and that employing an adaptation strategy often involved a tradeoff of values. We also found that household adaptations were embedded in multi-scalar social, cultural, economic, and political processes that could constrain or conflict with such adaptations. Overall, our research illustrates the complex influence of values on household adaptation decisions and highlights the need to further understand how adaptations are aligned, or misaligned, with stakeholders’ diverse values in order to inform more equitable adaptation to social–ecological change.
15 Bhatti, Muhammad Tousif; Anwar, A. A.; Hussain, Kashif. 2023. Characterization and outlook of climatic hazards in an agricultural area of Pakistan. Scientific Reports, 13:9958. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36909-4]
Climate change ; Weather hazards ; Climate prediction ; Temperature ; Precipitation ; Drought ; Rainfall ; Disaster preparedness ; Crop yield ; Crop modelling / Pakistan / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Gomal Zam Dam Command Area
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052080)
(10.20 MB) (10.2 MB)
Many dimensions of human life and the environment are vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change and the hazards associated with it. There are several indices and metrics to quantify climate hazards that can inform preparedness and planning at different levels e.g., global, regional, national, and local. This study uses biased corrected climate projections of temperature and precipitation to compute characteristics of potential climate hazards that are pronounced in the Gomal Zam Dam Command Area (GZDCA)— an irrigated agricultural area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The results answer the question of what the future holds in the GZDCA regarding climate hazards of heatwaves, heavy precipitation, and agricultural drought. The results of heatwaves and agricultural drought present an alarming future and call for immediate actions for preparedness and adaptation. The magnitude of drought indices for the future is correlated with the crop yield response based on AquaCrop model simulations with observed climate data being used as input. This correlation provides insight into the suitability of various drought indices for agricultural drought characterization. The results elaborate on how the yield of wheat crop grown in a typical setting common in the South Asian region respond to the magnitude of drought indices. The findings of this study inform the planning process for changing climate and expected climate hazards in the GZDCA. Analyzing climate hazards for the future at the local level (administrative districts or contiguous agricultural areas) might be a more efficient approach for climate resilience due to its specificity and enhanced focus on the context.
16 Din, I. U.; Muhammad, S.; ur Rehman, I. 2023. Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Hangu District, Pakistan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 115:104919. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104919]
Groundwater ; Water quality ; Drinking water ; Irrigation water ; Water springs ; Tube wells ; Wells ; Weathering ; Physicochemical processes ; Models ; Anthropogenic factors ; Electrical conductivity ; Statistical methods / Pakistan / Kohat Plateau / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa / Hangu
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052128)
(5.76 MB)
The current study examined the groundwater quality of different water sources for drinking and irrigation purposes in Hangu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Groundwater samples (n = 71) were collected from various sources, including spring, bore well, dug well, and tube well, and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Results showed that most of the physicochemical parameters were found within the world health organization (WHO) guidelines set for drinking water, except turbidity, magnesium (Mg+2), sodium (Na+), fluoride (F ), chloride (Cl ), nitrate (NO3 ), and sulfate (SO42-). The drinking water quality index (WQI) was evaluated and categorized as good to poor. Irrigation indices such as sodium hazards, including sodium percentage (Na+%) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calculated. According to SAR and Wilcox diagrams, the water was suitable for irrigation, except for 5% of sampling sites. Piper’s and Gibb’s plot models described that water quality mainly exhibited calcium-bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) types and showed rock weathering dominance, respectively. According to statistical assessments, geogenic causes of rock weathering are the most crucial source of regulating the water quality in the area.
17 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.) 2023. Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 184p. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0000]
Transboundary waters ; Water sharing ; River basin management ; Water resources ; International cooperation ; Water security ; Sustainability ; Surface water ; Groundwater ; Agricultural water use ; Water management ; Water quality ; Irrigation ; Land use ; Socioeconomic development ; Demography ; Poverty ; Human health ; Food security ; Livelihoods ; Employment ; Economic growth ; Energy security ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Climate change ; Precipitation ; Temperature ; Climate prediction ; Trends ; Hydrology ; Water governance ; Water policies ; Water law ; Legislation ; Institutions ; Reservoirs ; Hydropower / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052166)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0000
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052166.pdf
(43.90 MB) (43.9 MB)
There is currently no water cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of the nine rivers that flow across the border, none possess a formal agreement or mechanism to manage shared water resources. Further, there is very little information available about the status of environment, hydrology and water resources management for these river basins that could be used as a starting point for dialogues on transboundary water coordination. This State of the Basins book co-develops an overview of the three most important river basins, in collaboration with international experts and water professionals from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It covers water resources, land resources, ecological health, environment, climate change, and the social and economic conditions for sustainable management of these precious resources. It will inform decision making within the two countries, and begin to establish benefits that can accrue from more active collaboration on these shared waters. This book: Focuses on portions of the Indus shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan. Features extensive engagement and co-development with Afghan and Pakistani professionals. Is the first book on the shared waters in the Indus, developed in the context of regional realities associated with post-August 2021 Taliban takeover. The book is aimed at students and researchers in water rights and resources, and government decision makers, private sector investors, donors, intermediary organizations that work directly with farmers, researchers and students. It is a reference book for graduate students and researchers working on these basins, and on transboundary river basin management in Asia and beyond.
18 Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Nabeel, F. 2023. Institutions and governance. In Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali; Lautze, Jonathan; Meelad, A. (Eds.). Afghanistan–Pakistan shared waters: state of the basins. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.120-142. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0008]
Institutions ; Water governance ; Transboundary waters ; River basins ; Water law ; Legislation ; International cooperation / Afghanistan / Pakistan / Kabul River Basin / Kurram River Basin / Gomal River Basin / Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(Location: IWMI HQ Call no: e-copy only Record No: H052173)
https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1079/9781800622371.0008
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052173.pdf
https://vlibrary.iwmi.org/pdf/H052173.pdf
(2.61 MB) (2.61 MB)
Fostering co-ordinated management of a transboundary basin can benefit from an understanding of the internal, often multilevel governance mechanisms in each country sharing it. This chapter delves into the legal and institutional architecture of water governance in basins shared between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Drawing on a careful document analysis as well as expert interviews, the chapter analyses the national laws and institutions in Afghanistan, as well as the legal and institutional provisions for water governance at the federal, provincial and local levels in Pakistan. A review of the existing design of internal water governance in both Afghanistan and Pakistan reveals that despite the existence of well-meaning and well-structured legal provisions, implementation is a key challenge for effective water governance to be addressed on both sides of the Durand Line. The chapter concludes that strengthening internal institutions for better implementation and engaging multilevel stakeholders for improved co-ordination of water policies between riparian countries can pave the path towards successful transboundary basin management in the Kabul, Kurram and Gomal river basins.
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